Biology Essays

But, the ancient warrior’s image cannot be completed without a living mode of travel. The idea of having a horse was equivalent to sporting a high technology car in the current times. The horses are considered a meaningful part of Armed forces parade ceremonies even in the modern era of the 21st century.

Endothermic animals (warm blooded animals) include all mammals and birds. Endothermic animals are capable of sustaining a constant body temperature over a comparatively broad range of ambient temperature through thermoregulation attained via proportional modulation of endogenous metabolic heat production.

One of the profound changes is in the immune system. The immune system, which is responsible for protecting the boy against infection and diseases, becomes less effective with age. The body is vulnerable to infections and diseases. The vulnerability of the immune system in old age is increased by stress.

Its physiological aspect is that many studies show that it majorly arises from the lifestyles that people lead (Dijk, 2012). The outcome of diabetes is profound in that it also affects the physiological well-being of a person. Dijk (2012) states that a lot of people suffer from type 2 diabetes which has been found to be on the rise with the rise in obesity.

The report will cover the following: advantages and applications of stem cells; treatment of genetic diseases; treatment of diseases that require organ transplant; understanding human and animal development; arguments against the use of stem cells; ethical considerations; flaws in the use of stem cell therapies and normal development interruption.

The glands are known as lobules. In the early stages of breast cancer, the disease appears to be confined to the fatty tissues of the breast. Then it is guessed to spread to other tissues near the breasts. These may include the tissues underlying the chest wall. At this stage, the cancer is said to be locally developed or advanced.

Physical aspects deal with requirements such as light, moisture and temperature. The chemical aspect entails properties of pH levels, and mineral composition while biological involves the relation to other biological aspects such as animals and plants within the same habitat.

For this reason, a healthy ovarial follicle development is essential part of a successful pregnancy. The actual formation of the follicle antrum can trigger some rearrangement in the blood vessel network (Zimmermann et al., 2003). In line with this, Kaczmarek et al.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is simply known as HIV. This virus is responsible for Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome, also referred to as AIDs. HIV retrovirus works by infecting the immune system cells. This infection results in the destruction or impairment of the function of the immune system cells.

Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, usually occurs in elderly people because of normal wear and tear. Although it appears to be a natural result of aging, such factors as obesity and repeated trauma can contribute to the disease. Osteoarthritis occurs mostly in joints used in weight bearing, such as the hips, knees, and spinal column.

The genes thus introduced exert their benefits by either compensating for the abnormal genes or by producing beneficial protein or by supplementing the abnormal gene (Hecht, n. p.). The first gene therapy clinical trial started in 1990 (Verma and Weitzman, n.

The initial diagnoses that can characterize asthma are cough, wheezing, dyspnoea, chest tightness and variable airflow abstractions. Although asthma is not one of the major causes of death in Australia (only causing about 400 deaths per calendar year, it is still an important disease for a number of reasons.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that leads to AIDS. HIV works by attacking and killing body cells that form the human immune system. AIDS condition is progressive – moving from bad to worse – and the victim rapidly becomes more and more vulnerable to other diseases as time go by.

Alcoholics possess a hereditary condition that makes them susceptible to alcoholism and, therefore, requires a qualified treatment (Lavitt). Alcohol-related crime is a famous term normally employed to denote two main classes of offenses. Firstly, the offenses that are alcohol-defined are driving while being excessively drunk or other drunkenness perpetrations.

Endangered species are those considered to be at a higher risk of extinction or facing removal from the earth surface as a result of a number of activities. Panda also known as Ailuropoda melanoleuca is one of the animals currently classified as facing the harsh pangs of extinction and is currently classified as endangered species (Gong & Donald 246).

For synthesis of proteins and cleavage, embryo gene activation is of great importance as it aids in those processes. The period in which embryos take to break and start the embryonic gene activation is different and depends on the species of the animal (Haian 15).

While these effects were long considered to be inevitable, Agnes Higgins, Michael Nash and Aileen M. Lynch explored the possibilities of overcoming the effects of both SSRI’s and SNRI’s in order to improve sexual dysfunctions among users of anti-depressants.

