IT Outsurcing nd Its Bnfits - Essay Example

IT utsurcing In mdrn tchnlgicl s ll cmpnis rly grtly n infrmtin tchnlgy (IT) t cnduct businss. vry tim thy nd t ccss lrg mrkt, rsrch dtbss, find nw custmrs r dvlp sustinbl dvlpmnt cst plicy thy turn t Intrnt whr bsing n infrmtin vilbl it is pssibl t mk ncssry nlysis nd xpnd th mrkts wrldwid. Nvr bfr hd such grt numbr f rgnistins tk dvntg f infrmtin tchnlgy utsurcing prtins. In this ppr, I will mk th insights int ustrlin ppulr dcisins f th grwing mrkt in utsurcing infrmtin tchnlgy, which hs bn spurrd by dcisins f svrl lrg cmpnis nd th ustrlin gvrnmnt t utsurc IT prtins. Th rsrch bjctivs r t msur th incidnc f utsurcing mng ustrlin firms, idntify th functins utsurcd, th rsns why mngrs cnsidrd utsurcing, th csts nd bnfits f utsurcing, pssibl chngs in mds f nd mtivtins fr utsurcing nd fctrs tht r sscitd with succssful utsurcing rrngmnts. Th ppr is structurd s tht bth thrticl pprch twrd IT utsurcing nd its bnfits nd prcticl implictin nd rcmmndtins fr ustrlin IT utsurcing prtins wr xplrd. Th trms utsurcing nd insurcing d nt cptur th cmplxity f surcing ptins vilbl n th mrkt plc. Thr r svrl txnmis f surcing dcisins tht hv bn dptd. ur rsrch distinguishs mng thr: Ttl utsurcing: th dcisin t trnsfr IS ssts, lss, stff, nd mngmnt rspnsibility fr dlivry f IS srvics frm n intrnl IS functin t singl third prty vndr which rprsnts mr thn 80 pr cnt f th IS budgt; Ttl Insurcing: th dcisin t rtin th mngmnt nd prvisin f mr thn 80 pr cnt f th IS budgt intrnlly ftr vluting th IS srvics mrkt; Slctiv Surcing: th dcisin t surc slctd IS functins frm xtrnl prvidr(s) whil still prviding btwn 20 pr cnt nd 80 pr cnt f th IS budgt intrnlly. This strtgy my includ singl r multipl vndrs (mbrsi, 2001). Gnrl utsurcing ncmpsss thr ltrntivs: slctiv utsurcing whr n prticulr r f IS ctivity is chsn t b turnd vr t third prty, such s dt cntr prtins; vlu-ddd utsurcing whr n r f IS ctivity is turnd vr t third prty wh is thught t b bl t prvid lvl f supprt r srvic which dds vlu t th ctivity tht culd nt b cst-ffctivly prvidd by th intrnl IS grup; c-prtiv utsurcing whr sm trgtd IS ctivitis r jintly prfrmd by third prty prvidr nd th intrnl IS dprtmnt. Trnsitinl utsurcing invlvs th migrtin frm n tchnlgicl pltfrm t nthr. Such trnsitinl utsurcing hs thr phss: ( ) mngmnt f th lgcy systms; ( b ) trnsitin t th nw tchnlgy/systm; nd ( c ) stbilistin nd mngmnt f th nw pltfrm. ny n r ll f ths thr phss culd b turnd vr t third prty prvidr. Businss prcss utsurcing is rltivly nw utsurcing rrngmnt. It rfrs t n utsurcing rltinship whr third prty prvidr is rspnsibl fr prfrming n ntir businss functin fr th clint rgnistin. ccrding t Millr (1994), numbr f industris r cnsidring businss prcssing utsurcing; in prticulr, gvrnmnt, finncil srvics (bnks nd insurnc cmpnis), hlth cr, trnsprttin, nd lgistics. Trgtd srvics includ htlins, hlp dsks, cll cntrs, clims mngmnt, nd dcumnt prcssing. Businss bnfit cntrcting is ls rltivly rcnt phnmnn. It rfrs t 'cntrctul grmnt tht dfins th