Holocaust - Dr. Mengele - Research Paper Example

? Holocaust - Dr. Mengele Introduction Apart from millions of victims, the Nazi holocaust had its own heroes, martyrs and villains. Dr. Joseph Mengele is one of the most hated villains of that epoch. History describes Dr. Mengele as “the SS physician at Auschwitz”1, and “the angel of death.”2 He was a doctor, who conducted cruel medical experiments on hundreds of Jewish prisoners during the period when he was stationed at the notorious Nazi concentration camp, Auschwitz that killed thousands of Jews by burning them alive in mass gas chambers and crematoria.3 He conducted weird and cruel clinical experiments on the Jewish prisoners as if they were guinea pigs.4 The most intriguing aspect of his personality was his utter indifference towards others’ suffering, and the way he even did not spare children as objects of his experiments. Dr. Mengele has been described as a “clinical sadist” by Kerner.5 All of his experiments were under the guise of science. He has been philosophically described as the ultimate example of “the pursuit of scientific knowledge […] stripped of any human compassion.”6 His non-empathetic and fatal attitude towards the Jewish prisoners was the cause of this conclusion. There have also been a view point that saw the entire scientific experiments conducted by Mengele as pseudo-science.7 This was because all of Mengele’s experiments used live humans but his topics of research often were as trivial as the particular eye color of a prisoner. Witnesses have reported that Dr. Mengele used to attend the delivery of Jewish mothers in the concentration camps with utmost care but the next moment he was also ready to send the mother and the child to the incinerator to be burned alive.8 Through his inhumane atrocities like this, Dr.Mengele became a “symbol of the holocaust,” representing the racist act of genocide in its totality.9 Meanwhile, his personality has been described as “a combination of pleasantness and perversity.”10 He is remembered by the Auschwitz survivors as always having a “cheerful expression on his face, and […] humming classical music.”11 But he was found by them to be capable of changing this demeanor instantaneously into a most wicked one and even shooting a Jew to death for no reason at all.12 Hence, Dr. Mengele has been reported by holocaust survivors as being a “handsome and well-groomed figure” with a “good-natured” outward appearance yet “extremely cruel” in his actions.13 His experimentations have been described, “unconstrained either morally or legally.”14 Mengele spent almost two years in the Auschwitz concentration camp, during which period, he continued his experimentations, not bothered by any humane or moral concerns.15 The paradox presented by the personality of Dr. Mengele has intrigued the world ever since the cruelties of the holocaust came out in public. But the best way to remember this person would be as a reminder that, given such odd circumstances of fascist mass hostility, even the normal human being is capable of inflicting unbecoming cruelties on fellow humans. And more significantly, it has to be understood that in such a circumstance, a person with even a slight psycho-pathetic mindset could turn into a real and grave danger to humanity-Hitler being the number one example for this. But when perused from closer premises, the Nazi mindset can be understood as an outcome of ideological frenzy overpowering all humane feelings and responses, a dangerous human possibility indeed, that was revealed before our eyes through the Nazi holocaust, as never revealed before. Here the term, ideology can be understood as “any idea or set of ideas that provides a prescriptive view of life.”16 An ideology can either be “a formalized and presumably conscious world view” or it can simply be “unconscious shared group fantasies, which have the power to charge up the entire group with sufficient energy to trigger unified mass action.”17 In this context, Dr. Mengele has to be understood not as a rare exception but as a highly possible human reaction to an extreme situation. The rise of Nazis was also associated with mass hysteria that was evident in “the howling frenzy of Hitler’s speeches” and the mass responses to them.18 19 Though Nazism has been described as “collective insanity” by many medical historians, it is more factual to consider Nazism as an “impact of social and cultural norms of conformity.”20 What Bartholomew means by the social and cultural norms of conformity is the contexts like the use of chemical gases as weapons resulting from a slow social process by which their use was first of all proven as a “plausibility” and also in the context of the mass media publicity that the debate on gas weapons got all around the world.21 To become non-conforming to the Nazi ideology in Hitler’s Germany was a difficult task for any individual, and it “required a rare combination of intellectual independence and moral courage not to go along” with the Nazi bandwagon.22 It was far more easier and safer to conform to what the authorities ordered. In this way, the collective insanity shown by Nazi Germany