Implementation Using LAN and WAN Devices in a Topology - Report Example

Network Routing Network Routing INTRODUCTION This report compares and contrasts dynamic-routing protocols and link routing protocols. Also included in this work are: analysis of an open source; dynamic routing protocol, which fulfills the requirements of a large organization having fast convergence along with its design; implementation using LAN and WAN devices in a topology; and a brief testing plan. Working configurations of all the devices are also discussed. LINK-STATE ROUTING PROTOCOLS Link-state routing protocol works on Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm; for reaching destination it searches the best path. Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm is commonly known as Dijkstra algorithm. In this algorithm, whenever a status of the link changes, a routing update is exchanged between the routers; this routing update is called a Link-State Advertisement (LSA).  When routers receive this LSA routing update they recalculate the shortest path using link-state protocols to affected destinations.  Link-state routing constantly tries to keep complete networks topology by updating its routing table whenever a status of any link is changed in the network. Every router builds a map of the full network topology. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an example of Link State protocol. POINTS TO REMEMBER: Link-State routing protocols work on Dijkstra algorithms. Link-State routing protocols are very scalable and support an infinite number of hops. Being classless routing protocols, they support VLSM and CIDR. They are open source routing protocols. Link-State routing protocols support bordering subnets. DISTANCE VECTOR:            In distance vector protocols, routers are updated about remote networks with the help of neighbouring routers using Bellman Ford algorithm. The distance part defines the total number of hops towards the destination, while in highly developed routing protocols these hops can be weighted by components such as delay and bandwidth available. The vector in distance-vector describes which hop to move as the next step along the direction (path) for this route. This routing information is passed on using neighbouring routers with routing table up to date by using update packets. KEY-POINTS: Distance-Vector uses Bellman Ford algorithm for calculating the path having shortest cost. After every 30 to 90 second a periodic update is sent by Distance-Vector protocol. All the updates are broadcasted. All the updates are sent to directly connected neighbours only. Routers using this method don’t have complete visibility of topology. It is pruned to routing loops. Due to periodic updates that are sent in the network has slow convergence. Routing loops in distance vector are avoided using following: Route Poisoning Maximum hop count Hold down timer Split horizon NETWORK DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES The requirement here is to design a network for an International Travel Agency that has a HQ in London and its two remote branches in Paris and Rome. An open standard dynamic routing protocol is required for the communication between all the routers. Configuration of routing protocol on all the three sites must be as per the requirement advertisement of routes to all directly connected networks except the loopback interface attached to London HQ. Fig. ‘A’ Given network topology OVERVIEW OF GIVEN SCENARIO Network design for an International Travel Agency (ITA) is demonstrated in this report. Head Office of the ITA located in London, United Kingdom, and it is connected with branch offices at Paris and Rome. The Headquarters are directly connected with both the branches while both the branches are directly connected. It was a requirement for Open Standard dynamic routing protocol to have fast convergence, to enable support for routing updates and large organization. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) fulfils all the requirements for the given scenario. In this network design topology three routers are interconnected logically and, further, each router is directly connected with two more networks. OSPF routing protocol is to be configured within the given logical network. Network topology from Fig. A shows both the logical and physical network topology. IP addressing scheme was generated using the given private IP address 192.168.156.0/22 to accommodate all the given number of hosts in the network. IP-addressing assignment will begin from 192.168.157.0 address. Last usable IP address of each subnet will be assigned to each PC specified in the topology. PROTOCOL ANALYSIS Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is configured in this scenario as a required routing protocol. OSPF fulfils all the requirements of the given scenario. It is an open source dynamic routing protocols and has faster convergence. It works on Link-State routing and is very scalable to implement in the networks of large organizations. Neighbouring information is