Higher Education in England - Research Paper Example

 England’s drop out rate stands as the highest in the industrialized world.1 In the past, England’s higher education system boasts as one of the best if not the best in the world. In the recent years however, England’s higher education system, for many critics and evaluators, is currently facing declining standards, which in turn caused growing concern among educators and education specialists. These apprehensions include the failure of the government to broaden education access to every individual in various constituencies in the society, the unaffordable cost and tuition fees imposed by academic institutions in England, the need for funding and the reduction of bureaucracy in the processing of funding application,2 and other necessary reforms that the government need to introduce in order to provide opportunity for many individuals in England to acquire higher education. Reports from the Guardian point to the fact that the government’s failure to extend access to higher education caused higher drop out rates and lower number of students who attend university (Smith a), 2006). Current statistics on from the Higher Education Statistics agency (HESA) caused disappointment among government leaders and ministers who advocate for the yearly rise on the population of students apply to universities (Smith a) 2006). Considering the funds that the government has disbursed in order to widen the access of individuals from all walks of life to enable them to gain entry to higher education institutions, many have expected that the results of these efforts can put a halt to the declining trend. The government is spending about 300 million pounds in order to attract and increase the rates of individuals who attend higher education institution to 50 percent until 2010 (Smith a) 2006). Gender imbalance in higher education establishments also continue to escalate as the male population who attends the higher education systems in England continually decline in the last few years (see Table 1., Appendix.) The Guardian reports that current figures on males applying for university constitute only about 44.6 percent this year. UCAS states that the previous percentage surveyed last year stood at 45 percent. Total figures illustrate that there occurred 3.5 percent decrease in the number of individuals planning to enter UK’s higher education (Smith b) 2006). The National Union of students have affirmed that the current figures on the tuition fees which continue to increase during the previous decades have a huge impact on the number of applicant to the higher education system. The union national president, Gemma Tumelty said that the current figures and the declining number of applicant to colleges and universities in England have ‘real effect’ on the choices of students which in turn thwart and discourage other prospective students to pursue their goals of achieving university degrees. The decrease stood lower in England at 4 percent - lower than in the rest of the country (Smith b) 2006) as the top-fees have not been put into effect in England yet. Clearly, what hinders many prospective students from entering higher education in England was brought about by the rising fees imposed even on poor students and the marginalized sector of the society. The impact of the £3,000 increase in tuition, which will be put into effect in September, poses worries among university officials already nervous of the declining student population. This only means that universities and colleges across England will have to apply extra efforts to promote higher education to prospective students and individuals who are from poor families and are already apprehensive about their escalating debt (Smith a) 2006). HESA figures strengthens this view as it contends those students from the disadvantaged families and who come from the lower rung of the social ladder.3 With the number of students from the lower rung of the social ladder already low, it can only spell tragedy to those who cannot attend school due to high costs and the top-up fees imposed on would be applicants (Smith a) 2006). This is a big blow to the government’s reforms implemented currently as it seems that various universities attract very few prospective students to leading academic establishments in the region ‘despite the [government’s] high profile ministerial campaign.’ (Taylor, 2006). Education minister, Bill Ramel affirmed that the statistics and data that HESA collected were actually considered problems in the system of higher education. The decline in number of attendees, according to critics, which reached more than 17,000, only illustrates that thousands of would be applicants are thwarted by the various institutions’ new financial imposition (Taylor 2006).4 Sarah Teather, spokesperson for the Liberal Democrat party asserts that the research only portrayed that the reforms the government have instituted have failed as these ‘deter’ the youth from achieving higher education. (Taylor, 2006). Moreover, Teather contends that the government does not seriously consider the ‘long-term consequences’ of the tuition fee increases on the disadvantaged youth in England. But Bill Ramell, England’s Education Minister5 defended this scheme stating that the new £3,000 financial charges imposed on students after graduation will result to a ‘long upward trend’ just like what occurred after the tuition fee increment in 1998 (Taylor 2006). Yet, what was apparently not considered here is the number of students dropping out to find employment.6 Still, the government seems hesitant in introducing a new scheme to fund poor but deserving students so as to facilitate them into higher education institutions. The current funding scheme which Ramell refers to as ‘Study now, pay later’ plan brings more confusion than it does encourage poor students from getting into higher education institutions. However, Ramell contends that this confusion should not hinder young people from applying to a university of their choice7 and in turn defends the government’s decision to increase fees which will ‘offset’ the increase to students ‘most need it.’8 Ramell admits that the funding package is a quite complex scheme since it is a ‘hybrid’ plan which mixes ‘student support, university fundraising and repayment’ programs. This funding package however, is criticized by many as too bureaucratic and education specialists also assert that the current higher education system in England is elitist. Yet, part of the solution to the problem is admitting that bureaucracy exists in the system. England’s Department for Education and Skills have started new policies which ‘continually explores ways to reduce bureaucracy’ in every area of educational level across England. The department recognises that a lot of work should be done in order to reduce bureaucracy. 9 This is evident in a fewer number of students who were granted loans in the previous years.10 Still, these issues in higher education in England meet considerable attention from the government which strives to improve the system. As evident in the reform programs and funding programs the government has instituted, higher education system will face further restructuring and transformation in the near future. Without these reforms however, the system will continue to worsen. APPENDIX Table 1. Young full-time first degree entrants 2004-05: England Institution Number of entrants From state schools or colleges (%) From lower socioeconomic classes (%) From low participation neighbour- hoods (%) Leavers obtaining first degrees (%) No longer in higher education (%) Total England 255805 85.9 27.9 13.1 92.8 7.2 Anglia Ruskin University 2185 97 34.5 14 92.4 12 Aston University 