Age Factor in the Chronic Sickle Cell - Essay Example

 Age Factor in the Chronic Sickle Cell Abstract In recent times researchers have become extremely concerned about a subject that has attracted little attention over the years. The interest of this study is to seek to establish the relationship that connects all aspects rheumatic fever and sickle cell. The reasons are obvious, in view of the fact that sharing similarities in genetic make up, the twin diseases may have a pathological line of symmetry. The study proceeds to ask the reverberating question of how these questions tend to have a significant bearing on age, knowing that existent work on the subject is still at its lowliest level and at best does not tentatively highlight all the contending issues. The thrust of this study is therefore seeking among other things to engender massive interest in this apparently hitherto unexplored area. Relating the Age Factor with Sickle Cell and Rheumatic Fever The proposal for this research begins with a thorough review of research on sickle with particular reference to its relationship with rheumatic fever. A quick skim through the most authoritative works conducted on the subject has produced a series of disconnected mixed conclusions. In many ways the main thrust of all the literature thus reviewed thus shows the interconnectivity of these twin diseases as physical disabling ailments (Todd, 1996, Brees & Bellows, 1953, Platt et la 1994). Research has identified though at a very primitive level that mortality arising from the complications of both sickle cell and rheumatic fever have a sensitive demographic outline (Todd 1996, Siegel et la 1961, Carpetis & Currie 2001, Aldrich & Nagel 1998). Taking cognizance of the findings generated from the empirical studies and the analysis thereof in the series of reviews, there is an increasing rising evident base to prove a significant relationship between an individual’s genetic make up and measures of well-being. An apparently unresolved complication resulting from the lack of concluding tentative description of how these are interconnected beyond the primary level. A significant chunk of the known studies conducted in the last three decades have been heavily tilted toward the mainly superficial component at the huge detriment of the quantitative ingredient that establishes the correlational dimension that has been expressed in the physical observations made. Method Participants The study was supported by a total of 1000 stream of respondents whose consent was sought in accordance with the provisions enshrined in the ETSU HIPPA before engaging them in the exercise. Participants were mainly drawn from the Iowa area, putting into consideration the need to achieve uniformity and harmony along some vital sociodemographic indicators that will be discussed in the appendix section. The research participants described with respect to their gender included, 420 females and 580. The mean age for the male participants was 34.0 years (SD = 8.8), and the mean age for the women was 37.3 years (SD = 8.2). Participants were carefully selected from among all the major races represented in the United States. Spanning a period of 2 years the respondents included adults and minors, whose parent assistance complemented the process of drawing out the relevant information from the participant. Participants presented a profile of their disease chronic status within the period under consideration. Procedure The survey was randomly administered to the participants with gender specification serving as the main deciding factor. Within this period, the study sought the consent of all the patients with either a chronic form of sickle cell or rheumatic factor. To enhance the veracity of the responses received the study conducted background checks of all the participating patients from their physicians. In a few isolated instances the study went further to extend the date sampling to include inpatient chronic individuals in some cases the patient was giving the luxury of giving out extra information if he or she believed that it does significantly have a peculiar role in the entire process. We randomly assigned participants by gender- and age-matched pairs to prayer and no-prayer groups. Participants had no knowledge that a study on intercessory prayer was being conducted, but they were aware of ongoing monitoring of their phone interactions with customers. Administrators at the customer service call center granted permission to use these data for the study. In collaboration with the leading pharmacists within the research scope information regarding to drug usage by the patients were also analyzed to give meaning to the central theme of the research paper. The patients provided a historical background into their chronic conditions. The survey further probes into the patient’s family sickle cell history, which means a look into the genetic structure in the family stream. It proceeds to seek to establish how either sickle cell could be a trigger for rheumatic fever in the absolute form as patients advance in age. In a classical case, the relationship was strikingly limited in the pediatric trend among some races. Discussion Essentially a superficial assessment of this study