The Cardiovascular System at a Glance - Lab Report Example

Laboratory Report THE DRAFT Investigation of the regulation of the cardiovascular system observing changes in heart rate 1. Experiment 1 – Diurnal changes affecting heart rate-over 7 days Procedure 1. Relax for at least 5minutes, sitting, standing or lying down 2. Measure your pulse over 30 seconds and multiply this results by 2 to determine your heart rate in beats per minute(BPM) 3. Repeat this measurement in the morning and in the evening each day over 7 day period (make sure you use the same position each time i.e. always sitting 4. Record the result in a suitable table Day No. of pulse rate per 30 seconds (Morning) No. of pulse rate per 30 seconds (Evening) Average No. of pulse rate per 30 seconds BPM (x2) Mon 33.5 35.5 34.5 69 Tue 33 36 34.5 69 Wed 35 35.5 35.25 70.5 Thur 31.5 34.5 33 66 Fri 32 35.5 33.75 67.5 Sat 35 36.5 35.75 71.5 Sun 34.5 35.5 35 70 Average heart pulse rate/7 33.5 35.6 34.52 69.1 2. Experiment 2 – Postural changes affecting heart rate – one morning or afternoon 1. Relax for at least 5 minutes in a prone or supine position 2. Measure your pulse rate at over 30 seconds 3. Stand upright quickly with a little movement as possible 4. Immediately measure your pulse rate again over 30 seconds 5. At 2 minutes post-standing, measure your pulse rate again 6. At 4 minutes post standing, measure your pulse rate again 7. Record the results in a suitable table Pulse rate (Morning) Pulse per 30 seconds BPM (x2) At normal Position 34 68 Standing upright quickly 32 64 At 2 min Post- Standing 37.5 75 At 4 min Post-standing 36 72 3. Experiment 3 – Thermo regulatory changes affecting heart rate – Warm water 1. Relax for at least 5 minutes and measure you pulse rate BEFORE you submerge your hand and fore arm in water 2. Fill the container with water at a temperature of approximately 37degrees Celsius, using a thermometer, maintain this temperature throughout this activity. Ideally your hands and forearm should be submerged in the water to the elbows 3. After 10 minutes in the water, measure your pulse rate again. STAY IN THE WATER 4. After 20 minutes in the water, measure your pulse rate again, STAY IN THE WATER 5. After 30 minutes in the water, measure your pulse rate again, STAY IN THE WATER 6. Record the results in a suitable table (an assistant is useful for recording the data) Pulse rate (Morning) at 37 degrees Celsius Pulse per 30 seconds BPM (x2) At normal Position 36 72 10 Min in the warm water 37 74 20 min in the warm water 39 78 30 min in the warm water 40 80 4. Experiment 4 – Thermo regulatory changes affecting heart rate – Cold water 1. Relax for at least 5 minutes and measure your pulse rate BEFORE you immense your hands and forearms into the water 2. Using the same equipment, fill the container with water at a temperature of approximately 10 degrees Celsius, using thermometer. Maintain the temperature throughout this activity. The water should feel quite cold, but not uncomfortable. 3. After 10 minutes in the water, measure your pulse rate again. STAY IN THE WATER 4. After 20 minutes in the water, Measure your pulse rate again STAY IN THE WATER 5. After 30 minutes in the water, measure your pulse rate again, STAY IN THE WATER 6. Record the results in a suitable table Pulse rate (Morning) at 10 degrees Celsius Pulse per 30 seconds BPM (x2) At normal Position 35 70 10 Min in cold water 33.5 67 20 min in cold water 32 64 30 min in cold water 30 60 FINAL REPORT Introduction A cardiovascular system is a network of vessels consisting of the heart, blood vessels and a total of five liters of blood that the vessel transports. Cardiovascular system is therefore responsible for transporting hormones, cellular waste products throughout the body system as well as nutrients and oxygen. For the body to work well, a heart acts as a major organ in the processes of cardiovascular system and its synthesis since it pumps up and provide energy for whole body normal working condition (Aaronson, and Ward, and Connolly 12-21). The heart is well known as a pumping organ within the body system located medial to the lungs and within the middle line of the thoracic region. The heart however, exhibits a base that connects to the great blood vessels of the body. Aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins are parts and vessels that create cardiovascular system norms. A heart pumps blood to various parts of the body and hence the pulse rate at which the blood is pumped is of more concern as far the the study of cardiovascular system and heart issues are concerned (Mohrman and Heller 29-36). Aim The aim of this laboratory report is to analyze the rate of the heart pulse from different level of body exercises under a given temperatures, preferably at 37 degrees Celsius and 10 degrees Celsius. Literature review A cardiovascular system has three distinct functions within the body system. First and for most, a cardiovascular system is used in transportation of body materials. The second function of a cardiovascular system is used in the protection of pathogens as well as body’s homeostasis. In addition, a cardiovascular system can control the blood pressure. On the spectral analysis of