Advantages of Internet Along with its Issues - Literature review Example

?Introduction Even today, where every technology interrelated to Information technology involves the ‘.com’ phenomenon; Internet is relatively an evolving field, which is constantly changing. Extensive use of computing technology has aid different scale organizations to achieve targets. Every now and then, cyber criminals develop new threats. In spite of securing the networks and data centers, with the most updated and advanced security modules, there is still a probability of a new threat to break into the network. In addition, hackers and cyber criminals are exploring efficient codes day by day to advance the hacking tools, in order to breach in to classified information, banks and website customer details, etc. In the end, the mission critical data is compromised, resulting in severe losses for organizations. Generally, the business functions and processes, which exist electronically and digitally within the organization needs to be protected. The people who use Internet, provides a lot of personal information on the Internet in order to perform banking, registration, subscription, purchasing a product or service. The personal information has enormous dimensions to get extracted and become vulnerabilities. One of the most common threats in the context of misusing personal information is identity theft A network dictionary demonstrate the concepts of Identity theft as “Identity theft is a crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of personal information, such as Social Security or driver’s license numbers, in order to impersonate someone else. The information can be used to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim, or to provide the thief with false credentials.” In order to protect identities of the customer, organization need to protect and manage identities. A good definition of identity management is illustrated in the network dictionary as “Identity Management is an integrated system of business processes, policies and technologies that enable organizations to facilitate and control their users’ access to critical online applications and resources while protecting confidential personal and business information from unauthorized users”. In the code of deferral regulations (CFR), identity theft is defined as a fraud that is conducted by using the identity information of another person without permission. Identity theft can also contribute to other crimes. For instance, identify theft is successful in document fraud, bank fraud, immigration fraud and in the form of burglary and robbery. Consequently, the challenges for eliminating identity theft including victimization, offending and prosecution rates, needs to be considered by the congress, as these threats are arising by the contribution of identity theft and related crimes (Finklea 2009). Online privacy policy is of great concern, when considering identity theft as privacy policies of some websites does not satisfy the users for disclosing their personal data. There is no undertaking from the website owner for securing the contents provided by the user online. This is one area, which needs research and improvement, in order to provide a mechanism of securing data privacy, policies that are implemented by web services to ease privacy concerns associated with information related to their clients and adhere to legislative measures. Moreover, this also involves the undertaking for personal data usage including, what organizations would do or not with the personal information of their clients. This is crucial as some websites may sell personal information of their clients to cyber criminals or other competitors in terms of cash. This personal information is substantial for online cyber criminals to extract and guess passwords and retrieve credit card numbers, once they break into the email account of users. In order to eliminate identity theft appropriate measures are required. Identity theft is categorized into two domains i.e. Physical identity theft and Internet identity theft. Physical identity theft is related to breaking in to someone house and stealing documents containing personal information, bank details, and credit card numbers etc. Whereas, Internet identity theft has its weight age that is extremely high as cyber criminals rob millions of people and businesses only by a simple Internet connection. Cyber criminals have invented many advanced ways via they can breach into intellectual property servers owned by the organizations, including personal details of customer. Internet identity theft is reachable by various techniques. Some methodologies include SQL injection techniques, Phishing, Spam emails, online spying and social networking. Moreover, cyber criminals can change their identities by stealing someone else identity and can receive full benefits. For instance, an illegal immigrant in the UK can replace his identity by a citizen and can be assumed as a citizen of UK. Literature Review UK is considered a hotspot for emerging identity thefts as compared to any other country. Due to the vague environment, in terms of data security and privacy, a survey was conducted. The results were dramatic, as only 5% of respondents are not concerned about security of their personal information. Moreover, many UK based organizations are outsourcing their data storage abroad. That is creating even more security concerns as some users are not favoring this option. The survey also highlights that 58% of respondents want government organization along with the banking sector and societies to address major threats related to data privacy (Lack of Consumer Trust in Data Security in the UK. 2007). Additional findings from the survey include: 45% do not think that banks and online retailers do enough to protect their personal data; 83% specifying the security of their bank and credit card details as being their priority concern. 