1560 90.7 37.8 14.4 96.4 5.3 Bath Spa University 1150 94.2 28.2 12 96.4 7.5 The University of Bath 1745 76.8 16.1 6.6 93.5 2.4 Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies 515 96 38.2 21.7 94.6 9.2 The University of Birmingham 4700 77.2 21.6 9.5 93.2 5.3 Bishop Grosseteste College 315 96.7 35.8 14.1 96.9 5.1 The University of Bolton 835 99.4 49.2 32.2 90.1 20.4 The Arts Institute at Bournemouth 435 98.2 26.9 5.2 93.6 4.1 Bournemouth University 2415 92.3 25.9 8.7 93.5 8.8 The University of Bradford 1635 94.8 46.3 17.3 92.7 10.9 The University of Brighton 2750 92 27.9 10.3 89.9 9.1 The University of Bristol 2995 64.1 13.4 5.2 93.6 3 Brunel University 2740 90.2 36.2 11.7 90.1 6.1 Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College 1400 96.8 32.5 14.3 87.5 5.5 The University of Cambridge 2975 56.8 12.4 5.3 95.7 1.4 Canterbury Christ Church University 1750 96 32.7 11 92.9 8.3 University of Central England in Birmingham 3385 97 40.3 18.1 90.5 10.4 The University of Central Lancashire 4285 96.9 35.6 21.3 93.1 10.8 Central School of Speech and Drama 165 87.7 19.8 15.6 92.9 6.3 University of Chester 1895 96.8 34.7 19.3 93.7 13.4 University of Chichester 865 96.2 25.8 9.9 94.3 7.5 City University 1455 86.1 35 9.1 96.7 8.2 Conservatoire for Dance and Drama 260 90.9 13.4 83.6 6.4 Coventry University 2825 96.4 38.5 19.6 90.8 10.2 Courtauld Institute of Art 45 32.5 26.5 2.5 96.4 0 Cumbria Institute of the Arts 270 98.1 41.2 18.6 87.7 6.3 Dartington College of Arts 180 94.4 25.5 19.2 89.5 13.8 De Montfort University 4610 96 40.5 15.6 92.8 8.2 University of Derby 2360 99.3 35.9 20.4 93.5 10.7 University of Durham 3360 62.9 15.6 8.2 94 2.5 The University of East Anglia 2185 87.5 22.6 7.8 92.8 3.4 The University of East London 2465 96.1 39.5 17.6 94.1 14.3 Edge Hill College of Higher Education 1505 98.6 38.8 25.4 94 13.8 The University of Essex 1625 92.5 30.1 12.4 91.7 7.8 The University of Exeter 2690 72.8 18.1 8 94 1.8 University College Falmouth 580 97.2 26.7 9.6 90.5 5.8 University of Gloucestershire 1695 93.9 30.1 10.7 91 9.6 Goldsmiths College 1070 88 28.1 10.7 94.3 6.9 The University of Greenwich 2945 97.1 42.8 17.8 84.8 10.7 Harper Adams University College 285 76.9 65.2 4.9 96.7 4.3 University of Hertfordshire 4680 96.9 38.6 14.3 91.6 7.7 The University of Huddersfield 2765 97.8 40.6 22.5 90.3 10 The University of Hull 2780 92.2 30.4 16.1 96.6 5.7 Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine 1380 58.7 18.7 8.4 94.6 5.9 The University of Keele 1780 91.8 27.7 14.2 93.4 4 The University of Kent 2695 90.9 24.5 11.3 94.2 7 Kent Institute of Art & Design 595 96.4 35 13.3 79.5 9.3 King's College London 2625 67.1 20.5 6.4 96.3 4.4 Kingston University 3775 94.8 37.1 13.9 93.9 9.4 The University of Lancaster 2370 90.6 21.1 12.8 91.3 3.7 Leeds Metropolitan University 4815 92.8 32.7 16.4 93.4 8.9 The University of Leeds 6495 73.3 19.2 9.4 95.8 6 The University of Leicester 2000 88.4 26 11.8 93.2 5.4 The University of Lincoln 2865 97.6 36.5 16.6 90 8.1 Liverpool Hope University 1430 97.1 39.1 27.9 89.2 13 Liverpool John Moores University 4285 95.4 37.1 23.6 88.5 11.4 The University of Liverpool 3715 84.7 23.5 13.6 95.6 5.5 University of the Arts, London 1965 93.4 25 8.5 84.8 7.7 University of London (Institutes and activities) 30 77.8 15.4 4.5 0 London Metropolitan University 3905 97.3 40.1 15.8 77.8 14.1 London South Bank University 2050 97.5 38.3 14.6 90.3 13.3 London School of Economics and Political Science 720 61.5 19.5 4.3 95.5 3.2 Loughborough University 2960 82.4 22.6 8.4 92.9 5.7 University of Luton 1625 99.5 43.4 18.2 86.4 9.7 The Manchester Metropolitan University 6720 95.1 36 19.3 91 12 The University of Manchester 6135 77.9 21.2 10.3 91.9 4.5 Middlesex University 3365 41.9 14.1 86.8 8.9 The University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 3850 70 19.5 10.3 95.4 4.1 Newman College of HE 