can be accounted for with the socio-cultural circumstances that surrounded it. In a state of mass hysteria or a slightly different version of it, that is, “collective trance”, it is seen that the “libido impulses” of individual in a group get manifested “uncontrolled by any restraint or taboo, simply because of the “ambience” created within the group.”23 This description given by Abgrall rather applies to cults than political parties like Nazi Party, but it has to be considered here that the sprouting of Nazi ideology can be traced back to a cult organization called the Thule group.24 The Nazi party was a half-cult-like-half-sociopolitical entity. The genocide that followed Nazi ideology was enacted on the stage of history as a mass hysteria, a collective trance. The above theorization of mass hysteria and individual behavior and also the context of conformity become relevant to understanding the holocaust because only they can at least partially explain the cruelties propagated by Nazis, including the behavior of Dr. Mengele. Emotional contagion is yet another reason quoted behind the creation of a situation of this kind of collective insanity.25 It will have to be acknowledged that there were many doctors in the Nazi camps who were as cruel as Mengele and there were also hundreds and thousands of Nazi soldiers who carried out similar acts of cruelty upon the Jews as these doctors did.26 Hence, what this paper envisages to prove is that Dr.Mengele is a normal human being even as he routinely and persistently inflicted various cruelties upon other people, which is a proposition based on the “banality of evil” theory proposed by Hannah Arendt.27 He signifies not as an individual but as the personification of a human trait, that makes possible phenomena like mass hysteria resulting in genocide. The mindset of a general Nazi individual has been described by Hannah Arendt as that of an ordinary person, with a “strong desire to get ahead, to be a success in life.”28 A typical, successful Nazi officer was also found to be proud of “his ability to do a job efficiently.”29 And above all, a typical Nazi individual most often would be “morally indifferent”.30 The first two characteristics described above can be applicable to any normal human being. But the last one, namely, moral indifference is a rare state of mind under normal conditions. But it will be further shown in this paper that moral indifference is a common attribute in certain abnormal social situations such as war and genocide. Whether normal or abnormal, all these attributes fits well into the personality of Dr. Mengele. His personal history till he joined the Auschwitz concentration camp as the staff doctor shows an ordinary person committed to his studies and work. But once he became an active functionary of SS, this Nazi had the power to question all our understandings about human values. Dr. Mengele: A brief personal profile Dr. Mengele was born in 1911 in Gunzburg, a river-side district of Germany, and at the age of 19, that is in 1930s, he joined Nazi Party.31 What a boy of 19 might have found attractive in the Nazi ideology is a matter of guess- the thrill of being stationed in the mainstream, aspirations of career success and power, and the nostalgic dream of the retrieval of the Greman nationalist legacy could be some possible reasons. Mengele had a strict Catholic upbringing32 but he was brought up in a culture and society which have been taught “for years, for decades, […] that…the Jews are not human beings at all.”33 Mengele had a troubled childhood in his parental home: The relationship between his parents did not improve the emotional austerity of the Mengele home. They were known as a quarrelsome pair. Josef wrote bitterly of his father as "a cold figure" and of his mother as "not much better at loving," although he came to admire her energy and decisive nature. For the early part of his life, a nanny called Monika fulfilled the dominant maternal role, coaxing and at times intimidating Josef into holding fast the Catholic faith.34 He “received his PhD in Anthropology at the University of Munich in 1935 for comparing the anterior mandible across racial groups.”35 As a youngster, he was “refined and intelligent” and “a popular figure in his hometown.”36 He is reported to have written “amateur plays staged as part of charity fund drives.”37 Dr. Mengele had a wife and a son.38 After working for many years in the medical corps unit of the Waffen SS, in 1943, he was posted in Auschwitz as he got injured in the war.39 After Germany was defeated in 1945, Dr. Mengele managed to escape to Argentina in disguise and until 1979 when he died in a “swimming accident” in Brazil, he could evade arrest and prosecution by the new West German government that was always on his trail.40 But once the Israeli police arrested the notorious Nazi officer, Adolf Eichmann in 1960, Mengele was forced to run for his life.41 Even before that he had married in Uruguay and his second wife later left him getting tired of the life in hiding.42 On June 6, 1985, the grave that was thought was his, located in Embu, Brazil, was dug up and his skull