Refugee Experience in Palestine, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan - Assignment Example

Politic Science Table of Contents Question 1 2 Question 2 4 Question 3 7 Part 1 7 Part 2 8 References 9 Question 1 The idea of human security has been fostered significantly since the year 1994, often emerging as a vital concern in international discussion in the current decade. Periodically, strategies concerning human security have evidently impacted, modified and in various instances challenged the international politics along with its establishments and power1. An inclusive and integrated reaction to security and development challenges is crucial to enhance sustainable peace all over the world. There are several standards, codes, establishments and practices for ensuring human security. The edges for supporting human security concentrate on its protection as well as its empowerment. Protection necessitates combined efforts to create rules, actions and foundations that methodically defend people from any kind of risk towards violence. Similarly, empowerment allows people to improve their potentials and become significant contributors in decision making practices which can have an inevitable impact on their regular life. Based on such rudiments, the initiatives taken by states, non-states and intergovernmental organisations for placing human security at foremost programmes can be identified as follows: Inhibiting conflict and encouraging human rights Defending and endowing people and societies Developing democratic philosophies and practices Shielding human security culture and structure2 The military also play a quite significant function in ensuring human security for any state or country. The potential roles performed by military for human security are: Protection of people and resources throughout war situation Prevention of any kind of mass killing activities Maintenance of peace and provide support to civilians Minimisation of threats through assistance and relief programmes It is worth mentioning in this context that the issue of human security is often considered as duty for state, non-state and intergovernmental actors. The initiatives are thus developed as a part of their accountability to protect innocent people from several unusual activities and incidents3. Question 2 Refugee Experience in Palestine The humanitarian emergencies caused by battle or by natural calamities result in unparalleled waves of ‘long term displacement’ and people who are displaced inside borders are identified as ‘Internally Displaced Persons’ according to the UN Convention 1951 (IDP)4. However, the concept of ‘forced displacement’ can be identified as new inclusion in Palestine, one of the UN countries. In Palestine, refugees are displaced mainly due to restrictions of the native movements internationally, ‘revocation of residency rights’ owing to the military activities of Israel accumulated by inaccessibility of necessary amenities. The displacement in Palestine is large scale in nature and cause relocation of thousand people at a time5. These ‘long term displacements’ have been noted to result in loss of housing, property and sources of employment. Besides, displacement in Palestine also tend to influence the access for refugees to essential services and intimidates the stability of families, affecting them to become increasingly dependent on charitable supports. ‘Long term displacements’ in Palestine also affected the rate of national poverty and joblessness, food uncertainty and emotional misery among people5. Refugee Experience in Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka, the ‘long term displacement’ had been identified to occur majorly due to inner political conflicts. The military conflicts between Sri Lankan Government and ‘Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam’ (LTTE) resulted in almost 600,000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), out of which 270,000 were moved to the soldierly campaigns during the period between 2007 and 2012. However, the end of such conflicts in Sri Lanka did not end the displacement creating an impact on both refugees and the activities of international relief organisations6. The ‘long term displacement’ also resulted in congestion of refugees causing limited hygiene facilities, lack of healthcare services and limitations in charitable access. Scarcities of food and water had also been notified as the common impacts of ‘long term displacement’ on refugees in Sri Lanka. Besides, the constraint of movement of people also generated certain discontents and objections in the relief camps causing hazards7. Refugee Experience in Afghanistan Afghanistan is considered as a nation which is impacted mostly due to ‘long term displacement’ of people in the current era. During the 1990s, almost 7.5 million individuals were displaced in Afghanistan which included 3.2 million people from Pakistan, 2.4 million people from Iran and the remaining victims from the interior regions on the Afghan border. The Taliban domination also caused significant deportation of people from neighbouring nations. Simultaneously, conflict with global forces, such as the incident of 9/11, also resulted in displacement of Afghan people8. The ‘long term displacement’ in Afghanistan was observed to create huge stress on the ‘immersion capacity’ of the nation. The major impacts were reflected as increased competition for securing resources and jobs. Besides, the ‘long term displacement’ through repatriation also resulted in unintentional concerns of risks for national security and regional