vndr's cntributin t th clint in trms f spcific bnfits t th businss nd dfins th pymnt th custmr will mk bsd upn th vndr's bility t dlivr ths bnfits. Th gl is t mtch ctul csts with ctul bnfits nd t shr th risks.' Givn th risks sscitd with trditinl utsurcing, thr is cnsidrbl intrst in this frm f utsurcing. Millr nts, hwvr, tht whil businss bnfit cntrcting is frquntly usd in th mrkting f utsurcing srvics by third prty prvidrs, it typiclly is nt ctully dptd bcus f th difficulty sscitd with msuring bnfits. Bnchmrking in this r is prticulrly prblmtic. Bcus vndr rvnu nd mrgin ptntil r dirctly tid t th bnchmrks, it is nt surprising tht gtting grmnt by bth prtis n th bnchmrks prvs spcilly thrny. In ustrli, ppulr discussin f th grwing mrkt in utsurcing infrmtin tchnlgy (IT) hs bn spurrd by dcisins f svrl lrg cmpnis nd th ustrlin gvrnmnt t utsurc IT prtins. Th srvics in ustrlin IT utsurcing mk up t 38 prcnt f th ttl IT mrkt. Rsrch grup Grtnr rprtd tht th ustrlin IT srvics mrkt is wrth US$5.5 billin (Hubr, 2002). Th utsurcing in th cuntry is still ky drivr f th IT srvics sctr s wll s mngd srvics in rs such s strg, Intrnt srvics, nd scurity. vr th lst fw yrs, utsurcing hs bn n f th singl lrgst cntributrs t th lcl srvics sctr, ld by th Fdrl Gvrnmnt's driv t utsurc th mjrity f its gncis' nd dprtmnts' prvisin f IT rquirmnts. Hwvr, mny f th Fdrl Gvrnmnt's "clustr" cntrcts hv bn criticizd fr cst blwuts nd r nw bing rviwd. Th gvrnmnt my stipult shrtr cntrct rrngmnts, nd pt fr mr slctiv, smllr dls. Th rcntly ngtitd Fr Trd grmnt btwn th U.S. n ustrli (USFT) will incrs pprtunitis fr U.S. IT srvic prvidrs. It is prdictd tht th USFT my pn th wy fr mr U.S. srvic prvidrs t prtnr nd prvid srvics t th ustrlin Fdrl Gvrnmnt. By fr, th biggst plyrs in this mrkt sgmnt r IBMGS, DS, CSC, nd HP s wll s th big ccunting nd cnsulting firms. Cllctivly ths cmpnis ccunt fr 65 prcnt f th ttl utsurcing mrkt. Th fdrl gvrnmnt ccunts fr 47 prcnt f ll public sctr IT spnding. Whn utsurcing, ustrlin cmpnis im t rch th fllwing finncil, businss, tchnicl nd pliticl bjctivs. Finncil Rsns ustrlin cmpnis nd businss s utsurcing s wy t cut csts, imprv cst cntrl, nd rstructur th IS budgt. Rduc csts : Ths wh xpct tht utsurcing will sv th mny prciv tht vndrs njy cnmis f scl tht nbl thn t prvid IT srvics t lwr cst thn intrnl IT dprtmnts. In prticulr, cmpnis nd businss bliv tht vndr's unit csts r lss xpnsiv du t mss prductin fficincis nd lbur spciliztin. Imprv cst cntrl : nthr finncil rtinl fr utsurcing is gining cntrl vr IT csts. s ny IS mngr will ttst, IS csts r dirctly rltd t IS usr dmnds. In mst rgnistins, hwvr, IS csts r cntrlld thrugh gnrl llctin systms which mtivt usrs t dmnd nd cnsum rsurcs xcssivly. Gnrl llctin systms r nlgus t splitting rsturnt tb--ch dinnr cmpnin is mtivtd t rdr n xpnsiv dinnr bcus th cst will b shrd by th thr prtis. Cmpnis nd businsss s utsurcing s wy t cntrl csts bcus vndrs implmnt cst cntrls tht mr dirctly ti usg t csts. In dditin, usrs n lngr cll thir fvurit nlysts t rqust