36% of consumers would not put personal information online, yet 11% of them have still been a victim of data theft. Only 5% of the UK public surveyed are not worried about data loss. As well as the security of financial data being a concern, 46% of all respondents are most concerned about protecting their medical records, and is highest amongst the 45+ ages 45-plus (52%). Data retrieved from (Lack of Consumer Trust in Data Security in the UK. 2007) Moreover, another survey was conducted including 1000 commuters in London. The results were devastating as 44% people said that they suffered by credit card fraud and 42 % have suffered with identity theft. The researchers from ‘Infosecurity Europe’ estimated that the average amount stolen per person is equal to GBP 1448 in which 37% victims have still not received their money back. After interviewing with the people, most people blamed themselves for making their personal information vulnerable includes the rating of 60% people blamed retailers, 28% people blamed themselves as they consider identity theft as their own fault, and 12% people blamed financial institutions i.e. banks (Survey Reveals Massive Incidence of Credit Card Fraud and Identity Theft; Retailers blamed for making people vulnerable to fraud. 2010). Identity theft in the UK is already high on graphs and figures. It is costing annually GBP 1.7billion, which is massive and is equivalent to GBP 35 per adult. The figures of affected people by identity theft for the year 2006 were in excess of 100,000 as declared by UK home office (Identity theft: UK faces further threat due to DWP blunder. 2007). Moreover, these are the statistics retrieved from ‘www.ou.edu’ highlighting the scope of identity theft in USA: “27.3 million Americans have been victims of some form of identity theft within the past five years according to a September, 2003 FTC survey, including almost TEN MILLION people in 2002 alone. According to the survey, last year's identity theft losses to businesses and financial institutions totaled nearly $48 billion and consumer victims reported $5 billion in out-of-pocket expenses”. Furthermore, in the year 2003, “Identity theft was the number two most reported crime to the federal government. In their January 22, 2004 report, "National and State Trends in Fraud & Identity Theft, January - December 2003, the FTC announced that for the fourth year in a row, identity theft topped the list of consumer complaints, accounting for 42 percent of all complaints lodged in the FTC’s Consumer Sentinel database (up 40% from 2002). The actual number of victims is likely to be much higher, as the FTC only reported on the number of formal complaints filed by consumers” The above figures do not demonstrate a good figure for USA either. In order to conduct identity theft, cyber criminals use Internet, as a carrier along with intelligent codes that are purposefully constructed to extract confidential information, the most favorable point of attack is the web server. The information that is provided online by the users is gathered in a database that is connected to the web server. Hackers and cyber criminals deploy various methods to attack web servers in order to extract information that is saved in the database. (White, Rea 2007) conducted a study, in which the SQL injection techniques were implemented by phishing techniques. The attack combines itself with two approaches i.e. technical and social engineering technologies. The study also highlighted effective prevention techniques that are available currently made it easy to protect from SQL injection attacks, but it is more difficult to restrict and educate online users for not providing sensitive data on the Internet. Moreover, a consensus was developed among technical experts, that educating using is more crucial in order to minimize identity theft issues rather than implementing security. (Winterdyk, Thompson 2008) also conducted a research that was conducted on awareness of identity theft in Canada with over 360 institutes and colleges. The results of this research concluded that the university / college students were generally not well informed about identity theft and identity fraud as compared to non-students. Moreover, students were less cautious when using credit card information online. The comparative results between the two groups forced suggestions to post secondary institutes to address the lack of awareness for the students. Furthermore, the suggestions for both groups were to explore educational and legislative actions to create awareness. (Lemos 2006) published an article in which he provided four steps of protection from Phishing attacks. The steps are states below: First Step: “Don't click on a link in an e-mail to get to a Web site that asks for personal information. Enter the name of the Web site into your browser yourself” Second Step: “Check the URL in the browser's address bar when you're prompted for personal information. While some phishing attacks can display validlooking addresses for sites, most can't” Third Step: “Look for the padlock icon in the browser's lower right corner. This usually means it's authentic. A padlock on the Web page itself means nothing,however” Fourth Step: “Never give out your Social Security number to verify your identity. SSNs should be used only for tax identification. No one should ask for the full number to check your identity” In order to eliminate phishing, these steps will prevent you my falling in the trap of phishing attacks. Moreover, social network sites is another domain that is of prime concerned, in the context of identity theft. People are spending an enormous amount of time on these websites, and are becoming habitual of online communication, which portrays a negative impact on face-to-face communication. The teenagers are not aware that the information and published material including pictures can be retrieved even after deletion from the social networking site. By over sharing, personal information may attract cyber criminals, burglars and even employers who can evaluate values of a person by reviewing comments on the site that may compromise the individual to lose his job. There is no credibility of the user authentication of what they are claiming to be on social networking sites. A research was conducted related to information privacy and security