constancy9. With reference to the discussed three situations, the major similarities due to impact of long term displacement can be observed in terms of lack of food and resources for people as well as relief organisations. With respect to differences, Afghanistan has faced greater stress in terms of national security pressure where Palestine was observed to face problems due to increased poverty and unemployment. Unlike these two nations, Sri Lanka was impacted owing to increased complaints and turbulence of people. Question 3 Part 1 The assertion made by Sandole that “Truth like Beauty Lies in the Eye of the Beholder” can be regarded as a realistic statement in the sense that the world is unrestricted for the aim of beliefs. Every person can have different sense on ‘beauty’. Therefore, definition of ‘beauty’ can differ from one person to other. Hence, the statement denotes that the concept of ‘beauty’ from an individual’s perspective might be apparently distinct from the viewpoint of another individual. According to the statement, the explanation of ‘beauty’ relies on the beliefs of the individual who defines it owing to the fact that every individual tends to generalise any identified issue on the basis of their personal ideas. This process tends to filter the thoughts and assist in making personal opinions. This denotes the fact that every individual understands certain issues, such as ‘beauty’ from a distinct viewpoint which make the concept a unique one. However, it can be argued that different beliefs of person cannot change the ‘truth’. For instance, certain universal truths cannot be impacted owing to the different beliefs or excuses. ‘Truth’ has been developed by the mankind based on which there are certain beauties to be appreciated universally restricting the individual thoughts to have a strong impression on the concept to cause any change. Thus, the statement can be supported on the basis that ‘beauty lies as a sign in the eyes of beholder10. Part 2 The profile of wrongdoers can be divided into three types which are ‘fanatics’, ‘opportunists’ and ‘conformists’. The ‘fanatics’ are inspired for conducting illegal activities owing to their belief for rebellion towards a specified cause irrespective of their personal gain. On the other hand, ‘opportunists’ and ‘conformists’ conduct wrongful activities by their full consent. On one hand, the ‘opportunists’ look for personal gains taking the advantage of a situation, while on the other, the ‘conformists’ have tendency to preserve their position deliberately in the status quo through wrongdoings caused due to their failure or rather avoidance to challenge the system11. The activities of wrongdoers cause miseries for victims. The miseries can be in term of material loss, personal loss and intangible suffering. In wrongdoing acts, transitional justice appears as a phase where victims or wrongdoers are asked for fundamental questions. As a device for transnational justice, victim compensations have emerged. In justice, the law is usually concerned with avoiding false convictions as wrongdoers are believed to have certain justifications for their illegal acts. When the transition is headed by external or internal conflicts, it has often been observed to cause losses or damages of property. There are very rare cases that victims are repossessed by full compensation through transnational justice. At times, victims have also been identified to spend a long time period without justice or they are simply deprived of their rights. Even though, there is no equally explicit principle underlying administrative decisions, the major focus of transnational justice has been to evade compensating who were neither directly nor indirectly affected, including the wrongdoers11. References Elster, Jon. 2004. Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hasler, J., 2010. “Traces of Paul Tillich in the Art World.” “Tillich and Popular Culture.” http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/tillich/resources/popculture_art02_hasler.htm Hussein, K.., & Et. Al., 2004. “Security And Human Security: An Overview Of Concepts And Initiatives What Implications For West Africa?” “OECD”. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/2/38826090.pdf Homan, K., 2008. “The Military and Human Security”. “Netherland Institute of International Relations”. http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2008/20080100_cscp_art_homan_security.pdf Oberleitner, Gerd. 2005. “Human Security: A Challenge to International Law?” Global Governance 11: 185-203. OCHA, 2010. “Forced Displacements”. “United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs”. http://ochaonline.un.org/HumanitarianIssues/ProtectionofCiviliansinArmedConflict/Whataretheissues/ForcedDisplacement/tabid/1127/language/en-US/Default.aspx OCHAOPT, 2009. “Forced Displacement In The Occupied Palestinian Territory”. “Briefing Paper”. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/opt_prot_savethechildren_forced_displacement_in_the_opt_oct_2009.pdf Schmeidl, Susanne. No Date. “Repatriation to Afghanistan: Durable Solution or Responsibility Shifting?” Forced Migration Review33: 20-22. The World Bank, 2011. “Research Study on IDPs in Urban Settings – Afghanistan”. “The UN Refugee Agency.” http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1265299949041/6766328-1265299960363/WB-UNHCR-IDP_Full-Report.pdf Wassel, Todd., No Date. “Protecting housing rights for IDPs in Sri Lanka”. Forced Migration Review 33: 6-8. Wassel, Todd., No Date. “Sri Lanka: A Question of Rights”. Forced Migration Review 4-5. Read More