frivlus chngs, but instd must submit rqusts thrugh frml cst cntrl prcss. This rsults in th curtiling f xcssiv usr dmnds nd thus rducs vrll IT csts. Rstructur IS budgts : Sm cmpnis nd businsss s th rsn fr inititing utsurcing s mns fr rstructuring thir IT budgts frm cumbrsm cpitl budgts t mr flxibl prting budgts. Thrugh utsurcing, rgnistins culd mr fficintly purchs IT rsurcs s ndd rthr thn invst in cpitl. Th sl f th sst ls gnrts csh up frnt, which incrss th cmpnis' csh flw. In dditin, sm vndrs will purchs stck nd pstpn th bulk f IT pymnts t th lttr prt f th cntrct, mking th vrll nt prsnt vlu xtrmly ttrctiv t cmpnis. In rturn fr ths finncil incntivs, vndrs rquir lng-trm cntrcts, typiclly tn yrs in durtin. Businss Rsns Businss rsns fr utsurcing includ rturn t cr cmptncis, fcilitt mrgrs nd cquisitins, nd strt up nw cmpnis. Rturn t cr cmptncis: During th 1990s, mny lrg cmpnis bndnd thir divrsifictin strtgis--nc pursud t mdit risk--t fcus n cr cmptncis nd utsurcing th rst. s rsult f this cr cmptncis fcus, IT cm undr scrutiny: is IS cmptitiv wpn r mrly utility vn within cmpnis, prcptins vr IT's cntributin t cr ctivitis vrid. In gnrl, snir xcutivs tndd t viw th ntir IT functin s nn-cr ctivity whrs IT mngrs nd sm businss unit mngrs cntndd tht crtin IT ctivitis r cr t th businss. Fcilitt mrgrs nd cquisitins: Mny f th cmpnis which utsurc pursu grwth strtgy thrugh mrgrs nd cquisitins. Mrgrs nd cquisitins crt mny IT nightmrs fr IT mngrs bcus thy r rquird t bsrb cquird cmpnis int xisting systms. Cmpnis xpct utsurcing t slv th tchnicl incmptibilitis, bsrb th xcss IT ssts, such s dditinl dt cntrs, nd bsrb th dditinl IT mplys gnrtd by mrgrs nd cquisitins. Prvid IS fr strt-up cmpnis: Sm cmpnis utsurc IT whn th cmpny is first incrprtd. t th tim, thy xpct tht utsurcing will b quickr nd chpr wy t prvid IT srvics. s strt-up cmpnis, thy simply cn nt ffrd th cpitl invstmnt rquird t rct intrnl IT dprtmnts. Dvlutin f rgnistinl nd mngmnt structurs: numbr f rgnistins initit utsurcing vlutins in rspns t dvlutin f rgnistinl nd mngmnt structurs ccurring in widr businss cntxt. ftn trmd dwnsizing, cmpnis intnd t us utsurcing s mns t rduc hdcunt nd thus th csts sscitd with slris, pnsins, nd bnfits. Tchnicl Rsns Tchnicl issus sscitd with why cmpnis nd businsss cnsidr utsurcing invlv th tchnicl difficultis sscitd with prviding ffctiv IS; mr spcificlly, th dsir t ithr imprv tchnicl srvics, gin ccss t tchnicl tlnt nt currntly vilbl in th rgnistin, nd/ r prvid ccss t nw tchnlgis. Imprv tchnicl srvic: Sm cmpnis r disstisfid with th tchnicl srvics prvidd by thir in-hus IT dprtmnts. In prticulr, th IT dprtmnts dlivrd systms lt nd vr budgt nd did nt rspnd in timly mnnr t usr rqusts. Cmpnis viw utsurcing s wy t imprv tchnicl srvic, rsning tht utsurcing vndrs pssss tchnicl xprtis lcking in intrnl IT dprtmnts. ccss t tchnicl tlnt: ftn cmpnis utsurc in rdr t prvid ccss t tchnicl tlnt. Cmpnis find it difficult t find nd/r rtin stff with th stt-f-th-rt tchnicl skills. Vndrs r flt t hv cr