associated with social network site face book. The conclusion demonstrated as the children who are below 18 years of age must not provide any personal and private information on Face book or other social networking sites. However, they provide personal information to gain enjoyment of social activities and network experience. The study also highlighted concerns towards the government to enforce regulation by working together with other social networking sites to construct voluntary protections (Gray, Christiansen 2010). These sites can be used to attack users vulnerable to security attacks such as, extracting sensitive information, hacking and installing Trojans on user systems. Users trust textual communication from these social networking sites more than emails. The security of these websites can be compromised anytime and can publish the communication or personal pictures on the web if breached. However, the integration of email filtering and spam protection is not available on social networks as compared to the traditional email software, which can be integrated with anti viruses and anti phishing frauds. Moreover, online users are unaware of the public nature of online profiles generating security risks to the personal and confidential data that can be trade in for various purposes against cash. Furthermore, Social networking profiles are the best sources for cyber criminals to gather information, which can be used for identity theft, for example; birth days, pet names, mothers' maiden names, secret questions, names of children can be revealed from the interest column of the user profile. By posting personal information, offline crime may result. For example, an individual is discussing a vacation plan and the robbers on the other side planning for home robberies, discussing about the new laptop, which the user has purchased along with the expensive cell phone, which can also result in street crimes. Social networking sites are also concerned with data privacy issues as users shares lots of personal information on these sites. A research was conducted in the past for evaluating data privacy issues of social networking sites. The technology web services were implemented in this context. Web services architecture working group ‘W3C’ defines it as “a software application identified by a URI, whose interfaces and bindings are capable of being defined, described, and discovered as XML artifacts. A Web service supports direct interactions with other software agents using XML-based messages exchanged via Internet-based protocols”. The ‘P3P’ is the organization developed by the worldwide Web consortium (W3C). It works for the website users to gain control over the information they provides. ‘P3P’ do not guarantee the defense of personal data provided by the user to any website. For all the organizational bodies, no one is bound for performing activities related to website data security. A mechanism is required, which will be mandatory for every website or organization to follow. Similarly, another study was conducted, consisting a “Trust worthy web services provisioning for differentiated customer service” was a proposed solution of the issue (Xiong, Perros 2008; 2008). Consequently, recent research in a similar context has been conducted, in the year 2010, for addressing this issue, framework consisting of web service negotiation by a negotiation message and a negotiation protocol between two parties. (State machine based formalism) is used for defining the high-level support of data flow and privacy in web services. This technology is based on “Semantic Web”. The semantic web is a visionary venture aiming to endeavor advanced usability and creativity of the web by involving the computing equipments to read, search and recognize the web contents of web documents to accomplish tasks using automated agents and web based services (Kay 32-32).A study was conducted to examine the perceived credibility of social network sites. The study included 252 college students that were involves in the survey based on extended use of social network sites, the perceived credibility of their class fellows on the sites and comparison of these sites to other online sites. The results demonstrated 88% of the sample visited the social networking sites at a regular basis. Whereas, two third of them stayed on the sites less than an hour. The study also illustrated that the class fellows perceived other members to be credible on a moderate level. Therefore, social networking sites turned out to be more credible as compared to chat rooms and blogs (Yeo, Windels 2008). The impact of wrong identity on social networking sites has a high impact as majority of students and teenagers are addicted of cyber bullying. Impact of cyber bullying in society is immense as: “The woman linked to a fake MySpace profile of a 16-year-old boy created to start an Internet relationship with Megan Meier, the Missouri teen who hanged herself after receiving hurtful messages, is now believed to be the victim of a cyber-bullying impersonator herself” (, MySpace Mom Linked to Missouri Teen's Suicide Being Cyber-Bullied Herself - Local News ). The action was taken due to threats associated with it. Probably the identity credibility is not on the optimal level for these social networking sites that is prompting questions to the United States department of defense. Crime in terms of identity theft is vast as enormous cases are reported and the impact is high on the society along with the critical business losses. Several cases of identity theft conducted by individuals are highlighted. An employee in ‘kettering animal hospital’ made duplicate copies of credit cards of the customers. The nearby police station received several complaints from the same region related to abnormal activities and transaction associated with credit cards of those people who visited ‘kettring animal hospital’. Police caught the concerned employee for making duplicate copies of customer credit cards and paying rents for lavish hotel rooms, airline tickets and cosmetics from those credit cards (Whitcomb 2009). Similarly, one more case related to identity theft