Comparison between Parse Theory and Watson Theory - Essay Example

Running Head: Comparison Between Parse Theory & Watson Theory Parse Theory & Watson Theory By ________________________________________ Parse Theory "The practice methodology emerges directly from the ontology, and with the human becoming theory, structuring meaning multidimensionally, co-creating rhythmical patterns, and cotranscending with possibles lead to the practice processes of illuminating meaning through explicating, synchronizing rhythms through dwelling with, and mobilizing transcendence through moving beyond"(McKenna, 104: 1997). The theory suggested by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, also known as Parse's Theory of human becoming gives an alternative to the conventional bio-medical approach and the bio-psycho-social-spiritual approach at the same time, it is one of many other nursing theories. The human becoming theory gives a clear view of a person's will to achieve goal through the nursing practice. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse had initially published the theory in 1981 as the "Man-living-health" theory, but later in 1992, the name was officially changed to "the human becoming theory" to eradicate the term "man" from the theory, after the alteration in the dictionary definition of the word from its previous meaning of "humankind". The human becoming theory was presented as a human science nursing theory in the practice of Heidegger, Dilthey, Merleau-Ponty, Gadamer and Sartre. Many of the European philosophers such as Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, along with works by the pioneer American nurse theorist, Martha Rogers, synthesized the assumptions supporting the theory. The theory itself is structured around three unshakable matters or themes, those are meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence. The first theme, which is meaning, has been mentioned in the first principle of the theory, which states "Structuring meaning multidimensionally is cocreating reality through the languaging of valuing and imaging". The principle means that people take interest in creating what is real for them through self-expression in living their values in a predetermined way. For instance a person who has to be an actor acts at many occasions, this happens because the actor's only concern is with acting and in order to make people realize about his ability, the actor keeps on acting at most of the public places. This means that there is a hope in that person's life, which makes him to act. The second theme is rhythmicity, which has been expressed in the second principle of the theory, which states, "Co-creating rhythmical patterns of relating is living the paradoxical unity of revealing-concealing and enabling-limiting while connecting-separating". This principle means that the unity of life includes noticeable opposites in regular patterns of relating. It means that in living life continuously and in small parts one shows and does not show self as opportunities and boundaries appear in moving with and apart from others. For instance, at times we look for opportunities in life and give sacrifices to avail it, at times according to the situation we lie to others about few matters and hide our things that if known to others can make us ashamed, although every lie is unintentional but we have to lie as not doing so can cause many other problems, it is not something we are in favor of doing always, yet we get bounded to do so. The third theme is transcendence, which is discussed in the third principle of the theory, which states "Cotranscending with the possibles is powering unique ways of originating in the process of transforming". This principle means that moving away from the present moment is like making a unique personal path for oneself, which creates a lot of confusion and also keeps on changing. A good example in everyday life is that all of us keep on dreaming about various things, even when it comes to take decision of our lives, we keep on changing them time after time as we do not keep in mind one goal. The point to be made is that, we all should keep on living life as it has come to us, all the decisions are taken by the God, if something would be written in our fates than we would be getting them, although we should all work for achieving it other than just planning, as somebody has said, "If you wanted something that you do not have right now then it means that you haven't tried for it". "Nurses who practice guided by the human becoming theory live the processes of the Parse practice methodology - illuminating meaning, synchronizing rhythms, and mobilizing transcendence. Research guided by the human becoming theory sheds light on the meaning of universal humanly lived experiences such as hope, taking life day-by-day, grieving, suffering, and time passing"(Cody). Watson Theory Jean Watson developed the theory, it is also known as Watson's Theory of human caring, it was developed between the years of 1975 and 1979. Watson developed the theory from her own experiences in nursing and practices of human caring which are related to the inner healing of an experiencing person. Watson has stated that there are unique caring-healing arts and a structure called "carative factors" which work together with the conventional medicine, but are very different in contrast to "curative factors". "At the same time, this emerging philosophy and theory of human caring sought to balance the cure orientation of medicine, giving nursing its unique disciplinary, scientific, and professional standing with itself and its public"(Watson). According to Watson, the ten Carative factors with examples are as follows. * "Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values: Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within context of caring consciousness". It is general thing in most of people's lives, they all tend to live it with love. * "Instillation of faith-hope: Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one being cared for". It is again showing that we accept reality and keep our hopes alive that some positive change would occur. * "Cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and to others: Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self". It is indicating that we all look for the continuous development in ourselves that can also change us in a positive manner, making us different than other. * "Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship: Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship". We all look for good relationships with other, no matter that if something goes wrong then mostly its unintentional. * "Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings: Being present to, and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for". What ever we do is in relation to our soul, we have a direct communication with it. * "Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process: creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices". We go for a complete treatment process whenever feel to be cared of, perhaps in illness. * "Promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning: Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning attempting to stay within other's frame of reference". We all keep on playing some role and it keeps us in contact with others somehow. * "Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment: Creating healing environment at all levels, physical as well as non-physical, subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated". All we want to be cared for is possible through better environment where comfort, beauty are favorable possibilities. * "Assistance with gratification of human needs: assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering human care essentials, which potentiate alignment of mind, body and spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care". It means that when ever we take care of someone than we first take care of the basics such as food, water and medicine, then we move forward. * "Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces: opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, and existential dimensions of one's own life-death; soul care for self and the one-being-care-for". We all should accept the reality about our death and we should live our lives well so that when we leave the world we do not have any regrets. Conclusion The Parse and Watson Theories are both having less similarities and even bigger visible differences. The similarities between them are just limited, such as both Watson and Parse are asking about having hope in life, however it is quite much hidden stated in Watson's Theory but clearly stated in the Parse's Theory. A good common characteristic between the two of these theories are that both of them are related to the life of human beings but keeping other things in mind both of these theories have even greater dissimilarities, the theory suggested by Parse is much related to the future of individuals, such as future in terms of their hope, their opportunities and their goals, while Watson's theory is covering one point through so many points which are all discussing the well being of patient with care, perhaps through safe environment and many other things related to the patient's curing. Both of these theories have however many common characteristics if both are implemented on individuals, also the more deeply and penetratingly we would discuss them, the more common characteristics would be found in them. Parse's Theory can be related to the Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment, while Watson's Theory can be related to many of them such as Peplau's Interpersonal Relations model and Leininger's Transcultural Nursing Model. Bibliography McKenna H, "Nursing Theories and Models", London, Routledge: 1997. Cody W.K, "Parse's Theory Of Human Becoming". . Watson, "Theory Evolution". . Read More