United States Constitution - Essay Example

? ‘Human Nature’ ‘The nature of human’ can be defined as the individual characteristics that individual poses. These characteristics can be identified through the way individuals acts, their feelings and according to their way of thinking. Human tend to poses this traits naturally by the influence of culture that a person is bought up. This nature of human is vital to many disciplines that are present in human life like theology, psychology, anthropology and sociology. Many questions arise when one tries to address the many questions about human nature. What are these characteristics, what causes them and how fixed is human nature are some of the questions that we face for us to be able to to understand hat human nature human nature is like. In addressing these questions about the implications of understanding humanness, it is wise to keep in mind the end results of whichever study about Human Nature. This will be necessarily be limited by the focus of the investigation and the techniques used. ( Jeeves, 1). It is good to understand what American development is before we go deep into the subject. American Political development is the study of American political growth from a historical viewpoint. And on the the hand when we talk about institution it all paints the picture of customs, practices, or organization, frequently rooted in the rules and law that defines and structures political and social activities. United States of America constitution was written in an under democratic age. Those who researched on it and documented some findings had no intention having democratic constitution. Their findings intended to check, balance and limit political powers while protecting the citizens and property right of the whites. Most critics of the U.S. Constitution find most of it vital elements of argument under democratic and call for their removal or revision (Jillson, 52). Jillson in his book about the government of America highlights some of the prominent people like Robert A. Dahl as the greatest theorist of the second half of the twentieth century. Dahl in his book, how democratic is the constitution; he levels some criticisms in elections of those holding government positions. And also Jillson second him in his allegation, a factor that leads them to break down the constitution into four principles that governs it. This principle has in them the essence of equality includes the idea of republicanism, representative government, sovereignty of the people, limited government, bills of right, tripartite separation of power, independence of the judiciary in the exercise of [power of judicial review, supremacy of the civilian over military authority and supremacy of the constitution over all the the laws of the land. Jillson summarizes this principle into four main principles as follows; The ancient world which usually means Athens and Rome thought that government should foster human excellent Medieval Christendom thought that government should facilitate Christian life Early modern Europe came to believe that should establish and maintain order and prosperity (Jillson, 5). The Ancient: Who rules and for what purpose Rome and Athens formed the centers of the greatest European societies of those old days. Athens gives the definition of human and political values as justice, openness, and excellence hat western countries still goes after them. Rome entrenched these values in political and lawful institutions as fairness before the law federalism, balances and checks that are still central to the way we think about politics. This is clear because Athens and Rome were slave societies. They prepared their vaunted right and liberties accessible only to citizens and both fell to social and political unsteadiness. Rome and Athens learned that much of the way Europeans and the American think about politics was spearheaded, by two Greek political theorists. These men are Plato and Aristotle who both lived in Athens (Jillson, 6). Aristotle had no interest in the normative question of what form of government was the best as Plato was. Rather in his mind he had the question of what kind of government exists in the world and which one will be effective if put in place. He proposed that nations could take the three forms of government, which is Monarchial, Aristocratic and democratic type of government. He had sat down and discovered that democracy in those ancient days was least expected from any leader in the ancient days. Secularism, individualism and the Idea of Progress When talking of secularism, the sense that life in the world is not simply based on preparation for eternity but is commendable of respect and attention on it own right. Behind individualism, choice and opportunity is basic ideas of growth and also the improvement of the world as a whole. This is either in politics religion or in economic thoughts. In the era, of the American constitution is when the idea of freedom having order and structure emerges. Secularism as a focus of human in the world began to shift their attention in the sixteen century. People began to shift from serious attentiveness of salvation to to social, political, economic and religious practices of people. Yet, politics seemed all unsteadiness and conflict. Machiavelli, who is known as the leading theorist of the Protestants, acknowledged the significance an individual, but was unwilling to agree to the political significance of political individualism martin Luther refused to comply with the Catholic traditions and believed in what he teamed us justification by faith. Both Luther and Calvin later accepted Monarchy as needed and attractive. This shows what religious leaders placed on peace and order in the community. Science and the idea of human progress during the seventieth century, hierarchy and personal rights fought individualism and the opportunity of controlling human minds. Although the results were doubted for an extensive period of time, Thomas Hobbes, Francis Bacon and Charles represented the rising commitment to science and growth of that would fill the minds with people. Bacon believed that science and the unearthing work of the eternal advantage of the human society. Christian needs to purely suffer through life in this world in order to receive salvation. Political, social and economic progress is interrupted by backsliding, but it can be traded towards discovery and, improvement. This could be the new future of humanity in the world. Unfortunately, the predecessors of Bacon seemed to this dream of peace and advancement. England rising center class and its representatives in the parliament challenged monarchy and landed to Aristocracy system of the future government, but they did not go on with their thoughts successfully. England’s ruling elites fought back a factor that led to war. Longing for economic betterment, that seemed impossible due to availability of some critics toward other people’s ideas. Vision of the vast opportunity, of free or low-priced land in the society that had no ingrained and oppressive inherited aristocracy, thrilled the poor and even the middle classes to consider exclusion to America, With political participation in the early colonies, a freedom of conscience and equality of opportunity drove people from Europe to America. Only a few come in search of democracy. John Cotton and Winthrop said that democracy is accounted to the meanest and worst of all forms of government. The best kind of government they proposed was the one in which democracy was part and parcel of the leaders. Space, Diversity and Dissent in colonial America Few colonies that came to America had the will of them living. Most of the whites who came to America were after establishing societies in a particular form and with a purpose. This is because America was too spacious to accommodate them. Bounty space in America and a diverse population perished hierarchy in America. With the ‘Space for Dissent’, Quaker in dissent I England was a dilemma because Anglicanism was the official state religion. Wherever the descent went in England, they were faced with the certified belief of the official church the Orthodoxy. Conclusion It is evident that most of the theorist who spearheaded the principles that governs the U.S. constitution, they either fought for democracy monarchial or aristocratic system of government. This can still be applied in the twenty first century .and, be effective. The evidence for this is that at least each theory is fighting for human rights though some critics arise to criticize some other people’s ideas. We can not rule the twenty first century as exclusive to the eightieth century but as an improvement of that century. Works Cited Jeeves, Malcolm. Human Nature: Reflections on the Integration of Psychology and Christianity. USA: Templeton Foundation Press, 2006. Jillson, Cal. American Government. USA: Taylor & Francis, 2011. Read More