415 97.7 39.5 30 97.7 10.9 The University of Northampton 1915 97.2 35.8 16.5 93.6 11.2 The University of Northumbria at Newcastle 4095 91 29.3 20.4 93.6 7.8 Norwich School of Art and Design 300 100 35.3 11.6 91.9 6.9 The Nottingham Trent University 4675 91.1 31.1 14.6 97.7 6.6 The University of Nottingham 4320 67.7 15.7 6.7 94.2 2.7 Oxford Brookes University 2725 69.6 25.6 6.5 92.8 7.1 The University of Oxford 2925 53.4 12.3 4.6 92.2 1.6 The University of Plymouth 4020 91.5 31.3 10.8 91.2 7.4 The University of Portsmouth 4250 91.9 28.6 9.9 90 6.8 Queen Mary and Westfield College 1930 85.1 32 9.7 93.6 7 Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication 240 97.1 25.5 7.2 93 6.6 The University of Reading 2390 82.7 22.2 6.9 93.9 5.9 Roehampton University 1995 92.7 33.8 12.8 92.1 11.7 Rose Bruford College 170 94 22.8 11.1 72 8.3 Royal Academy of Music 50 50 14 7 95.2 7.5 Royal Agricultural College 210 40.7 45.6 1.8 95.4 8.4 Royal College of Music 45 7.5 100 3.3 Royal Holloway and Bedford New College 1400 76.6 23.9 7.7 97 3.2 Royal Northern College of Music 85 12.5 97 8.5 The Royal Veterinary College 260 66.9 20.3 5.5 98.2 1.3 St George's Hospital Medical School 420 72.9 22.7 9.1 99.2 1 College of St Mark and St John 630 96 34.3 15.3 94.1 9.8 St Martin's College 1310 96.6 37.6 18.5 94.7 6.3 St Mary's College 800 94.6 36.9 9.9 96 11.1 The University of Salford 3075 95.4 37.2 22.3 92.2 12.9 The School of Oriental and African Studies 510 76 27.3 5.8 95.7 9.1 The School of Pharmacy 160 78 37.1 5.9 100 0.8 Sheffield Hallam University 5160 94.8 30.3 17.4 92.4 8 The University of Sheffield 4170 83.2 20 11.1 94.8 2.6 Southampton Solent University 2600 95.2 27 9.7 91.3 10.2 The University of Southampton 3205 79.9 19.1 5.6 93.1 4 Staffordshire University 2380 97.2 36.2 22.6 92.6 9.4 The University of Sunderland 2185 97.4 39.5 35.9 93.6 14.6 The Surrey Institute of Art and Design, University College 840 96.7 32.5 10.3 85 7 The University of Surrey 1445 88.1 24 8.4 96.1 5.7 The University of Sussex 1890 84.9 17.9 5.7 92.8 6.5 The University of Teesside 2205 98.4 43.5 28.1 89.4 9.3 Thames Valley University 1460 97.9 36.2 12.7 90.9 11.1 Trinity and All Saints College 710 94.1 29.2 21.6 94.6 9.4 Trinity Laban 155 84.2 4.7 96.9 10.1 University College London 2660 61.4 17.9 6.4 95.8 3.9 The University of Warwick 2555 76.1 17.7 6.9 93.5 2.7 University of the West of England, Bristol 4695 87 27.5 10.3 93.7 9.6 The University of Westminster 3705 95.7 44.2 12.8 90.4 10.2 Wimbledon School of Art 160 99.1 26 13.2 81.8 7.6 The University of Winchester 970 96.4 31.5 10.4 94 5.5 The University of Wolverhampton 3390 98.8 50.2 25.9 87.5 10 University of Worcester 1000 96.3 35 15.1 92.5 10.4 Writtle College 235 91 34.7 8.8 91.7 7.8 York St John College 1260 94.8 29.8 17.2 96.1 9.5 The University of York 1950 77.1 17.6 7.7 94.2 3.3 © Higher Education Statistics Agency Ltd. 2006 Available at: http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/specialreport/table/0,,1823446,00.html Table 2. All institutions: Higher Education Funding Council for England summary of grants 2007-08 Institution Total teaching funding (£,000) Total research funding (£,000) Additional funding for very high cost and vulnerable science subjects (£,000) Total recurrent grant 2007-08 (£,000) Percentage change in total grant Anglia Ruskin University 43,562 721 0 45,403 7.4% Aston University 20,544 7,042 153 27,586 2.1% University of Bath 30,560 18,082 959 48,642 6.6% Bath Spa University 15,914 430 0 16,654 10.8% University of Bedfordshire 28,635 507 0 29,142 6.5% Birkbeck College 23,471 9,754 87 33,225 7.6% University of Birmingham 77,372 42,999 959 120,370 4.6% Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies 10,750 0 0 10,750 10.4% Bishop Grosseteste University College, Lincoln 3,818 0 0 3,818 16.1% University of Bolton 21,792 278 0 22,070 2.7% Arts Institute at