was published in December 2007. A man was charged in an identity theft of many local citizens. He conducted simultaneous 19 counts of identity thefts as he accused the social security numbers and names of forty-nine people to gain credit cards (Ingersoll 2010). The police in New York caught one more severe incident and they named the crime as ‘Family identity theft business’ in which mom and the son both were operating the business of stealing identities. The stealing of identities was possible because the mother named as Tonia Cheeseman was working at the doctor’s office, where she has to manage patient files. Moreover, some of the identities were of dead people. Son named as Michael Cheeseman along with his mother named as Tonia Cheeseman were charged for three counts of identity thefts. Mother was charged for $ 400,000 bond or $ 140,000 cash and son was charged for $140,000 bail (and 2009). An incident related to physical data theft took place in Ohio in which the stolen device consists of information of 1.1 million people and businesses. The files on that stolen device contains names, social security number and the amount that is received by individuals on personal income tax returns for the year of 2005, 2006 and the current year (Willard 2007). Business suffer severe losses from data theft issues as in 2009 investigators related to data breach reported from Verizon business that crooks nabbed 285 million records. Peter Tippett, who is the author of the report and vice president of innovation and technology with Verizon Business, says that the report includes all the IP addresses associated with the account that are used in the thefts, and criminals are identified only because of in depth investigations by collaborative support of law enforcement agencies including FBI and Scotland Yard. From this particular report, 90 security breaches were studied out of which 68 were reversed for further investigation to a specific IP address and location. The conclusions highlighted Eastern Europe as a common source followed by East Asia and North America (Larkin 2009). In order to protect data privacy over the Internet, study was conducted related to Automatic Creation of SQL Injection and Cross-Site Scripting Attacks. The purpose of study this was to destroy SQL injection attacks by a tool called ‘Ardilla’. The tool implements techniques for PHP that is developed on input generation, dynamic taint propagation, and input mutation in order to analyze a variant of input that retrieves vulnerability. Taint is stored by using a novel concrete symbolic database; ‘Ardilla’ can effectively extract the most destructive type of Web application attack that is stored in XSS. The study consists a detection of 68 SQL injection attacks in five applications, each demonstrating a unique vulnerability with very high accuracy and low false positives (Kiezun, Guo et al. 2009). Moreover, to minimize identity theft issues with consumers and business partners Voice Commerce opens National Trust Centre in the UK by collaborating with Nuance Communications. The UK Voice Transact Trust Centre will facilitate any business to authenticate and authorize any transaction with 'voice signatures' to decrease identity theft and fraud. These voice signatures are enabled in every cell phone. The voices are saved initially in the trust centers that are constructed to store voice signatures. This enables individuals to call and verify their voice patters with the stored voice signature. After a successful match of voice signature, the transaction will be authenticated and validated (Voice Commerce opens National Trust Centre in the UK; partnering with Nuance Communications; The UK Voice Transact Trust Centre will enable any business to authenticate and authorise any transaction using 'voice signatures' to reduce identity theft and fraud. 2010). A Risk management framework was also developed in UK for combating identity theft. The study focused more on improved risk management framework that was developed for the public sector. Framework is constructed on four components i.e. Risk assessment, Risk Identification, Risk reduction and Risk monitoring. The goal is to create awareness of information assets that can be owned. Moreover, co ordination is required for risk management within each responsible department. The model can be applied to any organization in the UK (Brock, Benyon 2009). UK has also launched a consumer based television program that demonstrates the risk of providing personal information on face book. The purpose of this television program is to create awareness among the citizens related to identity theft that is flooding in the UK (Singh). In order to prevent identity fraud, UK government is doing every possible amendment with the aid of technology, to eliminate identity theft. The home office in the UK has re deigned passports with features including a hidden security chip and the section containing personal information incorporates holograms. The major difference between the old and new passport is the addition of a new hidden security chip, holding owners personal details and no one can physical interact the chip instead of damaging the passport. The new passport will eliminate modification, as previously illegal immigrants were successful to change their identities (UK Redesigns Passport to Fight Fraud. 2010). Furthermore, apart from television, passport, risk management framework and voice signatures, UK has introduced a softcopy manual free of charge for users surging the web. As IVA-info-UK.org.uk spokesperson commented: "We all try to keep out possessions safe but we rarely think to protect our Identity. This problem is huge in the UKwith 100,000 people being affected by identity theft every year. Our identity is one of the most important things to protect and we want to help consumers take simple steps to keep it safe." UK has launched a free of charge a guide named as ‘Avoiding Identity Theft’ from IVA-info-UK.org.uk. This guide will facilitate consumers within the UK to create awareness and ways to protect personal information (IVA-info-UK.org.uk releases guide to guard against identity theft; Debt Information Service provides advice to protect your identity. 