Biology Essays

Desalination is a “technology that separates dissolved salts and other minerals from seawater or other salty water to provide clean drinking water” (Desalination: Fresh Water from the Sea, 2013). In fact, oceans contain 97% of the global supply of water and thus its immense source can be tapped in order to provide freshwater to a fast-growing world population (Desalination, 2013).

At the current rate, which the Earth’s resources are being used at, the planet will have been exhausted within the next hundred years. The current rate at which the plant is refreshing its resources, such as water catchments, forest cover and also the absorption of the waste produced by human activity, such as manufacturing and greenhouse farming, (Birkeland 98) is much lower than the rate at which the wastes are produced.

Bispecific antibodies widen a potential utility of therapies based on antibodies through enabling engagement of two different targets simultaneously. However, production and design of bispecific antibodies have remained challenging.

This mechanism of biology on which mammals and other vertebrates are heavily reliant on, including genes of the cone opsin and their specific photopigments is conserved to a very high level. However, they way in which different mammals use color vision’s fundamental elements varies strikingly, especially in the way that they emerge and disappear in various altered forms over the evolutionary course.

With its horrible mental and physical symptoms, Down syndrome is certainly a huge concern not only for medical professionals and for medical science but especially for the parents of those affected with this deadly and incurable genetic disorder.

The many subtypes of influenza A virus and most of their strains are adapted to birds and this makes the influenza A virus the bird flu virus. However, this adaptation is not exclusive. Instead, strains of influenza including influenza A are adapted to different species and that is why bird flu can also be transmitted to humans.

Cholera is common is Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The characteristic incubation period of cholera is 1-5 days. The site of action of pathogen is the wall of small intestine. The bacteria cannot survive in the highly acidic contents of the stomach. However, if the bacteria manage to reach the small intestine they secrete a powerful toxin known as choleragen.

In UMNS the muscles tend to become weak, there is a lack of reciprocal inhibition, hypertonicity and a lack of control in body movements. By injecting the toxin an overactive muscle can be made to decrease its contraction level, hence allowing better reciprocal movements, resulting in improvements during body movements of the patient.

The role played by evolution in shaping over five million living organisms on the Earth. Moreover, the article elaborates on the several facets of evolution. This includes the notion that all living species share a common ancestry. The theory states that there exists a relation among the entire world’s species. The second facet pertains to the process of natural selection that drives evolution.

The importance of organ donation can be estimated through the fact that thousands of people are registered in the waiting list of individuals who want their organs to be transplanted in the region of United States (Maier, 2011, p.318). Not everybody is lucky to obtain an organ while he/she is still healthy and living, several die and their names on the waiting list are then removed.

These carbohydrate sources became much more preferred by the farmers and the consumers due to the greater yield per hectare and calorie content, better taste in comparison with locally-available crops such as sorghum and yam. Also, the corn’s additional layers of husks protect it from many pests, making it less prone to damage compared with the fragile sorghum.

Food irradiation was described in the article published by Iowa State University as “the radiation of interest in food preservation is ionizing radiation… These shorter wavelengths are capable of damaging microorganisms such as those that contaminate food or cause food spoilage and deterioration” (Iowa State University, 2013, p. 1). 

Subspecies of largemouth bass have been introduced into Texas, and thus, largemouth bass becomes a specialty of this state. Texas has a great number of bass angling clubs where largemouth bass fishing is done. This fishing is very important for Texas’ economy as fish anglers prefer largemouth bass over any other fish for fishing.

The control of cheating aids in understanding the changes in evolution. High relatedness entails the distribution of co-operators and cheaters into different groups that would reduce the ability of cheaters to exploit co-operators, as well as reveal the defects of cheaters at the group level in the natural selection.

The experimental values with respect to tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and the total lung capacity were similar to the personal predicted values. Residual volume and Functional Residual Capacity were much higher as compared to the predicted values.

I have traveled to a new country in a very different part of the world. This driving force behind my motivation had sprung up from my six years old neighbor that I had next door in our new house. She was a pretty child but I couldn’t understand at that time why she wasn’t like me and why she couldn’t study at the same school as me.

In most studies, there is the indication that this community, due to some of its cultural aspects, is making it particularly difficult to handle the prevalence rate of this incurable retro-virus. Unfortunately, that is just one example of a community that is suffering from the menace that is HIV.

