In 2014, why women still earn less than men in Canada - Annotated Bibliography Example

In why women still earn less than men in Canada? al affiliation: In why women still earn less than men in Canada? Boudarbat, B. & Connolly, M. (2013).The gender wage gap among recent post-secondary graduates in Canada: a distributional approach. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne déconomique, 46 (3), 1037–1065The article accounts for the widening gap in wage disparity in the Canadian employment industry despite gender equality and woman empowerment. Boudarbat and Connolly make various assumptions regarding the reasons as to why women get unequal payment for their services despite serving the same purpose as men.

They use data from the National Graduates Survey of Canada, which comes in form of graphs and other quantitative techniques. Additionally, the article describes changes in the female graduate earning across different years from 1988 to 2007. The trend facilitates easy comparison and understanding of the various differences that prevail amidst gender disparity. Based on the article, the first two to five years after graduation have female graduates earn 6% to 14% less than men. The distribution furthermore links job attributes and observable personal characteristics found in women as major drivers of gender wage differences between men and women.

In this respect, Boudarbat and Connolly article proves worthwhile in not only explaining but also detailing reasons why women still earn less than men in Canada.Hobbs, M., & Rice, C. (2013). Gender and womens studies in Canada: Critical terrain. Toronto: Womens Press. p. 17-29Chapter three of Hobbs and Rice’s book focuses on poverty as a major problem in the Canadian society. The social assistance resulting from the process makes it difficult to ascertain employment security, housing and working conditions.

Hobbs and Rice reiterates that the difference forces unequal distribution of wealth in the society especially in Canada where there is less social infrastructure. Based on the book, regardless of occupation, women earn less as compared to men. The risk is mainly prevalent in Aboriginal women who face illumination from policy antecedents. In addition, Hobbs and Rice identify unattached and limited involvement of the Canadian authorities as major factors that influence the ability of women to remove poverty from the Canadian society.

Evidently, the rate of poverty is higher in the country as it was in the past 30 years. The main reason according to Hobbs and Rice directly links to wage disparity, which leaves women with no capital and investment. Therefore, the book is important for the research as it brings into light several factors that contribute to uneven earnings while providing effects in the hind sight.Raphael, D. (2011). Poverty in Canada: Implications for health and quality of life. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc. p. 62-90Chapter four of the book describes the role, effects and relationship of women to the economy of Canada.

Generally, women are concentrated in lower-level jobs and feature in the blue-collar as well as white-collar industrial positions. Despite the adversity Raphael and Raphael reveals that women still get less pay as compared to men except in professional such as social services, education, and health. Conceivably, the book points out a rising number of women in the economy from 17.3% to 28.6% in 2006. Raphael and Raphael identify various reasons why women still and will continue experiencing the wage differences in the economy.

Based on the book, women maintain traditional positions of clerks or secretaries where they have no influence or bargaining power. Additionally, they have many responsibilities at home, which reduce their ability to work effectively and deliver as anticipated. This makes the book important for explaining and understanding factors contributing to women wage exploitation.ReferencesBoudarbat, B. & Connolly, M. (2013).The gender wage gap among recent post-secondary graduates in Canada: a distributional approach.

Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne déconomique, 46 (3), 1037–1065Hobbs, M., & Rice, C. (2013). Gender and womens studies in Canada: Critical terrain. Toronto: Womens Press. p. 17-29Raphael, D. (2011). Poverty in Canada: Implications for health and quality of life. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press Inc. p. 62-90