The Role of Leadership - Coursework Example

Report Leadership Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 0.Summary 3 2.0. Introduction 4 3.0. Discussion 5 4.0. Implementation Plan 16 5.0. Conclusion 17 6.0. References 19 19 7.0. Bibliography 23 1.0. Summary Notably, one of the most important aspects, which has been determined in this particular report is analysing the changing business environment along with the role of leadership in executing the activities of the same. In order to make sure that business delivers positive results, the leaders and the top-level management must ensure proper control and supervision over the entire business. Examples of the leadership approach of Apple Inc. under Steve Jobs and Enron Corporation prior to its collapse were critically evaluated in this report. Remarkably, owing to a visible set of leadership differences prevailing between Apple under the guidance of Jobs and Enron, their respective approaches towards performing various operational functions were also been determined thoroughly in the report. Steve Jobs had been quite an influential leader over the years and during his reign, Apple has experienced maximum success in the global business market. However, on the other hand, owing to the inefficiency in the domain of leadership, Enron has seen a major setback in its business, which ultimately resulted in total demise from the global market. Contextually, certain areas of improvement were highlighted in the report that could have enhanced the leadership approaches of both the companies and their respective leaders up to a certain extent. 2.0. Introduction Business patterns have been transformed immensely over the years due to the progression in the domain of technology along with the emergence of various new and developed means of steering business activities. It will be crucial to depict that companies, which fail to move in parallel with the changing business environment will not be capable or less capable in ensuring the conduct of sustainable operations in the global business world. Contextually, it is worth mentioning that companies have the need to develop effective as well as creative strategies that can strengthen their competitive position both in the domestic and the global market. It is quite obvious to the fact that due to the absence of proper plans and policies, any business will suffer adversely and will not able to create a sustainable position for themselves in this competitive business world. In this regard, it is vital that companies plan their objectives and business prospects in an effective and efficient manner, further enhancing the probability of gaining maximum success. However, the other side of the coin depicts that proper execution of the strategies is equally important to attain several significant benefits for the whole business. In this particular scenario, the role of managers/leaders becomes quite significant. Leaders deliver valuable guidance to the entire business from where it can move to the direction that can yield beneficial results for the organisations (Nieuwenhuizen, 2007). Leaders who are among the major human resources of any business are ultimately accountable for directing the performance in a particular direction (negative or positive). It is known that a leader is a particular individual who guides and motivates the pool of human resource to meet the set targets and objectives of business. It will not be vague to state that the effectiveness of any business is directly/indirectly dependent on the efficacy of the leaders and managers in the workplace (Hughes & et. al., 2013). This aspect can be better comprehended from the examples of leadership approaches that found to be practiced in Apple and Enron. The success of Apple as one of the biggest electronic companies in the global market is because of the influential leadership of Mr. Steve Jobs who have changed the structure and fortune of the company. On the other hand, the leadership at Enron lacks the effectiveness, which ultimately resulted in making the company to face declining situation. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics of both the leadership styles or approaches that yielded positive as well as negative results for the above discussed two companies. 2.1. Aim of the Report The aim of this particular report is to analyse and most importantly compare the leadership styles of Enron prior to the year 2001and Apple during the era of Steve Jobs as the leader. In addition, the discussion will also emphasise analysing the characteristics and the behaviours of the two leadership styles in order to depict the significance of the results obtained from the respective leadership approaches of the two companies. 3.0. Discussion It is evident that leadership is among the major determinants of any business unit in the present day context towards the attainment of predetermined goals and objectives of business. It will be crucial to mention that different companies have different forms of leadership and their entire business performance depends on leadership approaches by a considerable extent. It will be crucial to mention that the aspect of leadership amid companies can also differ based on the industry that they are operating in. In each of the leadership styles, the outcome from the same tends to differ from one other. In this regard, the leadership style of Apple in the era of Steve Jobs and the leadership style along with structure of Enron prior to its downfall will be vital to have a discussion upon. 3.1. Leadership Approach of Steve Jobs Steve Jobs is one of the most influential leaders who made Apple to attain greater success in terms of accomplishing superior competitive position as compared to its chief business market participants operating in the similar industry. The leader is often regarded as one of the most creative individuals of the last decade in terms of its quality leadership approaches