cmptncis in tchnlgy skills which llw thm t bring ths skills t th rgnistin thrugh utsurcing. Numrus cmpnis cnsidr utsurcing prtly fr th ccss t grtr IS xprtis it wuld bring. ccss t nw tchnlgis: Sm cmpnis fl utsurcing will prvid cnduit t nw, mrging tchnlgis. Thy viw utsurcing s wy t hdg bts n mrging tchnlgis, prviding thm ccss t th prducts f th vndrs' lrg rsrch nd dvlpmnt dprtmnts. Cmpnis r prticulrly intrstd in clint/srvr tchnlgy, xprt systms, nw dvlpmnt mthdlgis, nd CS tls. Fcus th intrnl IS stff n cr tchnicl ctivitis: Mngrs frm numbr f cmpnis initit utsurcing vlutins t fcus th intrnl IT stff n cr tchnicl ctivitis, such s th dvlpmnt f nw pplictins, whil utsurcing nn-cr tchnicl ctivitis, such s th supprt f lgcy systms. Pliticl Rsns Pliticl rsns fr why cmpnis d businsss cnsidr utsurcing rvlv rund th dsir t dl mr ffctivly with th subjctiv ntur f ssssing th vlu f IT. In shrt, th pliticl dimnsin f utsurcing invlvs th bhviur f th vrius prtis sscitd with th utsurcing dcisin-mking prcss. In cntrst t th rtinl dscriptin f utsurcing vlutin surrunding th bv-mntind finncil, businss, nd tchnicl rsns, th pliticl prspctiv intrprts th bhviur f th rgnistinl ctrs in subjctiv light, sing utsurcing s n pic f lrg puzzl invlving th shping f snir mngmnt's prcptin but IT. Pliticl rtinl fr why rgnistins cnsidr utsurcing includs: prving fficincy (s rctin t th fficincy imprtiv), justifying nw rsurcs, rcting t th psitiv mdi rprts, rducing uncrtinty, liminting trublsm functin, nd brking th s-clld 'glss ciling' (i.. nhncing crdibility). Rctin t th fficincy imprtiv: cmmnly citd rsn fr inititing utsurcing vlutins by cmpnis ws th rctin t th fficincy imprtiv. Bcus mst f thm ccunt fr s n vrhd functin, snir mngrs tnd t vlut th functin slly n cst fficincy (Quinn t l., 1990). Bcus n cncrt msurs f ctul fficincy xist, snir mngrs frmult nly prcptin f fficincy. Whn snir mngrs prcivd tht IT ws infficint, thy inititd utsurcing vlutins t imprv fficincy. In similr vin, IT mngrs thmslvs inititd utsurcing vlutins. This wy, IT mngrs prvd tht th IT dprtmnt ws lrdy fficint r ws mking strids t bcm fficint. Th nd t cquir nw rsurcs: Cmpnis initit utsurcing dcisins t cquir nw rsurcs, such s mchin upgrds, dditinl prsnnl, r csh. IT mngrs r wll wr tht thir rqusts fr cpitl funds wuld b mt with qustins such s 'isn't it chpr t utsurc this' utsurcing vlutins hlp cmpnis nd businsss cquir rsurcs by shwing tht utsurcrs culd nt prvid th dditinl rsurcs t lwr cst. Th cmpnis dpting this strtgy wr usully grntd th rsurc. Rctin t th bndwgn: nthr rsn idntifid is th rctin t th prvrbil bndwgn. Fvurbl utsurcing rprts triggr cmpnis t initit utsurcing fr tw rsns. First, cmpnis, spcilly snir mngrs, wnt t duplict th succss stris thy rd in th litrtur. Bcus ths snir mngrs didn't truly vlu th IT functin nywy, thy hp t t lst rduc csts t th lvls thir cmptitrs llgdly chivd thrugh utsurcing. Scnd, cmpnis, prticulrly IT mngrs, fr tht th fvurbl rprts wuld sduc thir mngrs int utsurcing. By tking th inititiv, cmpnis us utsurcing