Biology Essays

Taking the very same reaction, a simple substitution of similar volumes of integrins for cadherins and collagenase-3 for trypsin would have the desired effect. This experiment would help illustrate both the adherence properties of integrins and the ability that collagenase-3 has to halt these reactions and produce single-cells within the matrix. 

(Speck et al, 1993, p.39, 43). Each of them contains two respiratory centers. There are total four respiratory centers in the brainstem; Inspiratory center, Expiratory center, Pneumotaxic center and Apneustic center. Cerebral cortex provides behavioral control, whereas, brainstem provides an autonomic control for respiration.

While the immense genetic variability of this virus renders its genomic mapping to be extremely difficult, it also makes medicines against it futile with every mutation. The wide spectrum of diseases that is associated with this virus makes its management not only complicated for doctors and healthcare providers but also for the patient who is under immense pressure from not only his own failing health but also the stigma that is associated with this disease.

This was a significant step in the field of science. Animal cloning is today possible due to improved research in science. This led to beginning of research on human cloning. Human cloning has become the subject of discussion in various fields. This debate is expected tao continue until a justifiable compromise is realized.

Today, with an increase in industrial activities, man has embraced an artificial life and is rapidly doing away with natural life and its benefits.  Humans are concerned with economic activity at the expense of the natural environment. Most people will clear the blossoming natural plants in landscapes to elect structures that facilitate economic activities.

The sago palm has been a source of starch for peoples in Southeast Asia, southwestern pacific, and in the equatorial regions of South America. It has been a staple food product in these regions for generations, as well as, incorporated into building materials in certain areas.

Coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever, is a disease that normally affects one’s lungs. Coccidioides cause the illness, which is a fungus. A hardy strain of this fungus has the ability to live for long under harsh conditions like drought and extreme heat and cold (Williams 41).

The process of obtaining DNA samples includes a general procedure regardless of the source of the DNA. First, the investigator has to collect the cells he intends to derive his DNA sample from. This could include all cells of the body but red blood cells. The next step involves splitting the cells open so as to release their contents. The contents include fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

The author states that in areas where their population density is high, they become a threat to humans, ungulates, and other livestock. Thus, their ultimate fate depends on the ability of humans to coexist with them and protecting their “biological requisites”. The gray wolf has been placed under the category of threatened in Minnesota.

Atrial Fibrillation is one of the most commonly sustained cardiac rhythm disorders. Stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure and degraded quality of life results in substantially high morbidity and mortality rates. The disease is rapidly spreading among the population especially among the elderly and hence requires immediate attention for proper understanding, management and treatment.

The classical categorization divides disasters into man-made and natural disasters. Natural disasters are exemplified by earthquakes, avalanches, tornadoes, droughts, volcanic eruptions and floods. Man-made disasters include fires, wars, transportation as well as construction disasters.

Background The reconstruction of lost or damaged bones has continued to be a significant problem in the reconstruction surgery. Previously, bone reconstruction surgeons made use of artificial tissues to repair the damaged bones. However, artificial tissues have proved to be problematic to patients, which have encouraged surgeons to look for alternatives approaches.

The origin of the disease was traced to a French physician named Bourneville to as far back as the 1880s (Howell, n.d.). The current essay hereby aims to further explore this rare illness through presenting its definition and by expounding on its causes, symptoms, genetic make-up, treatment and various researches made on the subject.

The genes involved in DNA repair are a myriad (Wei & Chen, 2006). The mode of operation of the genes is to excise lesions or mitigate possible errors that might arise in the course of the repair. DNA repairs include Base excision together with mismatch excision.

The delivery of the metabolic input with a consequential release and removal of the wastes provide favourable homeostatic conditions to the system pathways. The fresh blood develop via a process called angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is synchronized by both activator and the inhibitor molecules present in the system.

The following discussion would ultimately reveal that the changes in the aforesaid aspects are quite important. Greenhouse Gas- This is generally formed due to the effect of infrared radiation. It is also formed by way of absorbing infrared radiation i.e.

Antibiotic or antibacterial agents cause inhibition in bacterial growth or destroy bacteria (Media News Today, 2009). It blocks the vital process in bacteria, thereby stopping them from multiplying, and this encourages the body’s natural immune system to fight the disease (Garbutt, 2012).