that enabled Apple to touch new heights in the worldwide business market. Jobs belong to the set of leaders who have changed the structure and dynamics of the business world including Henry Ford, Thomas Edison and Walt Disney among others. One of the major determinants of the leadership of Mr Jobs was his ability to ensure high focus towards his assigned job roles and responsibilities. In the initial developing days of Apple, the leader decided to market only a few products of the company that could attract the customers rather than developing a marketing campaign for the entire product line. Jobs was quite focused with his approach and knows how to catch the attention of the customers. This was one of the prime shades of his leadership approach, which resulted in mammoth success for the company in the global electronic industry (Isaacson, 2012). According to Henson (2014), there was a time when customers were very much eager and passionate about the leadership of Steve Jobs along with the products of the company. It is also believed that the leadership style and approach of Mr Jobs was far from perfect owing to his arrogant and dictatorial nature of leadership. Henson (2014) strongly believed that as per the modern day business scenario, leaders require to be nice, kind and humble. However, the leadership style of Mr Jobs will have little relevancy in this particular context. Jobs believed in ensuring visible results rather than following a set of norms of conducting business. He was a believer that leadership should be situational and the roles and responsibilities involved in the same should be executed based on the demand of the situations rather than following a set paradigm of leadership. Jobs strongly believed that businesses require to adopt significant strategies and implement those in an effective manner for the purpose of sustaining in this competitive landscape and also to reap various benefits. These benefits can be measured in terms of raising greater profitability along with market share, enlarging customer base and most vitally attaining superior competitive position over chief business market contenders. In relation to determine the leadership approach of Jobs, it can be apparently observed that the business leader tends to value creativity as well as innovation and desired to design products with utmost quality and innovativeness (Henson, 2014). Thus, with these qualities of Jobs, it can be affirmed from a broader understanding that the leadership approaches of Jobs were quite profit centred and most vitally goal oriented. Based on the above discussion, it can be determined that he is not a kind of leader who prefers humbleness and kindness over that of positive results. He believes in enhancing the ability of people to be creative and competent to perform in any particular situation. An example of this particular approach of Jobs can be understood from providing regular training to the employees and making them to understand about the significance of producing quality products and serving those to the ultimate consumers. In each of his decisions, Jobs prioritised betterment of the company, employees and products rather than providing value to interpersonal relationship. Jobs also believed that ensuring passion for the work one performs is one of the major routes to gain success. In his leadership approach, the leader urges the people around him to love and enjoy the work they perform in order to attain success. At the same time, he was also found to be ruthless in his approach of leadership when it comes to share the vision in the workplace. He seeks each of the employees to be involve in knowledge sharing in the workplace, ensuring the emergence of creative ideas that eventually assists business to gain greater level of success. This leadership approach of Jobs has ensured positive results for the company as in the present day context Apple stands as one of the most innovative companies of the world. Again, Jobs was a stern supporter of creativity and appreciated people who have the courage to think and possess the capability of conducting things differently. The leader preferred to hire employees not only on the basis of their academic credentials but also based on their creative ideas. This could be regarded as one of the most crucial approaches of leadership of Jobs, which transformed the entire electronic industry during his reign and cemented the position of Apple as a market leader in the entire world (Hackbarth, 2013). 3.2. Leadership Approach in Enron Before 2001 Enron was an American based services, commodities as well as energy company having it’s headquarter in Texas. The company was widely known for its corporate and accounting frauds that ultimately lead towards its demolition in the year 2001. However, it will be crucial to mention that prior to its collapse, the company was one of the renowned names in its respective industry and one of the major corporations in the United States. The company was created in the year 1986 with the merger of Houston National Gas and Inter-North. Under the management of Ken Lay, the Chairman and CEO, the company had seen immense growth in the global market. It has been apparently observed in this similar context that the leader Mr. Lay got the reputation to be called as a good guy, who believes in building strong interpersonal relationship with others. The leader was often regarded as a corporate visionary by many owing to his clear sense of decision making, which aligned with his ability to steer others towards attaining positive results from their work. Mr. Lay also possessed an instinct wherein he was able to analyse about what people seek or expect from him, which further helps him a lot in the domain of business in the form of attaining greater success of Enron in the initial days of company’s operations. However, on the other side, it was also believed that Mr Lay was not a person who fits in the