vlutins t tmpr th mny xggrtd clims md in public infrmtin surcs. Rduc uncrtinty: Cmpnis initit utsurcing vlutins t rspnd t thir dsir t rduc uncrtinty. Bcus IT dmnd is rrtic, IT mngrs hv difficulty plnning fr IT srvics. Rthr thn rct t dmnd fluctutins, IT mngrs utsurcd. By including clus tht vris fs with vlums, IT mngrs ffctivly dispnsd with th risks sscitd with uncrtinty. limint trublsm functin: nthr pliticl rsn idntifid is th dsir f cmpnis t limint trublsm functin. Sinc snir xcutivs d nt fully vlu IT IT dministrtrs rciv fw cclds fr mnging th functin. Whn th functin runs smthly, snir xcutivs d nt ntic. Whn th functin xprincs prblms, snir mngmnt scrms. nhnc crdibility: Th finl rsn idntifid by th cmpnis is th us f utsurcing vlutins t nhnc prsnl r dprtmntl crdibility. Sinc snir mngrs d nt fully vlu th srvics f th IT dprtmnt, thy my nt vlu th cntributin f th ppl wh run th functin. Studis hv rptdly shwn tht IT prsnnl rrly brk int th uppr chlns f mngmnt. Svrl cmpnis inititd utsurcing dcisins t nhnc thir crdibility. By shwing tht thy r willing t utsurc thir kingdm fr th gd f th cmpny, thy prv t mngmnt tht thy r crprt plyrs. Whil th ustrlin mrkt my b flt t prsnt, lcl rsrch grup Intrntinl Dt Crprtin (IDC) hs rcntly idntifid systms infrstructur prjcts s n f th principl sub-sctrs t driv up th lcl IT srvics mrkt in th shrt t mdium trm. IDC stts tht 27 prcnt f lcl cmpnis' IT mngrs rprtd tht infrstructur nd scurity prjcts wr th highst priritis fr 2004. Dbunking th thry tht th Custmr Rltinship Mngmnt (CRM) mrkt is dd, fiftn prcnt f IT mngrs hv sttd tht thy r plnning r r implmnting CRM prjcts. Th grwth in ths prjcts cms t th xpns f Businss (bth B2B nd B2C) nd ntrpris Rsurc Plnning (RP) inititivs. Rsrch rcntly crrid ut by Dlitt Tuch Thmtsu rprtd tht cmputr crim in ustrli hs dubld vr th lst thr yrs, nd nw xcds th Unitd Stts. Svnty prcnt f th rspndnts t th survy hv incrsd xpnditurs n infrmtin scurity vr th lst yr. Srvics currntly in dmnd includ instlling firwll, ncryptin, virus prtctin nd digitl ID slutins s wll s prviding mngd srvics. Th prvisin f brdbnd srvics is grwing in th lcl mrkt. Rcnt nlysis hs suggstd tht th uptk f Digitl Subscribr Lin (DSL) tchnlgis in cmpnis nd hushlds hs grwn by 200 prcnt vr th lst yr. Cmpnis r ls tsting Fixd Wirlss Brdbnd (FWB) tchnlgis in vrius suburbs f th mjr ustrlin citis. Whn ths r finlly brught t th mrkt, it is xpctd tht dmnd will b vry strng. Thr r numbr f pprtunitis fr th ustrlin cmpnis tht wish t tk risk f utsurcing. Sm f thm r prvidd in blw: Th prvisin f wirlss nd fixd brdbnd. Thr r pprximtly 1,000,000 brdbnd subscribrs in ustrli nd th numbr f usrs switching frm dil-up t brdbnd ccunts is st t grw strngly vr th nxt fw yrs. Srvics t run n this tchnlgy such s VIP will ls b in dmnd. Prvisin f IT infrstructur scurity srvics Prvisin f ntwrk srvics such s strg, dsktp mngmnt nd dcumnt mngmnt Gnrl IT scurity prjcts. Issus sscitd with nw tchnlgis nd th mngmnt f such hv hbit f mturing vry rpidly. utsurcing is n xcptin. lthugh cmpnis