Bournemouth 8,676 0 0 8,676 16.9% Bournemouth University 37,377 779 0 38,156 7.2% University of Bradford 28,564 6,929 88 35,493 4.3% University of Brighton 46,171 4,853 0 51,024 10.2% University of Bristol 62,511 43,192 990 105,703 4.2% Brunel University 35,670 8,577 0 44,247 3.2% Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College 21,004 673 0 21,677 3.4% University of Cambridge 61,795 107,058 1,072 168,852 5.5% Institute of Cancer Research 879 16,214 0 17,093 14.4% Canterbury Christ Church University 21,609 141 0 21,750 6.6% University of Central England in Birmingham 42,306 880 0 43,527 0.5% University of Central Lancashire 63,968 1,526 49 65,494 2.9% Central School of Speech and Drama 4,888 0 0 4,888 2.1% University of Chester 25,949 319 0 26,268 19.2% University of Chichester 11,537 337 0 11,874 11.6% City University, London 25,214 6,484 0 31,698 5.6% Courtauld Institute of Art 1,028 1,346 0 2,373 4.6% Coventry University 44,646 1,099 62 45,745 5.1% Cranfield University 12,456 9,579 0 22,035 26.0% University College for the Creative Arts 22,152 589 0 22,740 8.8% Cumbria Institute of the Arts 5,010 146 0 5,156 26.9% Conservatoire for Dance and Drama 10,236 0 0 10,236 2.5% Dartington College of Arts 3,529 272 0 3,801 1.6% De Montfort University 55,502 4,622 0 60,124 3.7% University of Derby 36,906 319 0 37,225 7.2% University of Durham 39,522 23,682 1,013 63,204 2.8% University of East Anglia 39,727 16,033 239 55,760 7.5% University of East London 40,787 1,626 0 42,413 5.8% Edge Hill University 18,761 31 0 18,792 12.4% Institute of Education 5,315 8,454 0 13,769 6.2% University of Essex 26,711 11,012 0 37,722 12.4% University of Exeter 39,301 14,186 389 53,486 10.7% University College Falmouth 8,813 185 0 8,997 11.0% University of Gloucestershire 21,759 884 0 22,872 2.0% Goldsmiths College, University of London 16,820 8,489 0 25,309 2.8% University of Greenwich 56,080 1,657 118 57,737 9.0% Guildhall School of Music & Drama 1,570 0 0 1,570 61.4% Harper Adams University College 10,284 134 0 10,419 11.2% University of Hertfordshire 50,356 2,918 89 53,275 7.0% Heythrop College 997 0 0 997 88.4% University of Huddersfield 46,901 1,554 277 48,559 4.7% University of Hull 37,729 6,389 465 44,117 6.4% Imperial College London 54,563 91,800 1,326 146,363 5.1% Keele University 22,623 6,787 240 29,410 6.8% University of Kent 42,140 7,951 152 50,470 8.3% King's College London 71,363 58,401 155 129,763 5.7% Kingston University 62,892 1,332 78 64,225 9.2% Lancaster University 26,328 17,752 199 44,081 3.3% University of Leeds 86,472 47,243 733 133,714 2.7% Leeds Metropolitan University 64,404 1,062 0 65,466 3.5% Leeds College of Music 3,003 0 0 3,003 13.8% University of Leicester 37,013 18,444 406 55,457 4.6% University of Lincoln 36,282 264 0 36,545 1.9% University of Liverpool 66,553 30,190 421 96,742 4.6% Liverpool Hope University 15,763 135 0 15,899 3.9% Liverpool John Moores University 60,271 3,063 91 63,334 4.3% Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts 3,080 0 0 3,080 11.0% University of the Arts London 50,653 9,696 0 60,349 7.7% University of London 1,506 315 0 1,821 2.2% London Business School 764 4,720 0 5,483 2.7% London School of Economics and Political Science 9,408 18,118 0 27,526 3.4% London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 3,828 10,432 0 14,260 23.2% London Metropolitan University 67,900 788 153 68,687 2.2% London South Bank University 40,994 1,483 67 42,477 9.6% Loughborough University 38,260 15,620 533 53,880 3.7% University of Manchester 94,009 76,994 1,789 171,003 3.7% Manchester Metropolitan University 83,321 3,622 357 86,943 5.7% Middlesex University 45,100 1,957 0 47,057 1.7% University of Newcastle upon Tyne 63,686 32,914 438 96,600 4.6% Newman College of Higher Education 5,274 0 0 5,274 20.9% University of Northampton 24,070 419 0 24,489 4.2% University of Northumbria at Newcastle 