How the CukE or Milk Affects the Reindeer Cells - Assignment Example

 The aspect of life response to changes` is explained by the phenomenon whereby CukE and Milk enabled the cell reindeer to multiply, as it is outlined in the book ` Biology Today and Tomorrow’ The book indicates that organisms tend to keep their internal operating conditions within a given range that the cell can tolerate in a state known as homeostasis (Dworkin, 35). The living things respond to the environment mainly through the receptors that respond to stimuli; a stimulus is a kind of energy such as chemical energy and sunlight energy.

When a substance is highly concentrated outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell, diffusion or osmosis takes place thus enabling them to multiply (Deising, 23). From the above description, it is clear that CukE and Milk enabled the cells in the culture dish to multiply since the reindeer cells were activated.  To illustrate this further a given fluid that can either be containing a high concentration of salt or sugar outside a cell is likely to enter the cell if the cell is lowly concentrated. A given change in the blood sugar level is described as a deviation from homeostasis that the body works in order to reverse. Due to the fact that different receptors respond to different stimuli thus causing changes in the cell, the reindeer cells were therefore stimulated by the milk to multiply. In addition to that, all cells have various ways of obtaining and converting the energy in the surrounding through the process of metabolism Starr, 44). Through this process, the cell is capable of acquiring and using energy in various ways such as growth, self-maintenance and making more cells. This further proves the reason why the cells multiplied.

Elbenlein became the first person to describe the population of ciliate protozoa in the year 1895 as he made a comparison between the reindeer that originated from domestic ruminant and the reindeer from the zoological garden in Germany. He concluded that both were the same, Lubinski who worked in Northern Canada with the caribou (Starr, 87) further proved these results in 1958. The UV rays originating from the sun usually have an effect on the reindeer cells in one way or another as it is described in the book of Acts Climate Impact Assessment – Scientific report`. This is well illustrated as follows;  various studies have shown that the exposure of enhanced UV radiation interferes with the growth of cells whereby the larger cells are inhibited to a larger extent as compared to the smaller ones (Karentz et al).

Other scientists such as Vincent and Laurion further made an evaluation in 1998 that the smaller cells resisted the UV rays on a great deal as compared to the large cells. The UV rays inhibit photosynthesis from taking place within the cell because it interferes with the whole process (Starr, 426). Therefore, the UV rays have the ability to destroy the reindeer cells thus reducing their number.

The UV rays in connection to the DNA Damage Checkpoint Genes might have also played a big role in this context by lowering down the number of cells. With reference to the book of checkpoint Controls and Cancer`, it is described as a signal cascade that plays a big role in blocking the cell cycle at the metaphase, G1, G2  and in slowing down the DNA replication rate in phase S.  Apart from the cell cycle blockage, the cells also respond in many different ways such as DNA repair, apoptosis and in the activation of the transcription. However, many genes have damaged the DNA checkpoint pathways (Holzapfel &Naughton, 125). As soon as the DNA genes are damaged, their repair starts immediately as the checkpoints get motivated. In the cycling cells, the major DNA damage operates in two distinctive divisions; the G2 DNA damage checkpoint also known as the DNA damage replication and the GI DNA checkpoint.

As we put a close study at the functions and positions in the pathways, the classification of the checkpoint is grouped into signal transducers, DNA damage sensors and effectors. (Basel, 36) The process of progression through the cell cycle is highly regulated and as a result, any mechanism that aims at regulating the progression such as the DNA damage checkpoint ought to be regulated. The activation of pathways is done through allosteric changes in the imposed proteins by other proteins that are regulatory and through the temporal protein recruitment.