What role does smoking prevention play in adolescence before adulthood and addiction to smoking - Research Paper Example

? Nursing 407 Due 4/19 Dr. Dorothy Ramsey People tend to have optimistic biases regarding the risks of smoking. One hundred and ninety adolescents examined; the age was 12-17. Employed recent increased interest in utilizing motivational interviewing (MI) to increase adolescent's readiness to quit smoking, but attempts to influence quit rates have thus far been discouraging. A better understanding of factors associated with adolescent readiness to quit smoking prior to receiving any intervention may provide guidance when tailoring future MI interventions to increase their effectiveness with this population. Proposing of this study was to examine if the majority of adolescents believed that smokers agreed and felt that smoking was addictive and may cause death. All seemed of the opinion that this was for most people who are smoking. When nailing down the optimism viewpoint that adolescents were equally of the opinion that they would not die from smoking. Nonsmokers were of the opinion they would die from smoking. Overwhelming, the adolescents who did not smoke thought that the people who smoked for 30 to 40 years would die from smoking. Most of the people questioned believed they could smoke for a certain number of years and quit. Adolescents agree that smoking was addictive. What role does smoking prevention play in adolescence before adulthood and addiction to smoking? 1. Rationale Preventing smoking and to help adolescents quit smoking have been met with limited success. This is a preventable disease. Smoking is the number one cause of death in the United States. The purpose of the study was to show that there remains a great deal of optimism when visiting with adolescences while they filled questionnaires (Apodaca, 2003). Smokers are more optimistic about not dying from smoking behaviors than non-smokers. The hypothesis would state, does motivational interviewing (MI) tailoring future MI interventions to increase their effectiveness with this adolescence population in the role of smoking prevention. In the health care field, nurses are much in demand. Nurses compared to doctors are about four to one. Nurses continue to contribute to critical inpatient care. They are in demand in outpatient care, central to palliative, hospice, home, and long-term institutions (AMA, 2009). The general purpose of nursing is to deliver excellent care to each patient through the management of resources and to maintain a professional work environment. The purpose of nursing is also to maintain a professional work environment that ensures the nursing association is competent and has a high satisfaction rate. This plays right into the necessity that nurses will experience diseases from smoking and that smoking prevention plays an important role to adolescence behavior (AMA, 2009). Prevention of illness and promotion of health always have been important to the nursing profession. A recent Gallop Organization reported that Americans rate nurses at the top of that professional list (Gallop, 2009). Florence Nightingale saw as far back as 1859 that nursing consisted of those activities that put the patient in the best condition that nature can act upon that patient. The added goal of today can be to restore the patient's independence. Nurse's work has much to do with immunization, education, environmental safety and disease screening (White, 2010). Our hypothesis is nurses can assist with motivational interviewing (MI) tailoring future MI interventions in to increase their effectiveness with this adolescence population in the role of smoking prevention. Because the nursing organization must already perform five functions, it makes sense that a nurse would help with this provision of excellent adolescent patient care. Nursing also provides the bulk of patient and family education and much of the community health education. Therefore, motivational interviewing (MI) could be the first step in any intervention of the adolescence population in a brief smoking intervention in a hospital setting which adolescents are randomly selected to either receive a 30-minute motivational interviewing intervention (Colby, 1998). Nursing functions are to deliver excellent care, coordinate, and monitor interdisciplinary care, educate patients, families, and communities, maintain the nursing organization, and continue to improve nursing performance. CSS are the people involved in clinical support services, IPOC are the people involved in interdisciplinary plan of care, LPN are the people in licensed practical nursing and, the RN are people that bear the name registered nurse. In this section, the topic proposed and, the title of the proposal suggesting, the rationale for, and motivation interviewing intervention explains the why. Persons delivering nursing functions would be the best choice to provide this service. The MI could educate families and communities in the scope of providing improved nursing performance and help with the fight of prevention to adolescence smoking behaviors. II. Review of the Literature To define the difference between primary sources of information means that it is original article or book created by an individual or sometimes a group of people. Many types of primary sources are available. Specific primary sources list letters, films, short stories, plays, poems, photographs, court cases, journal articles, newspaper events, and speeches. For example, a speech done by a Registered Nurse at a nursing conference would be a primary source, about the prevention of adolescence smoking. An example is viewing a theory like Organization effectiveness or (OE) which best describes the terms of objectives and goals (Georgopolous, 1957). Organizational effectiveness also described in terms of efficiencies (Katz, 1966). Coulter stated that there is little consensus on how to conceptualize, measure or explain OE (Coulter, 2002). Example OE models essentially deemed value-based classifications of the construct or the value that researchers place on the potential number of models. Because of this, researchers move away from single models and take more contingency approaches to the conceptualizing of OE. When this happens, researchers limit themselves to examine the impact of the dominant constituencies served and to the organizations life cycle on OE instead of taking a broader and dynamic approach (Davis, 1988). If using the example of organizational effectiveness, the literature review introduces