domain of business. He was duly considered to be a kind of person who loved to handle business deals and monitored the performance of business, but at last the company got collapsed and ended its journey in conducting business in the modern world. The leader was also seen to be quite disengaged with the business operations, which further hindered him from being aware of all the problems that were prevailing within the business of Enron (Swartz, 2006). Notably, prior to its collapse, the business of Enron was among the most profitable and the company had the reputation to be called as one of the biggest firms in the United States. However, in course of time, the company failed to capitalise on its success and failed in the global market, which eventually lead to its collapse. In this regard, the role of the management and the leadership of business are deemed to play a decisive role. In this regard, according to the article of the University of Pennsylvania (n.d.), the leader of the business including Lay and his top-level subordinates were aware of the present condition of the business and had taken steps to deal with the same. This again put question mark on the leadership ability of the company where they become ineffective to amend the deteriorated condition of the business despite of the fact that they were being aware of the same for a longer duration of time. Infact, investigations that had been carried out after the collapse represented that all the top leaders of the business including the CEO and the accounting department were conspired to make frauds against the investors and other stakeholders. This shows lack of accountability and ethicality in the leadership practices of the company, which ultimately led the company to get collapsed (University of Pennsylvania, n.d.). Apart from these, there were certain other leadership gaps that have worked against the well-being of Enron. Though all the leaders of Enron were capable of ensuring positive performance for the business owing to their rich experience but they failed to execute their plans and responsibilities effectively. Notably, the leadership approaches of the company lacked the basic standards with regards to accountability that acted as a gap of leadership within the business. Owing to the conflict of interests prevailed amid the leaders of the business, internal control mechanism became quite weak in Enron, which further affected the legal as well as the ethical performance of the business. Besides, the top-level management of the company were unaware about how its activities unfavourably affected overall business performance, which in turn led towards the collapse of Enron in the modern business world. Hence, it can be affirmed from a broader understanding that despite of having proper and effective qualities, the leadership in Enron failed to create a sustainable environment for the business at large (Sterling, 2002). 3.3. Comparing the Leadership Approach at Enron and Apple (In the Era of Steve Jobs) It can be noted from the above discussion that there lays major differences between the leadership styles of Apple under the guidance of Steve Jobs and Enron prior to the year 2001 i.e. before total collapse of the company. Steve Jobs was a leader of utmost high quality who believed in innovation and creativity in the work one conducts. The leader believed less in creating interpersonal relationship with others rather believed in making people competent to generate positive results. On the other hand, the leadership at Enron was the opposite of Apple during the reign of Jobs. The CEO of the company i.e. of Enron believed in building kind relationship with the people and hardly used to say no to others that further impacted his overall conduct of business. Though the capability of Lay as a leader showed in generating positive results for Enron in the initial days of its operations, his leadership attitude certainly failed to provide the business a sustainable position in the global market. Again, Jobs was believed to be a man who was capable of creating greater business reputation through applying his bold thoughts, courage and long term visions. On the other hand, critics argued that the leadership of Lay lacked the vision of business, which is again visible from the unsatisfactory results obtained by Enron from its operations in the global market. However, it is believed that Jobs was a man with autocratic behaviour, while Lay was considered as a man with utmost kindness and humbleness, which again are duly considered as inappropriate in the present day business context where roles and responsibilities of a leader should be executed in a strict manner altogether. Hence, a clear difference can be observed in the leadership approach at Enron prior to its 2001 collapse in comparison with that of Apple. 3.4. Critically Evaluate the Behaviours and Characteristics of the Leadership in Both Organisations From the above analysis, it is quite apparent that leadership is quite important in order to deal with the challenging business environment in the modern day business environment. Observably, companies have the need to assure that they are able to execute all their strategies in an effective and efficient manner with the assistance of proper leadership within the business. This can be better comprehended from the examples of how leadership in Apple and Enron delivered results that has changed the course of their business and operational fortune. In this similar context, the characteristics and the behaviours of the leaders will be vital to consider. According to the study of Tolbert & Hall (2009), the characteristics of leadership impose major impact on the approaches made by any leader. The aspects including emotional stability and intellectuality of a leader influences the decision making of the same. These aspects also determine the personality of an individual, which is among the core determinants of