kept in adjacency database; this information is recorded by exchanging hello packet with the neighbours. Routers configured with OSPF exchange Hellos with all neighbours, learning cost and Router ID (RID). Link State Advertisements are maintained by the router. These advertisements include information such as the cost and RIDs of every neighbour. Every router in the routing domain shares its Link States with all other routers. All the routers keep the complete set of LSAs in a routing table—the Link State Database (LSDB). To calculate the shortest path, SPF algorithm is used on each router. Routers then post these best paths for addition to the routing table. NETWORK DESIGN ITA’s network contains three routers on at the head office (HQ) and the other two at either branch, i.e. at Paris and Rome. HQ are connected with both the branches using 2Mbps-link each. This 2Mbps link is working as a primary link. Both Paris and Rome are connected with a 256 Kbps link (secondary link). Primary links are configured in such a way that if either of the primary links goes down, the secondary one would be started to transmit the traffic. All these links are connected using routers serial ports. OSPF is configured on all the interfaces of the router with authentication or routing updates using MD5 with password ‘cisco’. As in case of failure of primary link, the secondary link should start working without any load balancing Designed Topology IP-ADDRESSING SCHEME Addressing scheme is generated using private network address 192.168.156.0/22 to accommodate all hosts’ requirement in the network. Last usable IP of every subnet is assigned to the PCs attached with the Fast Ethernet ports of the routers. IP-Address192.168.157.0 is used for as the beginning of address assigning. Every port of a router is a separate network. Scheme used here for subnet calculation is first check which network has the largest number of hosts. Start subnet from the network which is accommodating the largest number of hosts. In current scenario 128 hosts are to be accommodated by Rome F0/0. We begin assignment of IPs from this port, making it a standard to calculate all the subnets. . An IP Address, 189.54.69.24/24 for designated subnet. This IP is configured on HQ’s machine for static routing because the ITA router is used as a virtual interface for management purpose. Despite of the fact that the proper loopback address that issued for ping test within system this address is used within the network, it does not talk back at itself. The International Travel NETWORK ADDRESSING SCHEME: Device Interface Number of Hosts Subnet Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address Useable Addresses Default Gateway London (HQ) Fa0/0 90/25 192.168.158.0 255.255.255.128 192.168.158.127 192.168.158.1-192.168.158.126 192.168.158.1 Fa0/1 60/26 192.168.158.128 255.255.255.192 192.168.158.191 192.168.158.129- 192.168.158.190 192.168.158.129 S0/0/1 2/30 192.168.159.96 255.255.255.252 192.168.159.99 192.168.159.97 - 192.168.159.98 192.168.159.97 S0/0/0 2/30 192.168.159.100 255.255.255.252 192.168.159.103 192.168.159.101- 192.168.159.102 192.168.159.101 Paris Fa0/0 30/27 192.168.159.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.159.95 192.168.159.65 - 192.168.159.94 192.168.159.65 Fa0/1 60/26 192.168.158.192 255.255.255.192 192.168.158.255 192.168.158.193- 192.168.158.254 192.168.158.193 S0/0/0 2/30 192.168.159.100 255.255.255.252 192.168.159.103 192.168.159.101- 192.168.159.102 192.168.159.102 S0/0/1 2/30 192.168.159.104 255.255.255.252 192.168.159.106 192.168.159.105- 192.168.159.106 192.168.159.105 Rome Fa0/0 128/24 192.168.157.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.157.127 192.168.157.1 - 192.168.157.126 192.168.157.1 Fa0/1 60/26 192.168.159.0 255.255.255.192 192.168.159.63 192.168.159.1 - 192.168.159.62 192.168.159.1 S0/0/0 2/30 192.168.159.104 255.255.255.252 192.168.159.9106 192.168.159.105- 192.168.159.106 192.168.159.106 S0/0/1 2/30 192.168.159.96 255.255.255.252 192.168.159.99 192.168.159.97 - 192.168.159.98 192.168.159.98 ASSIGNED ADDRESS TO EACH HOST PC: Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Wild Card Mask London (HQ) Fa0/0 192.168.158.1 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 Fa0/1 192.168.158.129 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 S0/0/1 192.168.159.97 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 S0/0/0 192.168.159.101 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 Lo0 189.54.69.254 255.255.255.252 Paris Fa0/0 192.168.159.65 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31 Fa0/1 192.168.158.193 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 S0/0/0 192.168.159.102 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 S0/0/1 192.168.159.105 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 Rome Fa0/0 192.168.157.1 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 Fa0/1 192.168.159.1 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 S0/0/0 192.168.159.106 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 S0/0/1 192.168.159.98 