blood pressure and heart rate variability, a cardiovascular system acts as an assessment tool for blood pressure and heart rate spectra which most of the time provides the body with indexed and autonomic modulation. The communication in vessels triggered by the heart allows an aspect of interactions between changes that occurs in the heart rate, blood pressure and biological signals involving respiratory activity. In the respiratory activity, frequency domains are administered as the issue of fluctuations analysis within the blood pressure is prevailed (Gerke 10-24). Heart pulse rate The rate of the heart variability can be affected in many ways. This is through physiological factors which triggers parameters within the normal heart pulse rate hence causing fluctuation on how the heart pumps its blood within the body system. Moreover, a change in temperature is another aspect that is articulated as far as variability in the heart pulse rate is concerned. The way a heart pulse rate is administered on a normal room temperature probably 39 degrees Celsius differs when this temperatures changes, either above or below the normal temperature level. According to the Dr. Boris, even the decrease in biological signals creates variability line within the cardiovascular system (Hall 41-44). Hypothesis The hypothesis involved here is on the basis of regulation of the cardiovascular system observing changes in heart rate as far as other temperature, position and movement is concerned. The laboratory data was taken in a span of seven days under different temperatures levels with an intention to analyze the fluctuation of heart pulse rate from diverse level of activities initiative. Analysis from the first experiment is provided and tabulated as shown below. Record the result in a suitable table Day No. of pulse rate per 30 seconds (Morning) No. of pulse rate per 30 seconds (Evening) Average No. of pulse rate per 30 seconds BPM (x2) Mon 33.5 35.5 34.5 69 Tue 33 36 34.5 69 Wed 35 35.5 35.25 70.5 Thur 31.5 34.5 33 66 Fri 32 35.5 33.75 67.5 Sat 35 36.5 35.75 71.5 Sun 34.5 35.5 35 70 Average heart pulse rate/7 33.5 35.6 34.52 69.1 This result was given in a span of seven days in consideration of heart pulse rate administered while the body was at rest. Through observations from the data provided, it is realized that the rate of heart pulse rate varies from morning way forward to the evening each and every day of the week. The average of the heart pulse rate tabulated on a morning session as per seven days under observation, translates to 33.5 bit per second, probably 67 bits per min. During evening time, the pulse rate translates to 35.6 pulse rate per second, which is 71 bit per min. The experiment merely meets the normal heart pulse rate which is observed to range between 60-100 bits per minute. From the second experiment, we analyze the cardiovascular system changes hypothesis based on the postural changes affecting heart rate specifically during the morning hours. The table below shows the entropy that was articulated during laboratory process. Pulse rate (Morning) Pulse per 30 seconds BPM (x2) At normal Position 34 68 Standing upright quickly 32 64 At 2 min Post- Standing 37.5 75 At 4 min Post-standing 36 72 From the table, the pulse rate during morning hours at normal position translates to 34 bits per second, which is equivalent to 68 bits per minute. When postural activity is applied towards the normal sitting position, like in the case of standing upright quickly, the rate of pulse rate decreases to 32 bits per second. This is equivalent to 64 bits per minute. Meanwhile, after 2 minutes post standing, the rate of pulse rate increases steadily to 37.5 bits per second, which is equivalent to 75 bits per minute. After 4 minutes, the rate of pulse rate is observed to retain normal bits of 72 bits per minutes. Thus, pulse rate is affected by postural activity as well. From third experiment, we administer the cardiovascular system and effect of pulse rate by Thermo regulatory changes affecting heart rate when warm water is applied. The table below represents the data collected to ascertain the norm. Pulse rate (Morning) at 37 degrees Celsius Pulse per 30 seconds BPM (x2) At normal Position 36 72 10 Min in the warm water 37 74 20 min in the warm water 39 78 30 min in the warm water 40 80 From the table we find that the pulse rate at normal position especially during morning hour and at 37 degree Celsius is 36 bits per second, an equivalent of 72 bits per minute. But changes are administered ten minute later when the hands and forearms are immersed in the warm water. The heart pulse rate changes to 74 bits per minute. After 20 minutes the heart pulse rate increases to 78 bits per minute. Moreover, after 30 minutes under warm water, the pulse rate changes to 80 bits per minutes, recording the highest pick of the experiment. It is evident that changes in temperature and the level the body system is exposed under a certain environmental factors, leads to either an increase of decrease on the pulse rate. More so, the last experiment on the basis of cardiovascular system was hypothesized through thermo regulatory changes affecting heart rate, considering the effect