Validity, Reliability, and Accuracy - Term Paper Example

? Validity, Reliability and Accuracy Grade Task: Validity, Reliability and Accuracy In addressing this assignment, the third learning outcome is chosen to demonstrate the assessment required and accompanying errors. The test will employ essay method to help ease the assessment. The assessment covers a comprehensive analysis of the text’s reliability, accuracy and validity. It then encompasses arguments about the proposals of avoiding four errors involving: the test, test administration, test scoring and the test takers. Our essay is, otherwise, based on: management, its five functions and its essence in various institutions. Management is an element that forms the core of many organizations or institutions. It is not restricted to large companies but also to small entrepreneurs and non- profit institutions. It possesses a large history of growth and improvement. Due to the modification and ever altering conceptualization of management, it has been perceived more largely. It, thus, is defined largely as comprising of five elements. Management can either be a science or an art of fulfilling common goals of a group through efficiency and effectiveness of utility of resources. The five elements are; planning, organizing, controlling, staffing and directing. In a case of absence of one of the pillars, management can become cumbersome and lead to eventual failure of an organization. This type of management usually involves strategic elements.Management shares vital elements of a group of people and resource utility. It is essential to note that management possesses different levels in such a way that other managers report to senior managers. Before discussing these five branches of management, it is important to look at few other elements of management or managers. This helps one conceptualize and understand the scope of management. To begin with, the roles of a manager cover three ideals. These roles provide the foundation for the five tasks of management. A manager is supposed to handle roles that concern the relationship and links of employees. In addition, a manager is supposed to carry out the roles of ensuring correct and timely information to the organization. Lastly, a manager should ensure rational and timely decision construction in the organization. Apart form those skills, management necessitates political skills in harnessing power and control. In addition, it requires conceptualization skills in understanding complicated situations. Moreover, it requires good personal relation skills and diagnostic skills in achieving the right response to difficult scenarios. The first pillar of management is planning. The art of planning, as applied to business environments, shares in its literal concept. It is the act of creating a plan and devising ways of accomplishing its components. It also shares in forecasting which the act of envisaging the future and creating a strategy to achieve certain tasks as per the prediction (Tibergien and Pommering 13). Planning involves formation of objectives and their particular strategies. A good plan should, however, be flexible to assist accompany contemporary situations. A good plan should also evaluate existing resources available to a given organization and realize whether those resources can pedal the objectives (Marquis and Houston 35). A good plan has, therefore, to be realistic. Closely related to this, a plan should focus on a realistic frame of time. The second element of management is organizing. Primarily, organizing, as applicable to organization, suggests activities of arranging various elements into a proper order. As applied to organizations, it covers minor functions of; delegation of work and specialization, goal focus, divisions and differentiation (Marquis and Houston 35). Division of work is the task of giving organization’s duty to the in an entity or to a given individual. When a given task is assigned to a single professional or an individual, then this aspect is referred to as specialization. Organization also encompasses synchronizing individual’s goals with the organization’s goals. In addition, organization involves arrangement of a whole organization into specific units or departments. This enables the organization to split huge tasks into smaller units. A third function of management entails staffing. Staffing is largely a human resource factor that considers the welfare of an organization’s employees. It is indispensible in running an organization. Staffing is stressed due to the recognition of human potential as a form of capital (Tibergien and Pommery 71). In such cases, it is usually referred to as labor (Marquis and Houston 413). Despite such an interpretation, modern management emphasizes on treating employees as individuals with desires, needs and a requirement for avenue for creativity. Staffing involves hiring and performance appraisal. Hiring is a process that entails careful selection of individuals into an organization while performance appraisal involves recognition of hard work among employees. The fourth function of organization entails directing. Directing, as the term suggests, refers to leadership. Leadership, in this case, is the act of involving a group of people in accomplishing given strategies. There are different types of leadership styles such as; laissez-faire system, democratic system and autocratic system. Good leadership requires that an organization should employ the three systems. Laissez-faire system involves giving absolute freedom to employees while autocratic system involves leadership that denies the employees a part in the decision making process (Marquis and Houston 35). The fifth function of management involves controlling. Controlling refers to the act of keeping in check the process of accomplishing the objectives (Tibergien and Pommering 49). It encompasses the use of measures to monitor the progress of an organization. It also places into focus the time frame intended for completion of a given strategy. When deviation from the main focus is detected, measures are taken to take back the progress on track. Control, therefore, shares an important bond with the planning (Marquis and Huston 35). This text is predisposed to several errors. To begin with, it faces an error from itself. There are probabilities of the text drawing into extensive fields that are not required within the scope of discussion. In relation to this, the text can also employ intensity that draws it towards irrelevance. In response to this, this discussion has used easily comprehensible information. Similarly, errors can be drawn from test takers. Test takers may commit their analysis to insufficient time that allows for error in interpretation of the article. Test-takers can also create errors if they do not consult the author on obscure issues. In response to this, the text should be read by the author and relevant questions should be asked instantly. Test scores can also cause errors in assessment since they may entail consideration of less important aspects like language of the text. In response to this, the text utilizes use of examples and details to validate the arguments. Lastly, the assessment can draw errors from the test administration. This appears in the case of a test using few testing parameters. In this case, if guidelines are not followed strictly, the situation elicits errors. Works cited Marquis, Bessie and Huston Carol. Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application. Philadelphia, PA: Wolter Kluwer publishers.2008. Print. Tibergien, Mark and Pommering Rebecca. Practice made perfect: The discipline of business management for financial advisors. Princeton, NJ: Wiley publishers. 2010. Print. Read More