the subject of the study. It highlights the problem that states there is not a good conceptual framework for understanding what OE is, further summarizes work that needs completed to date. The area of OE and whom may contribute more to the subject. The scholar wants to understand the concept of OE that takes off on the earlier contingency approaches in a more creative way. This example helps to pave the way to the next step by developing a way to an increased viable model of organizational effectiveness. This model is logically developed. It also integrates several streams of research completed in other areas perhaps like cross-cultural management or sociology, which then weave into the literature review. Now the scholars have explicated the framework as what constitutes OE and what factors will influence it. That leads right in the next step, which is to develop testable hypotheses to see if this new model indeed is viable (Sekaran, 2007). Secondary sources are sources that write about primary sources. Secondary sources analyze, interpret, and discuss information about the primary source. Some examples of secondary sources are journal articles, books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, reviews, newspaper articles, specific essays, etc. Most research papers, based on secondary sources as they build on the research or studies others have done. Secondary sources can identify the problem, better define the problem, develop and approach to the problem, formulate an appropriate research design like key variables, answer certain research questions and test some hypotheses and interpret primary data more insightfully (Malhotra, 2010). Example of secondary sources Primary sources give the literature review a solid foundation. The power of secondary sources is valuable to the scholar. Key words especially helpful to the researcher when doing a good literature review. If a student needed to find out the stigma of mental illness the key words to use is "stigma of mental illness." When researching secondary sources, Google scholar is an valuable tool to seek out important articles written by scholars on the topic. These journal articles by scholars have researched this topic before. When looking at secondary sources think about what else we, need to know. Perhaps other people's behaviors toward mental illness, what patients seem dangerous, those having social demographics characteristics. In the search for good secondary sources, scholarly articles may be located in places like the "Journal of Mental Health." In this case, the scholars Alexander, L.A., & Link, B.G., find the example in 2003 that wrote about the impact of contact on stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illness (Alexander, 2003). A good literature review ensures that important variables, which may likely to influence the problem situation, do not leave this out of the study. When doing a literature review a clearer idea emerges regarding what variables will be most important to consider and why they will have importantance. This literature survey helps us to develop the theoretical framework and hypotheses for the testing. The problem statement made with a better precision and clarity through this review. Reliability and testability of the discoveries for the research can show a greater enhancement. When we do this review, it is critical to remember that we will (Not) reinvent the wheel or waste effort and time rediscovering what everyone believes factual. The scientific community as relevant and significant has investigated the problem (Malhotra, 2010). After conducting the interviews, conduct a literature review, and define the problem, we are ready for the theoretical framework. From this framework, we can see if our hypothesized relationships tested through all the appropriate statistical analysis scenarios. Is the reason that this research rests on the shoulders of the theoretical framework. A good theoretical framework is central to examining the problem under investigation. What we want to know is if the nurses or nursing staff can assist with motivational interviewing (MI) tailoring future MI interventions to increase their effectiveness with this adolescence population in the role of smoking prevention. The variables in the study clearly identified and labeled. The dependent variable for the current study was readiness to change smoking behaviors that led to addiction in adolescents. Generally, four types of variables to consider in the theoretical framework. The dependent variable, the independent variable, the moderating variable, and the mediating variable the four understood types. For example, variables can be female or male or the age of the individual on the scale levels of variables. Some variables will show cause and effect relationships or the moderating variable, which may prove to be important in our study (Bradley, 2001). The theoretical framework will be a theory of planned behavior in adolescents. TPB is a parsimonious model that explains behavior in terms of an individual intention to engage in that behavior. This behavioral intention predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991). III. Research design First, find the necessary theoretical framework this is the next step in the process called the research design. This means they will design the research in such a way that data can be gathered and analyzed. A descriptive process of questionnaires will do the description of the project. Questionnaires' given out by the nursing staff at an additive center hospital somewhere in the North Western part of the United States. The type of investigation that we will establish will be concerning causal relationships, and the questions we use will be according to a decision balance scale. The age of the control group is adolescents that admitted to the addiction center. The purpose of the study is that to show that negative and smoking behaviors among adolescents have an effect to addictive and bad behaviors (Vogal, 2003). The method will be the Solomon four-group design is one of the three primary designs recommended for use with true experimental projects for nursing. The Solomon Four-group design is a field in quasi-experimental study (McLaughlin, 1990). This design, researchers are a position to examine both the main effects of testing and the interaction of testing and treatment. A researcher will also to examine the combined effect of maturation. Using the Solomon four-group design, subjects randomly assigned to one of four different groups. Two of the