of cold water. The table below represents the data collected to ascertain the norm. Pulse rate (Morning) at 10 degrees Celsius Pulse per 30 seconds BPM (x2) At normal Position 35 70 10 Min in cold water 33.5 67 20 min in cold water 32 64 30 min in cold water 30 60 From the table we find that the pulse rate at normal position especially during morning hour and at 10 degree Celsius is 35 bits per second, an equivalent of 70 bits per minute. But changes are administered ten minute later when the hands and forearms are immersed in the cold water. The heart pulse rate changes to 67 bits per minute. After 20 minutes the heart pulse rate increases to 64 bits per minute. Moreover, after 30 minutes under cold water, the pulse rate changes to 60 bits per minutes, recording the lowest pick of the experiment. It is evident that changes in temperature and the level the body system is exposed under a certain environmental factors, leads to either an increase of decrease on the pulse rate. Observation The heart pulse rate as per the study of cardiovascular system on a normal position is believed to be between 60-100 bits per second. Anyone below or above the anticipated level of heart pulse rate is believed to be in a critical condition and advised to sick for medication beside athletes who at times its heart pulse rate reaches 40 bits per minutes and administered that they are okay. Temperature changes be it high or low and postural activities, hinders the normal pulse rate of the heart and its functioning. Conclusion In sum, a cardiovascular system is a blood vessel responsible for transporting hormones, cellular waste products throughout the body system as well as nutrients and oxygen. For the body to work well, a heart acts as a major organ in the processes of cardiovascular system and its synthesis since it pumps up and provide energy for the whole body working under normal condition. The communication in vessels triggered by the heart allows an aspect of interactions between changes that occurs in the heart rate, blood pressure and biological signals involving respiratory activity. In the respiratory activity, frequency domains are administered as the issue of fluctuations analysis within the blood pressure is prevailed. As far as the functions of a cardiovascular system are concerned within the body system, it is good to articulate a few of them. Cardiovascular system is used in transportation of body materials. The second function of a cardiovascular system is used in the protection of pathogens as well as body’s homeostasis. In addition, a cardiovascular system can control the blood pressure. On the spectral analysis of blood pressure and heart rate variability, a cardiovascular system acts as an assessment tool for blood pressure and heart rate spectra which most of the time provides the body with indexed and autonomic modulation (Burggren and Keller and Weinstein 92-99). The rate of the heart variability can be affected in many ways. This is through physiological factors which triggers parameters within the normal heart pulse rate hence causing fluctuation on how the heart pumps its blood within the body system. However, this laboratory work analysis was aimed at analyzing the rate of the heart pulse from different level of body exercises under given temperatures, preferably at 37 degrees Celsius and 10 degrees Celsius. Four distinct experiments were carried out to analyze and articulate the issues behind physiological function of environmental changes and how it affects the cardiovascular system at large. The first experiment merely meets the normal heart pulse rate with an average data analysis of 69.1 pulse rate per minutes. This is a clear that the experiment acknowledged various results provided by earlier researchers and believed to range between 60-100 bits per minute as a normal pulse rate of a cardiovascular system. The second experiment tabulates that pulse rate is affected by postural activity as well. Moreover, the third experiment and the forth experiments enable us to acknowledge changes in temperature and the level of the body system is exposed under a certain environmental factors, leads to either an increase of decrease on the pulse rate. Thus, communication in vessels triggered by the heart allows an aspect of interactions between changes that occurs in the heart rate, blood pressure and biological signals involving respiratory activities Works cited Aaronson, Philip, and Ward, Jeremy, and Connolly, Michelle. The Cardiovascular System at a Glance [Paperback]. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. Print. Burggren, Warren, and Keller, Bradley and Weinstein Constance. Development of Cardiovascular Systems: Molecules to Organisms [Hardcover].United States of America: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Print. Gerke , Randy . Outdoor Survival Guide Paperback. New York: Human Kinetics, 2009. Print. Hall , John. Textbook of Medical Physiology [Hardcover]. United States of America: Saunders, 2010. Print. Mohrman , David and Heller , Lois . Cardiovascular Physiology, Seventh Edition (LANGE Physiology Series) [Paperback]. United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Professional, 2010. Read More