shown to the press and media persons gathered there.43 The grave had the name, Wolfgang Gerhard, written on it but it was supposed to be the grave of Dr.Mengele.44 Four expert teams of forensic scientists examined the body parts gathered from the grave and confirmed that they were the body parts of Mengele himself.45 Still, there have been speculations that the grave in Embu was the grave of somebody else: During the June 1985 forensic examination of the bones unearthed in Embu, Brazil, no evidence of osteomyelitis was found. Some skeptics elevated this minor inconsistency to a degree disproportionate to the weight of other consistent evidence in favor of the skeleton being that of Josef Mengele. Leading forensics experts concluded that a mild case of osteomyelitis in a fifteen-year-old child would not be evident in the skeleton more than fifty years later.46 Before his death, he had owned a pharmaceutical business in Argentina and had been writing articles on genetics in an Argentine magazine, under a false name.47 Cruel acts rooted in ideology It has to be noted that Dr. Mengele’s medical experiments were mostly aimed at establishing the racial supremacy of Nazis.48 Nazi ideology was at that time probing branches of science like genetics to find proof for their racial superiority and Mengele, being a German doctor interested in genetics and a supporter of Nazism, just found himself fit in.49 It was even declared by a Nazi leader that “Nazism is nothing but applied biology.”50 He became an active hand of the total Nazi apparatus functioning with this objective, if not a mere tool. His experiments included instances like when “he deliberately infected prisoners with contagious diseases such as tuberculosis and typhus to compare the reactions of various races to disease.”51 Not to mention, after his experiments were completed, Dr.Mengele used to give “fatal injections” to his human subjects and kill them.52 In this manner, Mengele is estimated to have conducted experiments on around 7000 people.53 It has to be understood from these facts that all the actions and experiments of Mengele were completely supported by the Nazi regime. This is the first point to be considered, when the reasons behind Mengele’s actions have to be analyzed and judged. Though his actions were quite atrocious, he was not at all committing an illegal or immoral act, as per the Nazi ideological regime. This might have been the reason why Mengele could go on intensifying the cruelties involved in his experimentations. He also conducted research on twins from Gypsies and Jews looking for a way to materialize “multiple [child] births” among Germans so as to increase the Aryan race strength in numbers.54 His twin experiments had their own share of the macabre: Mengele experimented on three thousand sets of twins at the camp. Before they were experimented on, Mengele did all in his power to calm them. The children were given clean clothes and sweets. They were allowed to call him "Uncle". They were driven to his laboratory in either his own staff car or in a truck with a red cross painted on the side. They were then subjected to appalling experiments - surgery without anesthetics, blood transfusions from one twin to the other, the deliberate injecting of lethal germs into the twins, sex change operations.55 In order to study a new disease among young Gypsy prisoners, Mengele was not at all hesitant to kill a few of the infected children and conduct clinical examination of their dissected organs.56 Dr. Mengele used to send his experiment findings in the form of, “blood samples and body organs” taken from his “victims” to Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology stationed in Berlin, where his former professor Otmar Verschuer was the director.57 This is another evidence that suggests that Mengele’s experiments were not the individual madness of a doctor but a part of a far wider racial agenda. Some “former friends and colleagues” who gave their comments on Mengele in the aftermath of the holocaust have argued that it was an extreme kind of scientific zeal that became the driving force behind the actions of Dr. Mengele.58 But this explanation does not answer the question raised by Helena Kubica: How could Mengele, a promising scientist specializing in genetics, a zealous disciple of eugenics, who took the Hippocratic Oath that embodies medicine’s fundamental principle, primum non nocere (first of all, do no harm), send thousands to their death, even kill scores of children, in the name of science?59 Mengele was surprisingly gentle with his experiment victims, especially children, until the moment he put them to death or ordered so.60 Kubica has observed: He was gentle with the children under his care, made sure they received enough food, even gave them toys and sweets taken from Jewish children consigned to extermination in the gas chambers. Children repaid him with trust and called him “good uncle”.”61 The walls of the kindergarten barracks he established in the prison camp were adorned with visualizations from fairy tales.62 While many German doctors found it morally stressful to make the selection