The main objective of a typical business is to earn a profit. Financial statements that zero in on net income are in sync with the target because net income is a measure of how well a business achieved its goals. Businesses also flex their financial muscles to promote the welfare of their employees, executives, shareholders and the community. However, business accounting and reporting are concerned almost exclusively with the goal of maximizing profits or cash flows. The financial reports of governments and not-for-profits also show inflows (revenues) and outflows (expenditures) of cash and resources. An excess of expenditures over revenues show financial distress and poor performance. However, an excess of revenues over expenditures is not necessarily the ultimate goal. To report properly on their outputs and outcomes, governments and not-for-profits must augment their financial statements with nonfinancial data relating to pertaining to their larger mission. E.g.: A school might include statistics on student test scores or graduation rates. A centre for the senile might present data on the number of people fed or adequately housed. Thus it entails reflection of both financial and social returns on investment. The following points succinctly elucidate the disparities further:- Budget is the governing parameter for the Government and Non-profit organizations rather than the marketplace. Expenditures drive revenues, i.e. first level of services and accompanying costs are determined to decide the taxes and allied revenues. Budgets are entrenched by legal prowess at the hands of the government. Governments are required by law and Non-profits by policy to maintain their inter period-equity. Revenues do not indicate level of demand and supply of service. No direct link between revenues and expenses. E.g. Donations to a not-for-profit may increase from one year to the next without a corresponding increase in the quantity, quality and cost of its service. Unlike businesses, governments and not-for-profits make invest heavily in public assets that neither produce revenues nor reduce expenditures. In contrast to business resources, many government and not-for-profit assets are restricted only for particular purposes. E.g. if the central government gives a state government a monetary grant for low-income housing, the resource can be used only in that effect, no matter how rewarding other purposes may be. No proper ownership interest is there i.e. if a government or non-profit entity is dissolved no stockholders can claim the residuals. As already discussed for governments and not-for-profits, profit is not a true indicator for either external parties or internal departments. The relevant performance measures must pertain to organization’s goals and are less likely to be same for the entire user group. On top of everything, the diversity and the sheer number of governments and not-for-profits (the independent sector like hospitals, schools, civic, social and fraternal organizations) make it difficult to have a common accounting model (set of accounting and reporting principles) that is suitable across the board. In addition to differing from businesses, the governments and n
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Summary
- Date- A summary of Introduction to Government and Non profit’s accounting by IVES, Johnson, Razek, Hosch Government accounting is a field of accounting catering to the public sector or government. This avant-garde accounting field exists as the objectives and usage of the accounting reports in this sector differ significantly from that of the private (business) sector…
What they found was not just a mere cheese but a huge source of cheese. Haw and Hew have even relocated their residence to be near the source and it has becomes the center of their lives (Johnson Spencer, p26). .
There is one estimate that claims the first presence of mankind to be as roughly one million two hundred thousand years ago (Paul, 1976). A human being with the brain size that is about the size of today’s man is estimated to have lived roughly half million years ago.
They struggled with family problems, gangs, drugs, violence, and even with their education. The students are troubled and don't want to learn. Ms. Johnson was a new teacher who came to their classroom without knowing the fact that these kids were in a special courses and no one would dare to teach them.
His book Middle Passages won him the National Award in which he basically focuses upon the era of seventeenth century and describes several events of that time from the perspective of the African Americans (Pedersen, p225). The author has emphasizes upon wide range of issues in the novel like racial discriminations, social inequality, adjustment problems of the colonized people, however, the following discussion aims to discuss the description of the historical events in the novel.
The protagonist of the fictional story, the Ex-Colored Man, is given the ultimate choice in the story to either embrace his black heritage and culture by expressing himself through the African-American musical genre ragtime or to live indistinctly as an average middle-class white man.
The other pair, Hem and Haw, represent character traits of laziness, resistance to change, entitlement, and stubbornness. My favorite character in this story would have to be Haw because although he
The author seeks to show evidence regarding Lee’s religious beliefs by providing quotes attributed to Lee through letters written to him or by him to his superiors, friends, subordinates, and
These elements often engage in works which promote political or social causes and protect the interest of the hoi polloi.
The raison d’être of financial reporting is
An important element of management involves making of business decisions that give the organizations future direction. This brings together all business facets of the business in order to ensure everyone is well aware of the long term organizational goals.
From
In deciding between alternative opportunities, I would consider costs and benefits common to each alternative as irrelevant since the benefits will be gained and costs incurred regardless of the decision
1 pages (250 words)Book Report/Review
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