Dolphins have their habitats in oceans, seas and major rivers. They have become specialized to their different ecological niche that they occupy. Dolphins are exclusively carnivorous. Some feed exclusively on fish or cephalopods. Cephalopod is a class of marine that includes cuttlefish and octopus.

A basic concept in cellular respiration is the transfer of chemical energy (electrons) from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. Most of the organisms use oxygen as the final electron acceptor although some organisms (eg. Yeast) use other alternatives.

Each year, malaria claims the lives of more than two million victims. However, 80% of the total number is children from sub-Saharan Africa. It causes fever, malaise, anemia, and death (David 1). The greatest impact is, however, on the children. This is because; most children have not yet built up the necessary immunity needed to combat severe malaria infection.

It is known that DNA is damaged and then repaired constantly by agents both inside and outside the cell. Some of those agents, among many other agents inducing mutations, are chemicals from the environment, coming either as pollutants from human industry and naturally from foods. As a result, DNA is often damaged and has to be repaired by the pathways of repair of DNA polymerase.

The sliding filament theory can be explained as a multi-step process. When the muscle is at rest, ATP binds to the myosin sidearm and takes it to a higher energy state. At this point, all the calcium is in the terminal cistern and not present in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, no further process takes place.

This book topped the charts in the New York Times for a total of six weeks in the year 2008 itself. This book was written with the primary objective of letting people know about the proper intake of food. It was fundamentally aimed to provide them the proper guidelines about the appropriate intake of food (Pollan 1-27).

Aging is a phenomenon, which cannot be stopped by any human effort. As time passes by and a person becomes older by every passing moment, there are many novel issues which become attached to the aging person.

Name Instructor Course Date The Impact of Embryonic Stem Cells on Regenerative Medicine The new millennium has come along with it new developed in biomedical science. Since the human genome series was completed, it saw an advanced drug discoveries being manufactured and micro-assortments technology to measure millions of genes in single a research.

Cochlear implants have been received with mixed reactions among the deaf. While some people appreciate the benefits that come with the surgery, others are skeptical about the procedure. Some deaf people feel that enough scientific research has not been done on the procedure posing serious risks to deaf people.

If diet is the cause, then diet might also be the solution, especially a diet on vegetables. Vegetables have been known to have potent chemicals that prevent and even cure cancer. Medicinal plants and their preparations are currently being used to treat various diseases including cancer, which is the second leading cause of human deaths in the world (Govind & Madhuri, 2011).

An effective tool for the identification of the humans was the use of STRs in the early 1990s. STRs are short tandem repeats which are of 2- 6 base pairs in length and are present repeated at specific intervals in the chromosomes. The use of STR markers came in after the completion of the human genome project.

This creature best exemplifies how deceiving an animal can be and how progressive its defense system could be. More than the perceptively attention-grabbing appearance it has, the stonefish is one of the most venomous and dangerous species found in the vast waters.

On several accounts, it has been realized that while these foods can indeed be used effectively in addressing the question of food shortages across the world, they present a myriad of challenges that might not justify their production. Most of these challenges have, therefore, led to many people advocating the abolition of the GM foods on various accounts.

Overexploitation of resources like forests can lead to consequential negative impacts. Deforestation impacts negatively to all the community of species that interact in a biotic system. In relation to deforestation, this paper will analyze the effects of deforestation and its impacts on the biotic interactions within plant communities.

At the end of the practical, the learner should produce a report that can be used by other scientists to understand the light dependent reaction in photosynthesis and the electron transfer to high energy molecules like ATP and NADP+ and how they are substituted by DCPIP (Dichlorophenol Indophenol) in the Hill reaction to demonstrate the same.

The result of the data is 4947 wild-type females with sepia eyes and 5048 wild type males with sepia eyes. This is a 1:1.02 ratio. Thus, somehow it follows a 1:1 ratio although the difference of almost 100 offspring may actually have some significance. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Results of Cross #1 Parents (Female: +) x (Male: SE) Offspring Phenotype Number Proportion Ratio Female: + 4947 0.4949 1.000 Male: + 5048 0.5051 1.020 Total 9995 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- PART 1 MONOHYBRID CROSS d-f.