assigned to them of unhealthy people destined to be gassed in gas chambers, Mengele was reported to have no unhappiness regarding this task and he appeared as if he enjoyed it even.63 Some samples of the extremes of torture that he conducted on the prisoners in the name of medical experimentation is narrated in the below given paragraph taken from a book written by Everette Lemons: To test the endurance level of humans he would expose them to direct electrocution, sub-freezing temperatures without any clothing, and long periods of immersion in cold water. He and other doctors […] would attempt to sterilize women with X-ray machines and horrible injections that merely left them in horrible pain. He likewise degraded and humiliated women by making them stand in circles completely naked and talk about their most intimate sexual desires. He would perform stomach and heart surgeries as well as castrations on young men and boys without anesthesia.64 Mengele also used to collect the eye balls of killed prisoners as he had a special research interest in eye colors.65 It was generally four types of experiments that Mengele conducted on prisoners- “anthropometric, morphological, x-ray and psychiatric evaluation.”66 In the anthropological part of his research, he would measure each part of the body of the prisoner thoroughly.67 These documents were well-documented.68 While taking these measurements, the prisoners were made to stand naked in the cold examination room and most often would get sick once the examination was over.69 Morphological and x-ray examination was carried out by staff members and prisoner-doctor assigned by Mengele.70 In the end, the patient would be killed by Mengele so that he can move on to the fourth stage of research- the analysis of the dissected body organs and parts.71 And it was a fact that “Mengele never expressed any regrets over his crimes.”72 Mengele’s experimental exploits were not merely ideologically driven and he had a personal motive for it as well. It has been reported that, “Josef Mengele had hoped to use the “research” he had garnered in Auschwitz in order to produce his Habilitation, a second, post-doctoral, dissertation required for admission to a university faculty as a professor in German-speaking lands.”73 All these personal and historical facts about Dr. Mengele can be taken as pointers to personal perversity as well as ideological beliefs. But yet it has to be remembered that he was applying a set of biomedical and bioethical guidelines adopted by all the Nazi scientists and physicians of that period.74 Hence the scope of any debate on what Mengele do is not limited to any personal realm, but to a wider ideological realm. In the Nuremburg trials, though Dr. Mengele was absconding, some other defendant Nazi doctors had evoked certain moral explanations for their acts of cruel experimentation using live human beings.75 One explanation was that “only people who were doomed to die were used in medical research.”76 The second reason offered was that “participation in research offered expiation to the subjects.”77 Another weird explanation given before the trial court was that scientists were not obliged to respect any humane values and their commitment was only towards science.78 Some accused doctors also argued that it was justifiable to “sacrifice the interests of the few, even to cause their deaths, to benefit the majority.”79 As the above given arguments were part of the Nazi bioethical regime, it can be assumed that Dr. Mengele also had a moral construct based on this regime. And this is why Cefrey observed that “this man of contradictions was more than a doctor gone wrong. He was part of a whole system that had gone wrong.”80 The “moral indifference” clubbed with a craving for personal success present in his personality, only complemented this context.81 His moral stance evidently had a strong political back up in the form of state support. This also might have absolved him of the moral responsibility of the killing that he did. A psychological analysis of Dr. Mengele had concluded that he had “schizoid tendencies, […] extraordinary capacity for numbing, and […] [an] impulse toward sadism and omnipotence.”82 But these psychological manifestations have to be attributed to the very core features of Nazism. There is evidence to show that Dr. Mengele asked the photographers who were assigned in the Auschwitz concentration camp to take the pictures of diseased people, people having certain deformities, and also young and beautiful women who were about to be murdered.83 This has to read in the backdrop of the discourse about Nazi obsession with bureaucracy- “recordkeeping, bookkeeping, files, films and photographs.”84 This is part of a Nazi mindset that craves for “the impossible fantasy of control, a psychotic (schizoid) embrace of power.”85 Dr. Mengele’s fancy of total control and omnipotence can be accounted for by his following of a fascist ideology, “the genuine basis” for which is supposed to be “the petty bourgeoisie.”86 Trotsky has further explained that “the new middleclass, the functionaries of the state, the private administrators, etc., etc., can