The Mobile Communication Principles and Cellular System - Research Proposal Example

The emergence of modern and up-to-date technology has entirely changed the overall structure of the world. The appearance of mobile technology has provided a great communication facility to the people. At the present, billions of people around the world are using cellular phones. This new cellular telephony has offered a great gadgets technology that facilitates us to communicate and talk to anyone on the planet from anywhere. In addition, nowadays cell phones offer an unbelievable array of facilities and functions, in addition to latest cellular telephony technology are being added at a breakneck speed. However, the question “how cell phone works” emerges in the minds of people (Brain, Tyson and Layton). The main intention of this research is to discuss and provide a detailed analysis of the new cellular telephony technology, mobile communication principles, cellular system architectures, and cellular system components that participate in establishing cellular mobile communications. 1. Cellular Mobile Communications Technology Brain, Tyson, & Layton (2009) stated that it is a really interesting fact that cellular mobile communication technology is an advanced form of radio. In other words, it can be said that new mobile phones are very complicated radio; however it is not a radio. In addition, Alexander Graham Bell invented the present telephone system in 1876, and Nikolai Tesla invented the wireless communication technology and radio in 1880s. However, it was simply natural that telephone and wireless communication technology have been combined to presently offer us a great technology and communication advantage (Brain, Tyson and Layton; Hagn and Markwitz; Turban, Leidner and McLean). The fundamentals of mobile and cellular technology employ the traditional radio spectrum using the mobile system operators for offering the mobile services. However, the mobile technology spectrum is normally recognized as a scarce resource.  In addition, it has conventionally been shared by different industries, such as mobile communications, broadcasting and the military. In 1993, at the World Radio Conference (WRC), the radio spectrum sharing intended for 2G mobile were decided based upon on expected expansion at the time.  In addition, at the World Radio Conference 2000, the declarations was passed regarding the enhancement in the spectrum and capacity to be employed for 3G, by permitting the utilization of present 2G radio spectrum blocks intended for 3G mobile technologies as well as offering and allocating 3G spectrum to an higher limit of 3GHz (ITU; Gupta and Montenegro; Ray; Malladi and Agrawal).    In a mobile cellular network, mobile/cells are normally planned in set/groups of 7 to form or build a cluster.  There is a base station or cell site at the center of every mobile/cell that facilitates the receiver/transmitter switching and antennae equipment. However, the size of a mobile/cell relies on the density of cellular mobile communications subscribers in a specific region. For example, in thickly populated region, the capability of the mobile network can be enhanced through minimizing the dimension of a cell or through adding up additional overlapping cells. In addition, this augments the amount of channels obtainable without raising the real amount of frequencies being employed. Furthermore, every mobile base stations of every cell are linked to a central point, which is acknowledged as mobile switching office (MSO), as well as through microwave or fixed lines (Brain, Tyson and Layton; Taylor, Waung and Banan; Raju). According to Farley (2009), the MSO is usually connected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Though, the cellular technology permits the hand-off of mobile technology subscribers from one mobile to another like they move around. And this is the fundamental characteristic that permits the mobility to clients. In addition, a computer continually follows mobile users/subscribers of units inside a cell, as well as when a client arrives at the edge of a call, the computer involuntarily hands-off the mobile thus, the call is allocated to a new channel in a dissimilar cell (Farley).                         Figure 1- Cellular Mobile Communications Technology structure—{Source http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/imt-2000/technology.html] 2. Mobile communication principle This section outlines the discussion about the basic principles behind the mobile communication. Scholz (2009) stated that every mobile makes use of a particular and separate, short-term radio pattern/channel to converse to the cell site. The cell-site (CS) talks to a lot of mobiles at the same time, by means of single channel for each mobile. However, a channel employs a couple of frequencies intended for communication. In this pair of frequencies, one frequency is intended for the forward link means for sending/broadcasting to the cell site and second frequency is used for the reverse link, intended for the cell site to obtain calls from the people. In addition, the radio signal energy turns out to be lower as they travel, thus, the mobile needs to stay near the communication base station to keep continue constant communications. Furthermore, the primary architecture of mobile networks encompasses radio and telephone systems services. Here mobile radio service functions in a closed network as well as has no right of entry to the telephone system. Furthermore, the mobile telephone service permits mutual linking to the telephone network (Scholz; Johnson; Turban, Leidner and McLean). 