creates a misleading that sickle cell and rheumatic fever can clearly demonstrate a similarity in the pathological structure of the diseases whilst maintaining their distinguishing independent variables. A major finding centrally premised in this study is the contributory role played collectively by rheumatic fever and sickle cell in facilitating a higher disabling and mortality rate among the patients among young people. In considering the results of this investigative study, several issues remain unchallenged. First, it is established that rheumatic fever alone may potentially affect many measures. In practical terms a complete list of these measures is in principle beyond the scope of this study, it is against this background that very imperative for researchers to engage in an ongoing exercise that will lead to the establishment of the dependent measures that are inherently driving these factors. In addition, there is an recognized need to report findings of statistical nonsignificance, particularly in the light of research moving into a relatively higher levels. Denise et la (1997), in a conventional style offers an admonishment against the tendency of allowing a lethal tilt arising from a deliberate structure of selective reporting of only statistically significant effects. The findings of a statistical nonsignificance carried out in such a fashion become guilty of an inability to the draw the line between rival hypothesizes as they emerge. Finally, the effect size that is being examined is relatively huge, notwithstanding this, there may be several factors that determine whether a statistically significant effect is pragmatic in both the general and the specific situation. Schlitz (1997) observed that the need of participants seems to increase effect size. Contingent with this, it is envisaged that direction of future research in this area would look at additional variables such as the social structure that defines the environment of patients besides the usual age, gender, and ethnicity. As future research is beaming toward a framework that will describe the complex ways in which age phenomenon rheumatic fever we would expect more work that will address the subtle yet significant relationship that runs across these elements. Works Cited Todd J.(1996). Rheumatic fever. In: Nelson WE, Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:754-760 Breese B.B, Bellows M.T, & Fischel, S.D (1953). Prevention of rheumatic fever. Circulation 1953; 7:316-319 Markowitz M, & Gerber M.A (1993). Kaplan EL Treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: reports of penicillin's demise are premature. J Pediatr 1993; 123:679-685 Siegel A.C, Johnson E.E, & Stollerman G.H (1961).Controlled studies of streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. 1. Factors related to the attack rate of rheumatic fever. N Engl J Med 1961; 265:559-566 Denise L. J., Gange, J. S, Noel, R. R. & Neil M. H. G. (1997). Epidemiology and Estimated Population Burden of Selected Autoimmune Diseases in the United States Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 84, (3), 221-234 Lan, A. J. & Colford, J.M. (2000). The Impact of Dosing Frequency on the Efficacy of 10-Day Penicillin or Amoxicillin Therapy for Streptococcal Tonsillopharyngitis: A Meta-analysis, PEDIATRICS, 105 (2). Carapetis, J.L & Currie, B.J. (2001). Rheumatic fever in a high incidence population: the importance of monoarthritis and low grade fever. Arch Dis Child , 1(85). Platt OS, Brambilla DJ, Rosse WF, et al (1994). "Mortality in sickle cell disease. Life expectancy and risk factors for early death". N. Engl. J. Med. 330 (23): 1639–44. PMID 7993409.    Wong W, Powars D, Chan L, Hiti A, Johnson C, Overturf G (1992). "Polysaccharide encapsulated bacterial infection in sickle cell anaemia: a thirty year epidemiologic experience". Am J Hematol 39 (3): 176–82. doi:10.1002/ajh.2830390305. PMID 1546714.      Powars DR, Elliott-Mills DD, Chan L, et al (1991). "Chronic renal failure in sickle cell disease: risk factors, clinical course, and mortality". Ann. Intern. Med. 115 (8): 614–20. PMID 1892333.     Aldrich, T.K, & Nagel, R.L. (1998). "Pulmonary Complications of Sickle Cell Disease.", in Bone RC et al., editors: Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 6th edition, St. Louis: Mosby, pp.1-10. ISBN 0-81511-371-4.  .    Savitt TL, Goldberg MF (1989). "Herrick's 1910 case report of sickle cell anemia. The rest of the story". JAMA 261 (2): 266–71.  Konotey-Ahulu FID. Effect of environment on sickle cell disease in West Africa: epidemiologic and clinical considerations. In: Sickle Cell Disease, Diagnosis, Management, Education and Research. Abramson H, Bertles JF, Wethers DL, eds. CV Mosby Co, St. Louis. 1973; 20; cited in Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). "Sickle Cell Disease: History And Origin". The Internet Journal of Haematology 1 (2). ISSN 1540-2649.  Desai, D. V.; Hiren Dhanani (2004). "Sickle Cell Disease: History And Origin". The Internet Journal of Haematology 1 (2). ISSN 1540-2649.  Chestnut, D. (1994). Perceptions of ethnic and cultural factors in the delivery of services in the treatment of sickle cell disease. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 5(3/4), 236. Read More