form such a base.”87 It is also suggested by Trotsky that in Germany, it was the victory of Communism that prompted the extreme right block to adopt the ideology of National Socialism, which tumbled the “petty- bourgeois masses off balance” and gave Hitler a chance to influence them.88 The Nazi ideology has been based on aspiration “to restore an imaginary lost omnipotence of Germans of the past.”89 It is also shown by analysts that Nazi ideology “always left room for far-flung escalation of both ends and means. Just as the quest for lebensraum [German for habitat] could lead to world domination down the road, so could the call for the “removal” of the Jews lead to killing and extermination.”90 It can be seen that Dr. Mengele is simply applying the fascist Nazi ideology through such “far-flung escalations.”91 It is also important to note that the interest of Dr. Mengele in genetics, eugenics, or the physiological differences of people belonging to different races, all “would fall directly in line with the basis of Hitler’s entire putative justification for the persecution of other races in Germany.”92 But there is also an argument that ideology “was not the primary motivation for most physician-murderers, though it offered them a rationalization for their actions.”93 It is a fact that by 1939, about 45% of the total physicians in Germany had taken membership in the Nazi Party.94 When compared to the percentage of other professionals in Nazi Party at that time, this has been found to be a comparatively higher percentage.95 Apart from the Nazi interest in genetics, another reason for this attraction might have been the “seemingly limitless control over life and death” that the SS commanded, according to Nicosia and Huener.96 One conclusion being made in this regard is that the doctors joined Nazi Party because they were “seeking career advancement in the form of new research opportunities, increased salaries, or more prestigious titles or ranks.”97 Here what is emerging is again a pattern of behavior that is not specifically limited to the personality of Dr. Mengele. The discourse on fascism suggests that “most fascist leaders and militants were people thrust into positions of extraordinary power and responsibility by processes that are perfectly comprehensible in rational terms.”98 It is this interface between the ‘normal’ and the ‘extraordinary’ that creates people like Mengele. Also one major causative factor attributed to the holocaust is applicable for Dr. Mengele also- that is, “the central role of obedience to authority.”99 This theory, in essence denies the “moral image of human nature.”100 It is in this backdrop that Arendt had proposed the theory of “banality of evil.”101 But all these arguments have an inherent disadvantage of absolving the perpetrator of evil of the responsibility of his/her actions. Hence in modern discourses, these are considered as only one among the many causal factor of the holocaust.102 But all the same, viewing the perpetrators in the traditional way will result in a false sense of safety that only a few evil-minded people are capable of such atrocities as those happened in the holocaust. It is very crucial to prove this sense of safety to be ungrounded in facts. Only such a position would help in the future to prevent similar incidents, to foresee and avert them. An school friend of Mengele had recollected him in the following words: Josef was a very ambitious young man with a great need to succeed. He wanted to establish his own fame separate from that already established by his family. He did not want just to succeed but to stand out from the crowd. It was his passion for fame. He once told me that one day I would read his name in the encyclopedia.103 How the ordinary nature of this man is escalated to extraordinarily macabre levels of human behavior is shown in the above depiction of Joseph Mengele. There are no reported instances or documents that suggest that Dr.Mengele ever felt a sense of sympathy or empathy with the prisoners who were impoverished and tortured. Dr. Mengele: After the holocaust In the post-holocaust world, the impact of Dr. Mengele and his cruel experiments became a never exhausting topic of discussion, also becoming a thematic content of many books and films, based on the holocaust. Forgiving Dr.Mengele was such a film, (based on a true life story) that came out in 2006, in which the protagonists, “Eva Mozes Kor and her twin sister, Miriam” were shown going through the traumatic experiments of Dr. Mengele, surviving the holocaust and deciding to forgive (not forgetting) Mengele so that they can “move on” in their lives.104 Another fictional depiction of Mengele was done by Hochhuth in his play, The Deputy, where he was simply mentioned as “the DOCTOR.”105 A 1973 novel, Marathon Man, by William Goldman also had its main character based on Dr.Mengele.106 The film made, based on this novel was crucial in rejuvenating the search for the capture of Dr.Mengele.107 All these films had addressed the basic intriguing question, why an educated and intelligent man like Mengele became part of an unparalleled genocide