utsurc fr vrity f rsns, th viw tht th primry rsn is cst svings pprs t b flling ut f fvur. Mr nd mr cmpnis ppr t b ntring int utsurcing 'dls' nt s much t rduc csts but fr th sk f mngmnt fcus (Hlvy, 1994). In thr wrds, thy utsurc crtin prts f IT in rdr t fr up mngmnt nd IT prsnnl t wrk n spcific vlu-ddd functins; turning thir ttntin t ths rs whr th intrnl skill sts dd strtgic vlu t th rgnistin. Cncmitnt with th grwth in llincs nd prtnrships hs bn th mrgnc f numbr f lrg quity-hlding dls. Ths includ: vndrs tking sm stk in utsurcing clint; clints tking sm stk in th utsurcing vndr; nd, s ntd bv, bth prtis tking stk in th frmtin f nw ntity. Swiss Bnk, fr xmpl, signd twnty fiv-yr utsurcing dl with Prt Systms wrth $6.25 billin. In s ding, thy ls tk 24.9 pr cnt quity hlding in Prt Systms. Prt, in turn, tk 40 pr cnt stk in th Swiss Bnk-inititd vntur Systr G. In ustrli, Lnd Ls utsurcd ll its infrmtin systms t ISSC but tk 35 pr cnt hlding in ISSC ustrli. Similrly, Tlstr ( ustrli's tlcmmunictins cmpny) is ngtiting t utsurc its IS t ISSC which in turn wuld utsurc its ntwrk prtins nd mngmnt t Tlstr. dditinlly, Tlstr wuld tk 26 pr cnt stk in ISSC (Willccks, Fitzgrld, 2002) In Cnd, Bll Cnd nd IBM Cnd r rprtdly ngtiting similr kind f dl. Rumurs f nlgus dls in th US nd rund th glb bund. f curs th rl qustin is: will such quity-hlding nd llinc dls prv succssful nd whil it is t rly t pss judgmnt n such rrngmnts, th trnd is vry clr. Futur rsrch will nd t b dn t s if th nw wv f utsurcing rrngmnts nd dls ffrs vlu t bth th vndr nd clint which ws nt prsnt in rlir utsurcing dls. Cnclusin Th intrst in IT surcing is grwing nd chnging. Th incrsing numbrs f vndrs nd srvics vilbl in th mrkt plc prvid mr pprtunitis, but ls cmplict th dcisin-mking, cntrcting, nd mngmnt issus. s th mrkt vlvs nd lng-trm cntrcts mtur, ur lrning but IT surcing nd th implictins fr sund prctics will ls vlv. Thr r mny pprtunitis fr furthr rsrch in th r. Hwvr, ur rsrch f ustrlin cmpnis nd businsss tht utsurc must first ddrss sm vry significnt chllngs bfr vn cnsidring mrkt ffrings. Ths chllngs includ: 1. ligning stkhldr xpcttins fr th IT prtfli; 2. undrstnding th currnt nd futur businss cntributin f th IT prtfli; 3. prprly ssssing th undrlying cst drivrs fr th IT prtfli. n pint 1, th prblm is dignsd but thr r still cncrns vr th dptd slutin. n pint 2, IT is nt prcivd s cntributing much, but this is bcus IT's cntributin is mskd. In ur css, IS ws ccuntd fr s n vrhd which highlightd nly csts, nt vlu. Svrl fctrs tht sm crrltd with dmnstrtd vlu r th IT ccunting structur, rprting lvl f th IT mngr, us f IT t supprt crprt strtgis, tp mngmnt supprt, nd sm msurs (hwvr pitiful) f ffctivnss (prticulrly vlutins cming frm bnchmrking ginst thr cmpnis) ( pplgt nd lm, 1992; Fny t l., 1992; Jrvnp nd Ivs, 1991). Th idntifictin f ths fctrs, hwvr, prvids fw insights int hw IT mngrs cn pliticlly nd cnmiclly nct ths plicis. Th prblm is ssntilly n f th chickn nd th gg: ds dmnstrtd vlu cm bfr r ftr tp mngmnt supprt n pint 3 custmrs