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 PC1 ETHERNET 192.168.159.126 255.255.255.128 PC2 ETHERNET 192.168.158.190 255.255.255.192 PC3 ETHERNET 192.168.159.94 255.255.255.224 PC4 ETHERNET 192.168.158.254 255.255.255.192 PC5 ETHERNET 192.168.159.62 255.255.255.192 PC6 ETHERNET 192.168.157.126 255.255.255.0   ROUTER CONFIGURATION Router Configuration for all the three routers is as follows DYNAMIC ROUTING IP Addressing for London HQ LondonHQ> LondonHQ>en LondonHQ#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. LondonHQ(config)#interface f0/0 LondonHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.158.1 255.255.255.128 LondonHQ(config-if)#no shut LondonHQ(config)#interface f0/1 LondonHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.158.129 255.255.255.192 LondonHQ(config-if)#no shut LondonHQ(config)#interface s0/0/1 LondonHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.97 255.255.255.252 LondonHQ(config-if)#bandwidth 2048 LondonHQ(config-if)#no shut LondonHQ(config)#interface s0/0/0 LondonHQ(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.101 255.255.255.252 LondonHQ(config-if)#bandwidth 2048 LondonHQ(config-if)#no shut OSPF Configuration for London HQ LondonHQ(config)#router ospf 1 LondonHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.158.1 0.0.0.127 a 0 LondonHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.158.129 0.0.0.63 a 0 LondonHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.159.97 0.0.0.3 a 0 LondonHQ(config-router)#network 192.168.159.101 0.0.0.3 a 0 Configuration for OSPF Authentication at London HQ LondonHQ (config)#interface f0/0 LondonHQ (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest LondonHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco LondonHQ (config)#interface f0/1 LondonHQ (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest LondonHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco LondonHQ(config)#interface s0/0/0 LondonHQ(config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest LondonHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco LondonHQ(config)#interface s0/0/1 LondonHQ(config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest LondonHQ(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco IP Addressing for Paris Paris#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Paris(config)#interface f0/0 Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.65 255.255.255.224 Paris(config-if)#no shut Paris(config)#interface f0/1 Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.158.193 255.255.255.192 Paris(config-if)#no shut Paris(config)#interface s0/0/0 Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.102 255.255.255.252 Paris(config-if)#bandwidth 2048 Paris(config-if)#nos shut Paris(config)#interface s0/0/1 Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.105 255.255.255.252 Paris(config-if)#bandwidth 256 Paris(config-if)#no shut OSPF Configuration for Paris Paris(config)#router ospf 1 Paris(config-router)#network 192.168.159.65 0.0.0.31 a 0 Paris(config-router)#network 192.168.158.193 0.0.0.63 a 0 Paris(config-router)#network 192.168.159.105 0.0.0.3 a 0 Paris(config-router)#network 192.168.159.97 0.0.0.3 a 0 Configuration for OSPF Authentication at Paris Paris (config)#interface f0/0 Paris (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Paris (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco Paris (config)#interface f0/1 Paris (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Paris (config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco Paris(config)#interface s0/0/0 Paris(config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Parisconfig-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco Paris(config)#interface s0/0/1 Paris(config)#ip ospf cost 200 Paris(config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Parisconfig-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco IP Addressing for Rome Rome(config)#interface f0/0 Rome(config-if)#ip address 192.168.157.1 255.255.255.0 Rome(config-if)#no shut Rome(config)#interface f0/1 Rome(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.1 255.255.255.192 Rome(config-if)#no shut Rome(config)#interface s0/0/0 Rome(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.106 255.255.255.252 Rome(config-if)#bandwidth 256 Rome(config-if)#no shut Rome(config)#interface s0/0/1 Rome(config-if)#ip address 192.168.159.98 255.255.255.252 Rome(config-if)#bandwidth 2048 Rome(config-if)#no shut OSPF Configuration for Rome Rome(config)#router ospf 1 Rome(config-router)#network 192.168.157.1 0.0.0.0 a 0 Rome(config-router)#network 192.168.159.1 0.0.0.0 a 0 Rome(config-router)#network 192.168.159.102 0.0.0.0 a 0 Rome(config-router)#network 192.168.159.106 0.0.0.0 a 0 Configuration for OSPF Authentication at Rome Rome (config)#interface f0/0 Rome (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Rome(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco Rome (config)#interface f0/1 Rome (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Rome(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco Rome (config)#interface s0/0/0 Rome (config-if)# ip ospf cost 200 Rome (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Rome(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco Rome (config)#interface s0/0/1 Rome (config-if)# ip ospf authentication message-digest Rome(config-if)# ip ospf message-digest-key 2 md5 cisco NEIGHBOUR TABLE LondonHQ Paris Rome STATIC ROUTING Configuration of LoopBack0 at London HQ LondonHQ(config)#interface lo0 LondonHQ(config-if)#ip address 189.54.69.254 255.255.255.252 LondonHQ(config-if)#no shut LondonHQ(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback0 LondonHQ(config)#router ospf 1 LondonHQ(config-router)#redistribute static subnet LondonHQ(config-router)#end TESTING PLAN Following testing plan is used to check the network configuration and demonstrate the results in the form of screenshots. CONNECTIVITY TEST TESTING CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN ROUTERS Test No. Description Source Destination Excepted Result Demonstration Results 01 Ping test Paris Router HQ 192.168.159.65 Successful Ping See Fig.1 below Successful 02 Ping test Rome Router HQ 192.168.159.98 Successful Ping See Fig.2 below Successful 03 Ping test Rome Router Paris 192.168.159.65 Successful Ping See Fig.3 below Successful TESTING RESULTS Fig. 1 Router connectivity test from London HQ to Paris router Fig.2 Router connectivity test from Rome to London HQ router Fig.3 Fig.2 Router connectivity test from Paris to London HQ router TESTING CONNECTIVITY HOST TO HOST Test No. Description Source Destination Excepted Result Demonstration Results 01 Ping test PC2 PC1 192.168.158.190 Successful Ping See Fig.4 below Successful 02 Ping test PC3 PC1 192.168.159.94 Successful Ping See Fig.5 below Successful 03 Ping test PC4 PC1 192.168.158.254 Successful Ping See Fig.6 below Successful 04 Ping test PC5 PC1 192.168.159.62 Successful Ping See Fig.7 below Successful 05 Ping test PC6 PC1 192.168.157.126 Successful Ping See Fig.8 below Successful 06 Ping test PC3 PC2 192.168.159.94 Successful Ping See Fig.9 below Successful 07 Ping test PC4 PC2 192.168.158.254 Successful Ping See Fig.10 below Successful 08 Ping test PC5 PC2 192.168.159.62 Successful Ping See Fig.11 below Successful 09 Ping test PC6 PC2 192.168.157.126 Successful Ping See Fig.12 below Successful 10 Ping test PC4 PC3 192.168.158.254 Successful Ping See Fig.13 below Successful 11 Ping test PC5 PC3 192.168.159.62 Successful Ping See Fig.14 below Successful 12 Ping test PC6 PC3 192.168.157.126 Successful Ping See Fig.15 below Successful 13 Ping test PC5 PC4 192.168.159.62 Successful Ping See Fig.16 below Successful 14 Ping test PC6 PC4 192.168.157.126 Successful Ping See Fig.17 below Successful 15 Ping test PC6 PC5 192.168.157.126 Successful Ping See Fig.18 below Successful 16 Ping test Lo0 PC6 189.54.69.254 Successful Ping See Fig.19 below Successful Fig.4 Ping test from PC1 to PC2 Fig.5 Ping test from PC1 to PC3 Fig.6 Ping test from PC1 to PC4 Fig.7 Ping test from PC1 to PC5 Fig.8 Ping test from PC1 to PC6 Fig.9 Ping test from PC2 to PC3 Fig.10 Ping test from PC2 to PC4 Fig.11 Ping test from PC2 to PC5 Fig.12 Ping test from PC2 to PC6 Fig.13 Ping test from PC3 to PC4 Fig.14 Ping test from PC3 to PC5 Fig.15 Ping test from PC3 to PC6 Fig.16 Ping test from PC4 to PC5 Fig.17 Ping test from PC4 to PC6 Fig.18 Ping test from PC5 to PC6 Fig.19 Ping test from PC6 to Loopback0 ROUTING PATH SELECTION Test No. Description Outcome Should be Demonstration Results 01 Path selection from Paris to Rome Paris -> HQ -> Rome See Fig.20 below Successful 02 Path selection from Paris to Rome when one primary link is down Paris -> Rome See Fig.21 below Successful Fig. 20 Traceroute from Paris to Rome Fig.21 Traceroute from Paris to Rome after one link at HQ is down TESTING OSPF-AUTHENTICATION Test No. Description Source Assumptions Outcome Should be Demonstration Results 01 OSPF Authentication testing HQ i)When Authentication is enabled. ii)When Authentication is disabled on any one interface Routing table with all neighbours See Fig.22 below Successful 02 Neighbours joining from disabled interface should not be in the list See Fig. 23 Below Successful IP OSPF authentication is enabled on all the interfaces for building neighbour-ship. Fig.22 Showing neighbours when authentication is working on all the interfaces. Fig.23 Shows neighbour table after disabling OSPF authentication is disabled on s0/0/0 of HQ. CONCLUSION Given scenario for an International Travel Agency is designed, implemented and tested above. Connection of HQ with remote branches is established and verified. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is configured. It is open source, link-state, scalable dynamic routing protocol. It is also verified that in case failure of a primary link, secondary link shall continue the transmission through it, this configuration is done without any load balancing method. Security of the routing updates is also tested and verified. Both dynamic and static routing configurations are done. Read More