experiment. But the way he was brought up in a culture filled up to the brim with Jew hatred, how he was carried over by the currents of nationalism, how he became part of a large group of doctors who believed that the availability of prisoners under one’s control provided certain rare experimentation opportunities, and the way in which he blind-foldedly believed in Aryan supremacy and Jewish inferiority, were decisive factors. In 1985, “a mock trial of Mengele was held in Israel,” a symbolic act, carried out by the Simon Weisenthal Centre, was shown on televisions all over the world.108 In this trial, the survivors from Auschwitz gave their testimonies against the doctor and after the trial, Simon Weisenthal Centre declared a reward of $1 million to whosoever gave information about the whereabouts of Dr. Mengele.109 The government of Israel had offered another $1 million, The Washington Times newspaper offered yet another $1 million and the total reward amount announced by different parties for getting Mengele’s whereabouts amounted to a total of $ 3,458,000.110 Meanwhile, two US army veterans had disclosed that they had seen Mengele in US custody.111 As response to this, the US officially initiated a “worldwide manhunt” for Mengele but in the end, it was West German federal police with the help of Brazil that found out the location of Mengele’s grave.112 Anne Frank, the legendary victim of the holocaust and the author of the diaries of Anne Frank, which became published posthumously, is supposed to have encountered the cruelties of this doctor during her and her family’s stay in the Auschwitz camp.113 Anne was inflicted with Typhus and had died in another concentration camp.114 While Ann Frank represents the human instincts of courage and survival, Mengele is representative of the diametrically opposite version of all that is represented by Ann Frank. The world would always regret not to have been able to capture a criminal like Joseph Mengele. The only solace for the believers of humanity is that Mengele might have felt like an animal being chased to its death, at least for the last years of his life. Conclusion Dr. Joseph Mengele is a name that has held extreme disgust as well as a kind of dark fascination in the post-holocaust world. To find out that he was an ordinary person is the first step towards averting the occurrence of another angel of death to be acting on this planet. The way the world responds to such a person is another problematic issue of debate. It is observed that: A man who assumed Mengele’s level of omnipotence was inevitably seen at times as a savior. Contributing to this image were his whimsical decisions to let people live, as well as his insistence that those judged young and strong enough to work stay in the correct line even when they resisted doing so.115 When looked into in a wider perspective, the most alarming aspect of the phenomenon called Joseph Mengele has been the “complicity in or indifference to the crimes of the Nazi state by some of the most educated people in German society.”116 The participation in the Nazi crimes by a doctor like Mengele is just a part of it. He was most probably enjoying his role as a God on earth. It is his hidden aspirations that got an expression through his position at Auschwitz and all the killings were the price for achieving that dream. In this context, it cannot even be stated that he was a strict Nazi ideologist. He was pursuing a very personal agenda and the Nazi ideology just provided him a frame of reference. What is seen in Mengele is a hidden trait of all human beings and it is the moral reasoning that prevents humans from expressing that trait. But the Nazi ambience provided Mengele a space that justifies that human trait. And he started playing the devil believing that he was actually playing God. Bibliography Abgrall, Jean-Marie, Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults, New York: Algora Publishing, 2000. Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: a report on the banality of evil, London: Penguin Books, 2006. Barlow, David H. and V. Mark Durand, Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach, New Delhi: Cengage Learning, 2011. Beaumont, Roger A., The Nazis' March to Chaos: The Hitler Era Through the Lenses of Chaos-Complexity Theory, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. Bertholomew, Robert E., Little Green Men, Meowing Nuns, and Head-hunting Panics: A Study of Mass Psychogenic Illness and Social Ddelusion, Jefferson: McFarland, 2001. 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Steinacher, Gerald, Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Struk, Janina, Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the Evidence, London: I.B.Tauris, 2004. Trotsky, Leon, Fascism: What is it and How to Fight it, Broadway NSW 2007: Resistance Books, 2002. Tyson, Philip John, Dai Jones and Jonathan Elcock, Psychology in Social Context: Issues and Debates, London: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Holocaust Encyclopedia: Joseph Mengele, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007060 (accessed November 14, 2011). Read More