Mammals, fish, plants, and insects as well as microorganisms, which include yeast and bacteria, are examples of organisms that have been modified genetically (Starr, Evers, & Starr, 2013). For several decades, scientists have used experimental animals for biomedical research as well as scientific investigations.

Sleep apnea is a condition that involves disturbed or extremely shallow breathing during sleeping periods, which can cause a number of problems that may negatively impact the sufferers way of life (Chan et al, 2004). The links between sleep apnea and obesity are fairly well-researched, and there are suggestions that it is the extra weight on the chest area that causes the phenomenon by making it more difficult for the individual to breathe when lying down (Clark, 2005).

The Institute of Medicine describes medical errors as the use of an inappropriate plan to achieve an objective or the failure of an intended action to be completed as intended. Medical errors are not referred to as intentional acts of doing wrong and not all medical mistakes rise to the level of medical negligence and malpractice.

This research paper will focus on the regulation of the exocrine function. The exocrine function involves the release of digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct. The research specifically handles the regulation of the acinar cells. These cells are responsible for the release of zymogens that play a critical role in digestion.

Hazardous drinking of alcohol describes the instance when its consumption is likely to cause or increase the individual’s risks, thereby, developing the harms which are related to alcohol. The harms include the one, which are psychological or physical specifically impairing ones judgments, or dysfunctional behaviors, which may lead to consequence for interpersonal relationship or disability.

Glucagon is produced in the pancreas as a peptide hormone and has an effect on blood glucose that is opposite to the effect of insulin. While insulin is released to lower levels of blood glucose, glucagon does the opposite and is released when there is a significant or dramatic drop in levels of glucose.

It is a technology that uses living organisms to make superior products that meets life’s greatest needs in a careful and regulated way. It is worth noting that biotechnology has been in existence for quite a long time including preservation of dairy products and beer fermentation and forms a huge part of the daily life.

This essay discusses that mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth and mastication occurs when a person starts to chew and grinds the food using the molars and premolars. As the tongue moves around the food inside the mouth when chewing, the soft palate closes the nasal passages and airway so that the food stays inside the mouth.

It is, therefore necessary that one has an insight into the theory before getting into details of natural selection. This theory has its origin with Charles Darwin who went further to come up with an immense body of data in support of the theory. Before him, most scholars and scientists believed that the existence and adaptation of each organism were under the influence of the creator.

This allured some researchers to find out the scientific reasons behind this amazing talent. In the year 2010, Austrian biologist Angela Stoeger-Horwath and German biophysicist Daniel Mietchen started studying the elephant. The Elephant is called Koshik, a 22-year old Asian elephant who was born in captivity in 1999 and after 3 years he was transferred to Everland Zoo, in South Korea.

This essay discusses how energy can be converted from one form to another, giving specific examples it also defines what we mean by fossil fuels. It explains two different energy alternatives to fossil fuels in detail and discusses how they work, how they compare with fossil fuels and their relative advantages and disadvantages.

There are a number of processes at work inside man that render him a living being. There are different systems in place for activities like eating, getting sick, having a child, doing exercises or the basic act of taking in air. One of these systems is the circulatory system.

The existence of nosocomial infections is not new and has been there since the inception of hospitals itself. Urinary infections, surgical infections, respiratory diseases and meningitis are among the most common forms of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are of great importance because of the simple fact that even today, when mankind has made so many advancements in pharmacology and antibiotics, these infections still exist.

Medium-chain acyl Co A dehrdogenase enzyme is involved in fatty acid metabolism, during times when glycogen reserves in the body have repleted. Mostly, this disease exhibits itself during infancy and childhood ( three months to two years). Considering the epidemiology , it is one of the most common fatty-acid disorder with an incidence of about 1 in 10,000- 20,000.

With the aid of chlorophyll the green coloring on the leaves, plants utilize the natural sunlight together with water and carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and sugar contents necessary for their sustainability. In contrast to animal cells, plant cells are enclosed by a protective cell wall structures, which constitutes of nuclear and other diverse components (cell organelles) found within the protective wall otherwise known as the membrane (Liu 2011).

Plants growing in temperate regions can be able to increase their tolerance of freezing by being exposed to low temperatures, a process called cold acclimation. Key to cold acclimation is low temperature-induced gene expression. Cold acclimation is responsible for the expression of COR (cold-regulated) genes, which encode polypeptides whose function is unknown.