groups receive the treatment (e.g. intervention) and two do not (e.g. control). Only one of the treatment groups is administered the pretest; however, all four groups are post-tested. A modified version of this is also available (Brink, 1989) Tobacco use alone considered a risk factor for other high-risk behaviors. Among adolescents, tobacco, in the adolescent group, seen as the drug that starts other additions. Adolescents that smoke cigarettes are eight times more likely to smoke marijuana. This group is also 22 times more likely to use cocaine when compared with a similar group of non-smoking adolescents (ALA, 2004). Tobacco use in adolescence is associated with a higher likelihood of getting in a fight, carrying weapons, engaging in high-risk sexual behavior and using other drugs and alcohol (Biglan, 2003). The type of study will be adolescents age 13-17, both male and female that approached by nurses at the addiction center in the North Western United States. All participants provided written approval for study participation, and written consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian. A baseline assessment when completed. The participants received $25 in gift certificates to a local mall for completion of the post-treatment assessment battery. Participants for the current study were part of a randomized, controlled clinical trial of the effectiveness of motivational interviewing to reduce smoking among adolescents hospitalized for addictions. The population of the study will have a participant size of approximately 190 adolescents (62% female) with a mean age of 15.4 years. The sample was primarily Caucasian (94.8%; reflecting the community from which the sample was drawn); with 1.6% Hispanic/Latino, 0% African American, and 3.6% other. The mean length of participants' hospital stay was 9.11 days (SD = 7.11). The average current grade is, ninth grade (SD = 1.35). The procedure for obtaining the sample will be the use of a questionnaire given by the nursing staff in the addiction hospital. Caucasian, Hispanic/Latinos, African-American and other like Asian. The sample will be random from the months of March and April so the length of stay can be determined as mentioned above. The hospital has safety regulations in place for the addiction hospital and the study group protected under the safety regulations in place. A series of five questions asked regard to the goals of the adolescent, using the following format: How important is each of the following to "your" life: Being successful in my line of work Graduating from high school Being a leader in my community Graduating from college Receiving good grades Answer choices were on a three-point scale: Not important, somewhat important, or Very important. Questions were adapted from the monitoring of any future studies (Backman, 1985). Responses to the five questions were summed to form a single measure of the importance of life goals (alpha = .77). IV. The Instrument or Tool The adolescent decision balance scale used to assess the pros and cons about smoking. Participants were asked to rate their level of agreement or disagreement with statements about smoking. We used a 5-point-Likert scale. It ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agreeing nine statements reflected the perceived cons of smoking. Smoking stinks Smoking can affect the health of others Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to people's health Smoking makes clothes smell bad Cigarette smoke bothers other people Smoking is a messy habit Smoking causes bad breath Smoking causes people to get wrinkles at an earlier age smoking makes teeth yellow Six statements reflected the perceived pros of smoking. Smoking makes children get more respect from others Children who smoke have more friends Smoking helps people deal better with frustrations Smoking cigarettes is pleasurable Smoking cigarettes relieves tension Children who smoke go out on more dates The cons of smoking surmised to form a single aggregate scale (alpha = .83), as were the pros of smoking (alpha = .67) (Velicer, 1985). Quantitative data analysis used. The data will need to be ready for analysis. The data coded and the interview responses entered. We will use the SPSS data editor, analysis disk for entering the data (Huber, 1997). We will edit the interview responses by our control group. If any omissions found we will try to contact the patient and get the information. All the data transferred to the SPSS disk. We will then create a data file. We will get a feel for the data before we can test the goodness of the data. The final step is testing the goodness of the data collected (Sekaran, 2010). V. What implications for nursing practice, nursing education or health care policy are accomplished? Nursing care and general medical care considered heuristic. Nurses measure the effectiveness of their intervention, whether they have met the goals for health and wholeness of each patient. The research of the proposal of the study with nurses determines which adolescents are most at risk. The adolescents that may develop multiple diseases or complex conditions for smoking will have a detailed information sheet to help them with medications get authorization for a visit with the family about these intervention sessions. Nursing always pursues its own heuristic process of assessment, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. The nurse will implement and evaluate, look at the case management of the sophisticated care plan and if necessary implement a team of caregivers to serve as protocols (North American, 2009). In addition, care plans written for the adolescents with at risk problems as well as for a wellness plan. A care plan follows a simple format. The design is for us to ward off and prevent additional problems for occurring. The idea is to help adolescents with addiction problem and promote through a designated plan a way to a healthy behavior (Hendrix, 2009). In conclusion, our test and discoveries in this research proposal will help assess patients, identify the desired outcomes and monitor the progress during the time the patient is in the addiction center. All this data needs coding and put on SPSS data disk can evaluate risks of the adolescent smokers in the group. This gives the community the opportunity to educate the patient but also to educate the caregivers of these adolescents. Sharing the data with other control groups that want to test other effects of smoking in adolescents will be possible also. 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