Thermoregulation in Desert Lizards Introduction In the midst of changes in global temperatures due to global warming, concerns have been raised over how the same affects thermoregulation in different species. More specifically, global warming has a far-reaching effect on thermoregulation in ectotherms.

Commonly, because of their anaerobic nature, they often thrive in canned foods since they provide conditions that favor their growth. In addition, Clostridium botulinum usually forms spores that help them survive conditions that do not favor their growth.

The gut of mosquitoes is the place where malaria protozoa develop. When a mosquito sucks blood from the human body, the protozoa enter the human body. Due to the process of blood circulation, the parasite reaches the liver of the person where it multiplies. It takes usually 9-16 days before it penetrates red blood cells causing them to break down.

Apoptosis is driven by the impetus of enzymes from the regulated family proteolytic enzymes called caspases. Caspases are made up of upstream (initiator) caspases which are normally activated by death receptor signalosomes, caspase 9, activated by the mitochondrial cytochrome derived apoptosome; downstream caspases (effectors) which cleave the involved proteins.

Bacterial dependency details remains low the whole time. This wastes a lot of labor and time. There appears a time when there exists so many colonies on a Petri dish yet the census process is commonly handled by educated and trained. An argument area of focus in microbiology is mainly the machine use in counting.

Fundamentally, it is the minimum pressure required to nullify osmosis. This study explores osmotic pressure in Zea mays and seeks to determine how osmotic pressure of corn plants (Zea mays) can be an essential factor of their growth. To achieve the aim of the experiment, five plants of the similar physiological structures, one for controlled experiment and four for the experiment to be tested will be subjected to different conditions.

Presently, there is a blame game going on in which “over-consumers" in rich countries can blame "over-breeders" in distant lands for the state of the planet” (Pearce). Rapid growth of population in the less developed countries contributes to the reduction of environmental health and safety, though it is not as big a threat to the environment as the massive consumption of natural resources by the advanced countries is.

The San Francisco Bay is made up of rivers and five bays thus making up a wide river mouth that is flooded by the sea during ocean tides. The mixing of the fresh and salty water brings out the complete biological importance of the estuary. The estuary drains water from approximately half of California State.

They can mostly be seen flying around in summer evenings. They undergo the typical 4 stage metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa, adult). If we talk about firefly species, there are around 2000 species of fireflies that live in warm places and temperate environments (Hadley, para.2).

As atherosclerosis progresses toward the acute stage, it triggers myeloid cells destabilization in the artery walls which makes them rupture. This cause stroke and infarction. This research shows that the response to ischemic damage makes acute atherosclerosis to get worse.

This article talks about almost everything to do with DNA and Genome but there are some of the applications of DNA knowledge in medicine, which include cure and medicine. The reason it is not possible however that is it does survive outside the body of a mammal, which in this case is the human being or the mammalian cells.

Over the past century, we have seen the rise in use of Teleradiology with advancements in internet and mobile technology. Nowadays, images taken from MRI, CT scan, and x-rays can be shared to other radiological specialist for diagnosis of clinical conditions (Louise 1).

Conservation of biodiversity – Trees provide shelter to a large number of organisms and are therefore responsible for the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems. Protection of watershed – Trees prevent soil erosion and hence prevent runoff. This, in turn, leads to the accumulation of groundwater that is used for drinking and other purposes. 

Historically, DNA evidence began in the forensic field when ABO blood group was used as a system in providing evidence of crime issues. Later, the paternity identification that based on serum protein variation became commonly used. However, it was not until when Jeffrey became a pioneer of DNA based identity testing.

These animals are known to regulate their body temperature, which is a significant factor influencing their life and physiologic processes. Temperature, which denotes the intensity of heat possessed by an object or substance, is often a significant element of climate.

Ocean conditions in the future would likely prevent fish from adjusting to the changing food availability in the ocean. With the current exposure to the carbon dioxide levels, as well as the conditions possibly indicated for 2100, the brown dotty back, otherwise known as (Pseudochromis fuscus), manifested decreased feeding qualities.

Dideoxy terminated DNA fragments that were synthesized in different bases, for example, A, C, T, or G. The fragments then, underwent size separation for purposes of reading the sequence of DNA. On the other hand, DNA barcoding involves characterizing or categorizing species by applying a short DNA sequence using an agreed position concerning the genome.