2006). In addition, the general register office manages records related to the dead people in the UK, in order to prevent them from fraudsters to steal identities if these dead people. Banks and related organizations receive information related to the number of death people within the city each week so that no one can manage a bank account by false identities and gain benefits (Urwin 2008). UK government has implemented best possible countermeasures to combat identity theft. However, there are several negative points associated with identity theft in the UK. For instance, banks in the UK are soon transferring the liability related to identity theft to the customers. It means that if a new identity theft virus attacks a PC of a user, the lost money will not be returned by any means and the customer will be solely responsible and liable for this particular incident. As UK is combating electronic crime, organizations that are relying on online business are reaching towards failure. A report quotes figures as only 1% of UK based organizations are coping up by implementing all the required measures to prevent their systems with the serious flood of electronic crime. Unauthorized access to databases containing customer personal information is breached, resulting in severe loss in terms of reputations and finance. The report highlights a severe issue of businesses relying on passwords and is likely to be a trend in UK as almost 80% of the businesses only rely on passwords. The Department of Trade and Industry's (DTI) biennial Information Security Breaches Survey for 2006 highlights the decision are not good when deploying security parameters in terms of hardware as most organizations, instead of increased investment, lacks to deploy an adequate access management system and guards in order to protect fraud and intellectual property theft (Thomas 2006). This concludes that the most updates security devices are required with appropriate budget for tackling identity theft and electronic crimes in the UK. This is extremely difficult for small enterprises, as they have to minimize their portability figures, as substantial investment is required in order to protect online business from the highly vulnerable UK environment. Conclusion The introduction started by providing advantages of Internet along with its issues related to viruses, Trojans and hacking. After summarizing these terminologies, identity theft was defined along with its different dimensional issues including Internet identity theft and Physical identity theft. Moreover, the consequences related to stealing of personal information, identity management and data privacy issues are also defined. Literature review started with two comprehensive surveys based on UK demographics including figures and statistics related to identity theft. To provide a general scope on the topic, a survey including statistics related to Identity theft in the USA is provided. After illustration of these figures, ways of conducting online identity threats were considered. The most prominent techniques were discussed cited with online journals associated with attacks on the web. The methodologies highlighted SQL injection attacks, Phishing attacks along with its preventions and social networking sites with its impacts on social life, people and businesses. An association was linked with an article emphasizing on identity theft awareness rather than deploying hardware based security. Likewise, the next article was also linked to the awareness of identity theft among student in Canada. After evaluating the results to preventing SQL injection attacks by hardware based security and Identity theft awareness, next article highlights ways in order to prevent phishing attacks. The popular threat that has encouraged millions of users around the world to share personal information is Social networking sites. SNS are considered as a treat for cyber criminals, they know then the victim is active, and gets appropriate information regarding users' hobbies, favorite books, etc. This may facilitate cyber criminals to guess password. As SNS do not adhere to any recognized data privacy legislation, there is no credibility of data on these sites as 3 studies have been presented related to data privacy. Moreover, incorporation of semantic web is demonstrated by a study, in order to perceive credibility of SNS by a negotiating protocol. Following a similar theme, a survey of college students was integrated to identify credible contacts. Consequences related to a negative impact are followed by incident reported on newspaper articles related to cyber bullying. Cases of identity theft are followed by several cases occurred in USA and UK, where credit card information is replicated and used to gain funds. Business losses were also highlighted supported with an in-depth investigation function, in order to track cyber criminals. For improved security in terms of Identity theft prevention, SQL injection advanced tools is presented. Followed by the efforts UK government is applying in order to combat Identity theft and electronic crime. Efforts related to Identity theft awareness program on television , newly designed passport with hidden advanced chip, risk management framework ,voice signatures , and free of charge Identity theft manual that is downloadable from the Internet are highlighted. Furthermore, information management for dead people are also updated to respected organization is also mentioned. Deploying advanced counter measures at every corner, reasons are highlighted for small business in UK that is still failing. References AND, J.V., 2009. Cops: Mom, son ran family ID theft business: They plead not guilty in alleged scheme. Newsday, (Melville, NY). BROCK, R. and BENYON, R., 2009. A Proposed Risk Management Framework for Securing Confidential Information Held by Government Departments in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Management & Evaluation, , pp. 67-79. FINKLEA, K.M., 2009. Identity Theft: Trends and Issues: R40599. 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