Hemophilia A is a disease that is predominantly prevalent in the male population with the females acting as carriers. It occurs due to abnormality in the blood clotting process, thereby causing abnormal bleeding. Carrying out various tests to establish the presence of the disease is very essential. This is because bleeding may occur due to other conditions other than Hemophilia A.

Food chains are usually applied in ecological modelling, which provides a continuous variable for measuring the passage of energy through various linear linkages from the lowest to the highest trophic feeding levels. Long food chain lengths are unstable with increasing length increases with the ecosystem size and reduction of energy at every successive level.

The author defines forensic computing as the discipline that combines elements of law and computer science to collect and analyze data from computer systems, networks, wireless communications, and storage devices in a way that is admissible as evidence in a court of law. This involves seeking, locating and securing the electronic data.

Studies contend that, besides the numerous definitions regarding biodiversity presently, numerous experts have proved the former definitions have omitted some vital information. Consequently, yielding to diverse concepts and perspectives, but all implying a single entity despite the numerous diversity of the research.

Species Diversity This specifies the variety in various types of organisms that inhabit in a specific area. Genetic Diversity In a single species, several combinations of different genes and its patterns are found. This largely speaks about genetic diversity.

Proteins are essential nutrients and are therefore significant to the body, a factor that identifies the need to understand their presence in substances for nutritional, and other, purposes. An understanding of protein levels in the body is also important in determining changes from equilibrium fluid compositions.

Genetic or biological factors refer to the genetic makeup of the disease causing viral pathogens and the host. Host and agent mutations have led to the emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases. Changes and modification in the genetic makeup of the viral agents has increased their ability to infect diseases.

However the park has seen expansion as time goes by so as to create more space to accommodate the growth of the indigenous species as time to time. The area to which the park lies is used as a unique factor of attraction due to the species that are found in the area.

Stoke and its Primary causes The review article by Bevan S. and Markus H on the genetics of stroke attempts to identify and explain what exactly stroke is. It points out that stroke is essentially not a disease and goes on to explain that stroke can generally be described as being any of the syndromes that as a result of a disruption of cerebral blood flow, results in cerebral damage.

The innate immunity components include; anatomical barriers, tissue bactericides such as complement, intact normal flora, as well as, the ability to experience inflammatory, and, phagocytic responses. Innate immunity identifies bacteria, removes the cells that are dead, and recruits cells to the infection site.

Article review Introduction The article under consideration is “Pancreatic cancerrelated cachexia: influence on metabolism and correlation to weight loss and pulmonary function”. Weight loss can serve as an indicator of many diseases. Many people want to become slim and beautiful, however, dramatic weight loss is very dangerous for human organism.

It was in 1976 that for the first time two space probes, Vikings 1 and 2 were sent by NASA to Mars to investigate that whether life exists on Mars (Than). The space probes investigated through a multiplicity of experiments ad apparatus the likelihood of life on the Red Planet.

The author explains that the aspects that control the speed of diffusion consist of surface area, concentration gradient, and diffusion distance. Animals have developed to increase the diffusion speed across respiratory membranes by increase of the respiratory surface area, concentration gradient, or reducing the distance of diffusion.

Genes play a significant role in influencing alcohol consumption in individuals, in Finland. Most interpersonal violence is caused by alcohol consumption and scientist have been concentrating on finding ways of identifying genes that are related to alcoholism to find a permanent cure for alcohol-related diseases within the country.

Chromatography is a method of separation utilized in laboratories for the separation of chemicals dissolved within the same solvent. This is otherwise known as a mixture. It was developed by a Russian-Italian scientist (Mikhail Tsvet) in the 1900s. It was further developed and improved by Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence Millington Synge in the 1940s and 1950s period.

Physicians in those early days may not have known what the condition was, but they knew that something destructive was taking place. Unfortunately, breast cancer was considered a taboo, more of a punishment than an uncontrollable illness, which meant that very few diagnoses were made before the individual succumbed to the devastation of cancer.

Generally the phylum chordata is subdivided into three subphyla which includes Vertebrata, Cephalochordata, and Tunicata. Hemichordates on the other hand show similar body type to that of the chordates but appear to lack the notochord and the dorsal neural tube (Brown, Prendergast and Swalla, 2008).