This comprehensive article provides an in-depth outlook on several areas about which not much optimum quality research could be found in the past studies which explains why it is worth reading to familiarize oneself with the exceptionally insightful content it contains.

Name Instructor Course Date Significance of Human and Animal Interrelationships Since time in the past, there has been existence of human and animal interrelationships. The level of dependability exists throughout the well-being of both human and animals. Various reasons contribute to changes in the interrelationships.

Despite considerable advancements in understanding the nature of autoimmune disease; the vast majority of immunologic processes require further research to clearly delineate the etiological basis of this disease group (Shoenfeld & Gershwin, 2000). Examples of autoimmune diseases are Grave disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, Multiple sclerosis, SLE and myasthenia gravis etc (Pritchard & Korf, 2013).

Considerable research has been underway to understand the underlying pathologic mechanisms, and a number of causative factors have been identified. It appears that the disease results from a complex interplay of neurological, genetic, environmental, gastrointestinal, immunological, and toxicological factors.

The two groups mentioned afore were male and female. Since the heights were measured without selecting a particular group of students the sample can be considered a convenient sample. The population from which the sample was drawn consisted of college students. Moreover, the data recorded the heights for the year 2013-2014 class.

The ripening of the fruit and the seed dispersal are much related to each other as seed dispersal is the stage that comes after the ripening of the fruit. Ripening fills most of the fruits with the sweetness (Bajaj, 1995). Animals and humans are dependent on the fruits for their food and seeds are carried with the ripen fruits, as ripen fruits attract more animals and human too.

Cannabinoids in marijuana are understood to be the principal psychoactive constituents of marijuana through cannabinoid receptors in the brain. While the cannabinoid constituent may be free of central brain activity, it may possess potential therapeutic characteristics due to its anti-convulsant and myorelaxant characteristics.

Current scientific research is under away looking at the causes treatment and possible preventions. The Synapses of the brain are destroyed in the thinking areas of the brain. Research shows that such people have damaged brain cells, called tangles, and amyloid plaques or deposits between cells.

pombe. This will be implemented by testing the sensitivity of the key mutants in DNA repair when acted upon by both Gemcitabine (dFdC) and Cytarabine (AraC). These two drugs are used in the treatment of various forms of cancer and are both nucleosides. Gemcitabine is commonly used in the treatment of various forms of solid tumors such as the pancreatic, bladder, breast and lung cancers.

The latter in particular is often seriously affected by alcohol. It has been said that consumption of the drink in small quantities may assist the removal of ‘plaque’ from arteries; however, this appears minor compared to the many diseases that alcohol consumption can cause, from minor ailments to serious diseases.

The bond will not be broken until a sufficient transfer of energy occurs. There are several types of chemical bonds that differ in aspects such as the strength of the bond. Strong bonds include covalent (electron sharing) and ionic (positive to negative attraction and vice versa), while some weaker types are dipole-dipole interactions (intermolecular, or between molecules), London dispersion force (weak quantum effect), and hydrogen bonding (covalent bonding of hydrogen to two electrically negative atoms).

With regards to the molecular aspects of aging, it is usually characterized by the accumulation of defective or inactivated forms of various enzymes, possibly due to oxidative damage by agents such as free radicals (Stadtman 131). A certain group of protein regulators that control enzymatic products called the polycomb group (PcG) control various gene loci that are essential to an organism, and one of these loci is the Ink4a locus, which contains genes responsible for senescence in organisms (Mishra and Mishra 135).

Name Institution Date of submission Abstract The main objective of the experiment was to ascertain the level of contamination on the things we use on daily basis to make our face that include brush, Chap Stick and mascaras. This was achieved by morphological test.

Lysozyme is an enzyme which is also named as muramidase. It has 129 amino acids and has five to seven alpha helix and three stranded antiparallel beta sheets. It is ellipsoidal in shape with a large cleft on one side forming its active site.  It catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4 beta linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl D-glucosamine residues.

In sheep, folliculogenesis is the key process in reproduction and involves the development of ovarian follicles from a small pre-antral follicle into pre-antral then into antral and finally the large pre-ovulatory follicle followed by the corpus luteum formation after ovulation.

had already been studies by various scientists. The effect of pollutants on the immune response system of echinoderm was first studied by Canicatti and Grasso (1988). For this research, the coelomic fluid was collected from the adult sea cucumber, which is an echinoderm.