3. Cellular System Architecture According to Taylor, Waung, & Banan (1996), the cellular system architecture is based on the requirements of users and fundamental areas of implementation offered by the mobile service providers. However, the ever increasing requirements and demands of mobile services have directed the mobile service providers to offer modern and up-to-date services and facilities to their users. Thus, in this scenario mobile service providers have established a lot of ways regarding the enhancement of the mobile quality of services. In addition, the mobile service providers have devised effective and innovative techniques to support and facilitate their users in case of augmenting demands for the mobile services. However, the main reason behind the cellular system architecture definition is the limited extent and amount of frequency spectrum obtainable for mobile. In this scenario mobile service providers offer and divide the modern cellular telephony into urban and rural areas based on the specific provisioning strategy. However, the development and implementation of these cellular network parameters, like that cell sizes, amount and cell-splitting are carried out by mobile technology engineers who are skilled in cellular system architecture. Furthermore, the cellular system architecture is basically designed to offer provisioning intended for every communication region that is designed for wireless, mobile and telephone engineering plan. And also the cellular system architecture includes the cells, frequency reuse, clusters and handovers (Taylor, Waung and Banan). Figure 2- Cellular System Architecture --Source[http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/cell_comm/topic03.asp] 3.1. Cells A cell is the fundamental geographic division that is defined by cellular system architecture in a cellular system. The cellular term appears as the honeycomb form of the regions into which a mobile exposure area is split. In addition, the base stations are also acknowledged as cells those transmit above small geographic regions that are symbolized like a hexagons. Furthermore, every cell dimensions differ from one another, and are according to the landscape of region (International Engineering Consortium). 3.2. Clusters In cellular system architecture a cluster is a set or collection of cells. In addition, no channels are used again inside a cluster (International Engineering Consortium). Figure 3. A seven cell Cluster [Image Source: (International Engineering Consortium)] 3.3. Frequency Reuse In cellular system architecture there are fewer numbers of radio channel frequencies available for mobile service providers. In this scenario mobile systems engineers had to discover means to recycle radio channels for achieving extra talk time at a same time. However, the solution to this problem was frequency reuse or frequency planning. The concept of frequency reuse was applied to the reformation of the mobile telephone system architecture into the cellular arrangement. In this arrangement frequency reuse is based on the set of radio channels or cells employed inside a small geographic region. In addition, the cells are allocated a set of channels that is totally dissimilar from adjacent cells. The exposure regions of cells are identified as the footprint. In addition, this footprint is restricted through a limit therefore the similar groups of channels could be employed in diverse cells those have enough distance from each other consequently their mobile frequencies do not hinder with each other (Taylor, Waung and Banan; International Engineering Consortium). 3.4. Cell Splitting According to Calhoun (1998), the economic deliberations made the concept of producing full systems by means of a lot of small areas not practical. However, to surmount this complexity, system operators produced the scheme of cell splitting. Thus, in a region where service area is filled with mobile users, in that region this technique is employed to split a single area into minor ones. In addition, by using this technique urban centres are divided into a lot of regions. In this way the divisions offer satisfactory service levels in areas of the extensive mobile traffic. As result the less expensive cells could be employed to cover remote rural areas (Calhoun; International Engineering Consortium). 4. Cellular System Components This section discusses the different cellular system components. The cellular system presents mobile as well as portable telephone stations at the similar service offered at fixed stations over usual wired loops. In addition, it has the capability to facilitate the tens of thousands of users at an urban region. Furthermore, there are four components of a cellular communications system those operate mutually to offer mobile service to mobile technology users (Taylor, Waung and Banan; International Engineering Consortium): 4.1. Public Switched Telephone Network The public switched telephone network consists of exchange area networks, local network, as well as the long-haul network those are linked together for communication and telephones devices on a global basis (International Engineering Consortium; Taylor, Waung and Banan). 4.2. Mobile Telephone Switching Office The mobile telephone switching office is the fundamental office for mobile user and operations switching. It facilitates the mobile switching through the mobile switching centre or MSC. In addition, the mobile telephone switching manages calls, following billing information, as well as position cellular subscribers (International Engineering Consortium; Taylor, Waung and Banan). 4.3. The Cell Site The physical location of radio systems and equipments that offer coverage inside a cell is acknowledged as a cell site. In addition, a cell site is consists of a list of hardware that could be interface equipment, power sources, receivers, radio frequency transmitters and antenna structures (Calhoun; International Engineering Consortium). 4.4. Mobile subscriber Units In cellular system components the mobile subscriber units consist of transceiver and control unit for receiving and transmitting radio signals to or from the cell site (International Engineering Consortium; Taylor, Waung and Banan). 4.5. Conclusion The cellular telephony mobile systems are emerged as a very useful technology and because they spread over the world with the extensive speed. In addition, at the present, this technology is available in all the areas of world. Furthermore, with the passage of time, transformations and enhancements are going on in this technology to offer us better communication and operational services. This paper has presented a detailed analysis of the mobile communications and cellular system technology overview. This research has presented a detailed analysis of the mobile communication principles, cellular system architectures, and cellular system components that participate in establishing cellular mobile communications. I hope this research will offer an insight over the mobile and communication technology. 5. Bibliography Brain, Marshall, Jeff Tyson and Julia Layton. “How Cell Phones Work.” 2008. About.com. 10 February 2010 . Calhoun, G. “Introduction to Cellular Systems.” 1998. LeapForum.com. 10 February 2010 . Farley, Tom. “Basic wireless principles.” 2009. About.com. 10 February 2010 . 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