leadership approach (Tolbert & Hall, 2009). In this regard, leadership approach of Steve Jobs and Enron prior to its collapse might hold certain relevancy. The characteristics of Steve Jobs was of a person who might not be kind and humble but certainly possessed the quality of executing plans effectively with the help of others. In most of the tenure of his leadership, Steve Jobs was being criticised for his leadership approach or style, which was quite autocratic in nature. However, his behaviour and characteristics made him a leader of different quality who ensures beneficial results for the business following his approach of leadership rather than adopting any particular dimension of modern day business. In this similar regard, the leadership approach of Enron prior to its collapse will also be crucial to be presented. Notably, the approach of leadership of Enron under the guidance of CEO and founder Kenneth Lay lacked the aspect of proactivity. The leaders of the business had the experiences of serving large companies in the global world prior to their association with Enron. However, they were unable to use the same positively to ensure noteworthy results for the business. It can also be stated that their characteristics and behaviours of leadership had hindered themselves from making optimum utilisation of their talent that resulted negatively for Enron. Furthermore, the study of Hermann (1980) also provided an apparent overview about the influence of behaviours and characteristics in the domain of leadership. The study depicted that the personal behaviour of an individual has major impact on his/her approach of motivating others. For example, in the personal domain, Steve Jobs was a man of discipline and believed in executing his duties with utmost responsibility. This strict personal approach further influenced him to lead/manage others, which ultimately resulted in delivering positive and creative results, further supported the company to attain greater level of success. This shows how personal characteristics of Mr. Jobs had been transferred to his leadership, which further formed as one of the major strengths of his management, ensured utmost success for Apple in the global market. In this similar regard, it can be affirmed that leadership is deemed to get influenced by personal characterises and behaviours of individuals. For example, it is believed that Lay, the CEO of the company prior to its collapse was very kind and composed in relation to personality. These personal characteristics of his further transferred to leadership approach as a top management official in Enron. The company had seen major setbacks in the past owing to lack of effectiveness of the top-level management of the business in executing their roles and responsibilities. Notably, the humble and kind approach of the leader of the business was deemed to impact the business negatively as with that particular approach, the leader was unable to assure ethicality and legality in the approach of Enron’s business, which further became one of the vital reasons for the collapse of the company. Since the leadership approach of Enron and Apple under the guidance of their respective business leaders found to be quite different from one other, it can be affirmed that one of the companies had been able to attain success i.e. Apple and the other got collapsed i.e. Enron. It is worth mentioning that under the leadership of Steve Jobs, Apple has become one of the biggest electronic companies of the world. The man ensured the formation of an environment of utmost creativity and innovation in the workplace, which further enabled the company to gain the reputation of being called as one of the few innovative players in the global market in the present era. For example, with regard to the ‘think different’ approach, Steve Jobs came up with the Macintosh products in the year 1984 that further became the primary products of the company till date. His quality thinking and long term vision enabled to develop the mac product, which further changed the course of Apple’s business in the global domain extensively. Another example of effective leadership of Steve Jobs can be witnessed regarding the development of Mac OS X operating system, which is viewed to be one of the most widely used operating systems in the modern day scenario. This is also a presentation of the creativity leadership approach of Steve Jobs. Another example regarding the leadership efficacy of Steve Jobs can be understood with the invention or the development of iPod product, which is amid the highest selling products of the company since its inception (Entrepreneur Media, 2014). It was share brilliance of Jobs as a leader, which laid the foundation for conducting better operations in the global platform (Gagne, 2014). Job’s leadership approach also included the necessary traits of honesty, focus along with passion that again worked positively for him (Farrell, 2011; Surowiecki, 2011). On the other hand, the outcome of the leadership behaviour of Enron can be comprehended from certain notable examples. It has been apparently observed that the management of the company comprises various top leaders including the CEO Kenneth Lay. After the establishment of Enron, the company became quite renowned in the US business market for a limited time period. However, the leaders of Enron were not been capable enough capitalising on the initial success, which further lead to its collapse. For example, the leaders of the business were not aware of the unethical practices conducted in the accounting and corporate governance sector of the company. The company was involved in accounting frauds by depicting a falsified position of the business in front of the investors, which is also duly considered as a form of fraudulent approach. However, investigations revealed that the top-level management of the business performed fraudulent acts in a collaborative manner with the assistance of auditors and other officials belonging to accounting departments. This ultimately depicts lack of ethical leadership within the business of Enron (Peterson, n.d.). It would be vital to mention that the leaders in the business of Enron lacked honesty, respect and passion towards their respective job role, which further reflected in the unfavourable results obtained. This aspect also shows the influence of leadership behaviour and attitude towards the results of the same (Monahan, 2012; Farrell, 2011; Brown & Treviño, 2006). 