must qustin hw vndrs prps t dlivr givn IT ctivity t thir bid pric. Th bst wy is thrugh n nlysis f cst drivrs. Wht cst dvntgs ds vndr hv tht cnnt b rplictd in-hus It is strngly dvisbl tht prctitinrs cn nly utsurc, i.. turn vr th mngmnt nd dlivry t vndr, whn thy undrstnd xctly wht thy wnt nd cn rticult ths xpcttins in dtild cntrct. Fr IT ctivitis chrctrisd by high dgr f crtinty, vndr xprtis cn b brught in t trnsfr knwldg. r prhps th nw frms f llincs, ns with cntrctully shrd risks nd rwrds, will prv ffctiv. Bibligrphy: 1. mbrsi J. (2001), "'utsurcing t Suthlnd: Bst f Tims, Wrst f Tims'", Cmputrwrld, 25, 12 (25 Mr.): 61. 2. nths G. (1990), "'HUD St t utsurc IS'", Cmputrwrld, 24, 49 (3 Dc.): 1, 119. 3. pplgt L., nd lm J. (2000), "'Nw Infrmtin Systms Ldrs: Chnging Rl in Chnging Wrld'", MIS Qurtrly, 16, 4 (Dc.): 469-90. 4. Brwn B., nd ckrsn W. (1990), "'Kdk Turns Nts vr t IBM nd DC; Frming ut Nt prtins Cn Triggr Stffing Issus'", Ntwrk Wrld, 7, 3 (15 Jn.): 1, 4, 61, 63. 5. Clrk T., Zmud R., nd McCry G. (1999), "'Th utsurcing f Infrmtin Srvics: Trnsfrming th Ntur f Businss in th Infrmtin Industry'", Jurnl f Infrmtin Tchnlgy, 10, 4: 221-37. 6. DiMggi P., nd Pwll W. (2001), "'Th Irn Cg Rvisitd: Institutinl Ismrphism nd Cllctiv Rtinlity in rgnistinl Filds'", mricn Scilgicl Rviw, 48 : 147-60. 7. Fny D., dwrds B., nd Simpsn R. (2001), "'Undrstnding th C/CI Rltinship'", MIS Qurtrly, 16, 4 (Dc.): 435-48. 8. ----- Willccks L., Rnds T., nd Fitzgrld G. (1993), "'Strtgis fr IT Mngmnt: Whn utsurcing quls Rightsurcing'", in S. Rck (d.), Dirctr's Guid t utsurcing IT ( Lndn, Institut f Dirctrs, IBM). 9. Gntz J. (1994), "'utsurcing: Th Scm My B n Yu'", Cmputrwrld, 28, 16 (18 pr.): 41. 10. Grdnr . (1991), "'Ging n-lin with utsidrs'", Mdrn Hlthcr, 15 July: 35-47. 11. Gillin P. (1999), "'DS Rids utsurcing t Richs'", Cmputrwrld, 24, 42 (15 ct.): 113-17. 12. Hlvy J. (1994), "'N Lngr Lst Rsrt: Cmpnis Usd t Cnsidr utsurcing nly Whn thy wr in Finncil Strits. But n mr'", Infrmtin Wk, 486 (1 ug.). 13. Hndrsn J. (1990), "'Plugging int Strtgic Prtnrships: Th Criticl IS Cnnctin'", Sln Mngmnt Rviw, Spring: 7-18. 14. Hvy V. (1991), Prsnttin t th Univrsity f Hustn's Infrmtin Systms Rsrch Cntr, 22 Jn. 1991. 15. Hubr R. (2002), "'Hw Cntinntl Bnk utsurcd its Crwn Jwls'", Hrvrd Businss Rviw, 71, 1 (Jn.-Fb.): 121-9. 16. I/S nlyzr (1993), "'Nw Wrinkls in utsurcing'", 31, 9 ( Nw Yrk): 1-8. 17. Jrvnp S., nd Ivs B. ( 1991), "'xcutiv Invlvmnt nd Prticiptin in th Mngmnt f Infrmtin Tchnlgy'", MIS Qurtrly, 15, 2: 205-27. 18. Kntr R. (1994), "'Cllbrtiv dvntg: Th rt f llincs'", Hrvrd Businss Rviw, July-ug.: 96-108. 19. Kss . (1990), "'DS Shifts t th Fst Ln'", Infrmtin Wk, 268 (30 pr.): 30-4. 20. Kllhr J. (1990), "'Th Dllrs nd Sns f utsurcing: Smtims Grt Ntin'", Cmputrwrld, 24, 2 (8 Jn.): 76-7. 21. Kttr J. ( 1995), "'Why Trnsfrmtin ffrts Fil'", Hrvrd Businss Rviw, Mr.-pr.: 59-67 22. Willccks L., nd Fitzgrld G. (2002), Businss Guid t utsurcing Infrmtin Tchnlgy (Lndn, Businss Intllignc). Read More