This paper is aimed at examining the list of top viruses that have proven deadly in the world today and even in the recent years. It also explains in brief the predisposing factors that favor the survival of these viruses, their effects in human bodies and the general effect of them in the world.

There are several types of diseases affecting the heart and collectively they are called ‘heart diseases or cardiovascular diseases, broad terms denoting all the different sicknesses touching on the different components of the heart. Heart diseases are the major causes of death, especially in the US where over 700,000 heart disease allied deaths. 

The term “dementia” refers to a range of conditions in which the memory function is impaired, resulting in difficulty for patients in reasoning, in communication with others, and as time progresses, increasing difficulty in coping with the demands of everyday life. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for the majority of late-onset dementia.

The authors have given the awareness about the impact of genetically modified plants, which humans consume as food. Genetically modified plants produce many impacts upon human health. There is risk to environment and to human health as well. The authors (p.290) introduce genetically modified plants by saying that, “Transgenic (GM) plants are those that have been genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology.

On the other hand, contamination of water and soil should be cleaned. A special attention should be paid to heavy metals contamination of water and soil. Further on different methods and strategies of heavy metals bioremediation are considered. On the basis of modern researches and studies it is clear that humans are appealing for the natural resources to clean contamination of water and soil.

There is the failure to consume high-calorie foods such as French fries that are high in energy and fat, which only occurs sometimes. This can be considered a positive aspect of my diet in that some of the undesirable aspects of my diet are done on a rare occasion, while the rest are frequent, the positive aspects that is.

An investigation will be made to see if animals are provided a safe environment to breed and if not then how could it be. The paper will explore the trade of poultry products between other countries and what restricts the trade and puts barriers across countries.

The transcription of the mammalian gene occurs along the transcription of the bacterial genes. The promoter is of critical importance in transcription, and must be recognizable by the RNA polymerase. Since bacterial RNA polymerase will take charge of the transcription process, the promoter must be of bacterial origin to enable recognition.

Biotechnology entails understanding,exploiting,and modifying proteins for useful purposes.In order to accomplish this, one needs to understand various fuctions of proteins and their structure.The focus of this paper is to summarize various structures of proteins,various funcions of protein molecule in the cell, the link between molecular structure of proteins and their function,and how proteins as a whole contribute to health and/or disease.

Several theories have been ever since to understand the origin of man and concepts such as evolution and speciation. Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection even though slightly debatable provides a firm insight into what might had been the basis of our existence.

A newly formed organization, the Sociological Society of London, was being lectured on the topic of eugenics. During this lecture, Galton defined eugenics as “the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race” (Aldrich et al, 214). This was likely the beginning of the eugenics movement.

I have collected all this information through research. There are most common three skin cancers are reported in America that is basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer, and melanoma. It is the most common type of cancer which is increasing in 15 to 34 age groups.

For example, coughing, high body temperature, pimples, scabs or stomach upsets. Our body has a natural defense mechanism known as the immune system which strives to get rid of these infections. The immune system deals in two ways with the foreign particles; through innate and adaptive immunity.

Understanding the role played by amino acids in protein structure and function requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics of most important amino acids, how they form proteins, hence their role in the structure and function of proteins. Knowledge of the transformation of simple polypeptides into functional proteins is also important.

Unlike other scientists who are often concerned with finding answers to questions that address the essential theoretic concepts, with little or no interest in the organism under study, we were more concerned with making observations of the study organism with an intention of developing vital questions, hypothesis and inferences from the observations.

For the natural, a gene penetrates into another cell and result to not only a natural but also a modified organism. Artificially, the organism has been far much developed depending on the required characteristics. There are many diverse ways used to move the genes to produce desirable results for both plants and animals.

The glucose residues that form the polymer are usually linked at the alpha (1-4). It also has branches occurring in the location of alpha (1-6) (Halse, 2000). Its synthesis involves numerous steps of enzyme catalyzed reactions. This paper seeks to determine the various step by step pathways involved in glycogen synthesis and the aspects of the regulatory enzymes.