3.5. Potential Areas of Improvement There are several areas for improvement that can be made after analysing the leadership styles of both the companies i.e. Apple and Enron. In any domain, the aspect of continuous development is deemed to be quite vital. Similarly, in the domain of leadership, the scope of continuous development is deemed to be quite apparent. Hence, certain areas can be depicted in the leadership approach of Steve Jobs and overall management of Enron wherein they could have made changes and make their leadership more appropriate for their respective business. It is believed that a leader should act as a role model to the followers or the subordinates through whom people can imitate positive aspect from the same. In this regard, where leaders depict any negative impact, the subordinates get negatively affected. This aspect is relevant in the case of both Jobs and the overall leadership structure of Enron. It is also believed that Jobs has certain autocratic quality in his leadership approach, which further being criticised by many. Contextually, Steve Jobs could have adopted a more inspiring approach in his leadership where he could have set a better example of leadership behaviour for others. This would have facilitate him to obtain maximum support from his teammates and indirectly motivates them towards executing their roles and responsibilities in an efficient and effective manner altogether. In this similar context, there were numerous scopes of improvement in the leadership approach of Enron, based on which the total collapse of the company in the global business market could have been avoided. The leadership at Enron lacked integrity up to a major extent with the absence of utmost honesty and fairness in its approach made towards the stakeholders of the business, which mainly includes the investors. It is strongly believed that highly efficient leaders ensure the confidence of the people around them through ensuring high quality leadership and management (Burns, 2012). This is also a particular domain of leadership through which Enron could have taken effective measures (University of Oregon, 2009). These changes in leadership in both the companies could have ensured better results for their respective businesses. 4.0. Implementation Plan Certain actions could have been taken by the leaders of both Apple and Enron in order to enhance their skills and competencies. Contextually, the leaders could have analysed their respective strengths along with weaknesses with the aim of developing their leadership approach up to a certain extent. Leaders of both the business units also could have developed a better understanding of the environment prevailing around them so that they could change their approaches accordingly. Again the leaders in Enron could have develop a leadership plan for themselves where they could conduct their business in a systematic form, which could have ultimately ensured better results for the overall business further avoiding the business collapse. Additionally, Jobs could have been more humble and generous in his leadership approach, which would have reduced the criticism of being an autocratic leader. All these aspects could have only worked positively for the leaders in both the businesses. This learning dimension for the leaders in both the business should have been completed within a particular time period in order to avoid any sort of complexity while conducting varied leadership activities. Hence, implementation of the above discussed aspects could certainly prove to be much beneficial for both the businesses. 5.0. Conclusion From the overall analysis of the paper, it can be comprehended that business and ways of conducting the same keeps on changing from time to time owing to which business units often requires to develop effective strategies for ensuring conducting sustainable operations for a longer time period. It is not easy for the companies to travel the distance from being a small start-up company to become one the best players in any industry in the global business context. In this regard, the role of human resource of businesses is deemed to be quite vital as it directly works towards the fulfilment of the goals and objectives of the business. Amid the human resources, the role of the leaders and the top-level management of the businesses are deemed to quite significant as they are ultimately responsible for steering and motivating others towards performing their respective job roles in an efficient and effectual manner altogether. It will be crucial to mention that the success or failure of any particular business is largely dependent on the approaches of the leaders and top-level management of business. This can be better understood from the leadership of Steve Jobs who with his effective and quality leadership approaches enabled Apple to attain superior competitive position in the respective industry. On the other hand, owing to ineffective leadership and control of management over various activities of business, Enron has experienced an early demise from the global business market despite of having a commendable reputation in the worldwide market segment. Specially mentioning, certain areas of improvement have been assessed that could have ensured a better business result for both the companies if followed appropriately. 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