57,808 1,394 220 59,203 2.5% Norwich School of Art & Design 5,852 153 0 6,005 17.7% University of Nottingham 69,825 39,690 985 109,515 5.9% Nottingham Trent University 58,119 2,856 243 60,975 2.0% Open University 168,160 7,891 855 176,051 2.0% School of Oriental and African Studies 6,981 6,822 0 13,803 2.4% University of Oxford 63,236 104,204 1,604 167,440 4.9% Oxford Brookes University 34,475 2,708 0 37,183 4.9% School of Pharmacy 4,231 2,979 0 7,210 1.7% University of Plymouth 78,825 3,808 0 82,633 6.4% University of Portsmouth 54,312 4,522 0 58,833 4.6% Queen Mary, University of London 55,709 24,248 235 79,957 8.9% Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication 6,623 0 0 6,623 4.1% RCN Institute 841 0 0 841 -8.5% University of Reading 29,874 22,762 161 52,636 4.3% Roehampton University 20,373 1,245 0 21,618 1.7% Rose Bruford College 3,848 0 0 3,848 6.2% Royal Academy of Music 4,115 307 0 4,421 3.0% Royal Agricultural College 4,226 0 0 4,226 19.4% Royal College of Art 11,067 2,826 0 13,892 4.0% Royal College of Music 4,365 356 0 4,721 3.3% Royal Holloway, University of London 19,897 14,306 141 34,203 6.2% Royal Northern College of Music 5,374 220 0 5,595 6.9% Royal Veterinary College 20,033 4,592 0 24,625 16.2% St George's Hospital Medical School 18,739 7,476 0 26,215 18.1% College of St Mark & St John 4,715 7 0 4,722 8.2% St Martin's College 10,077 128 0 10,205 1.4% St Mary's College 7,685 81 0 7,765 2.3% University of Salford 46,772 8,606 140 55,378 3.0% University of Sheffield 64,631 43,895 712 108,527 3.9% Sheffield Hallam University 63,229 3,851 0 67,208 2.4% University of Southampton 50,973 46,530 384 97,502 3.4% Southampton Solent University 32,015 140 0 32,155 3.2% Staffordshire University 45,466 781 0 46,247 4.7% University of Sunderland 37,791 1,095 0 38,886 4.8% University of Surrey 21,958 17,962 464 39,920 3.5% University of Sussex 30,062 17,912 180 47,974 5.3% University of Teesside 51,739 532 0 52,271 8.0% Thames Valley University 33,087 104 0 33,191 3.9% Trinity & All Saints 5,697 44 0 5,741 7.2% Trinity Laban 7,535 0 0 7,535 9.5% University College London 64,476 101,333 876 165,809 2.9% University of Warwick 40,611 30,574 831 71,186 3.6% University of the West of England, Bristol 61,001 2,673 0 63,674 6.6% University of Westminster 56,573 2,174 0 58,746 2.2% University of Winchester 10,992 461 0 11,453 10.6% University of Wolverhampton 50,784 657 0 51,441 3.1% University of Worcester 14,150 88 0 14,237 20.7% Writtle College 5,034 3 0 5,037 -2.9% University of York 24,993 23,371 816 48,364 4.0% York St John University 12,460 56 0 12,516 18.0% Further education colleges total 167,300 0 0 168,531 7.2% Total 4,437,671 1,412,906 22,994 5,854,407 5.3%             Available at: http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/specialreport/table/0,,2023291,00.html WORK CITED Curtis, Polly (2005). EducationGuardian.co.uk. Retrieved April 21, 2007, from Guardian Unlimited Web site: http://education.guardian.co.uk/gendergap/0,,422682,00.html Taylor, Matthew Higher education reforms 'failing poorest students'. (2006, July 20). The Guardian, p. A5. Smith a), Alexandra (2006, July, 20). Government failing to widen university access, figures show. Guardian Unlimited, Retrieved April 21, 2007, from http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityaccess/story/0,,1824303,00.html Smith b), Alexandra (2006, July, 20). Fewer males applying to university, figures show. Guardian Unlimited, Retrieved April 21, 2007, from http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityaccess/story/0,,1825061,00.html Pollock, Ian (2006, August). New students face future of debts . BBC News, Retrieved April 20, 2007, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5274342.stm Coughlan, Sean (2005, October). Rammell's mission to explain fees . 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