Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest - Annotated Bibliography Example

Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Nolan, J.P. Morley, P.T. Hoek, T. L. V. (2003). Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest: An Advisory Statement by the Advanced Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation, July 8. Retrieved from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/108/1/118.full Patients who have cardiac arrest may develop neurological problems because of the lack of oxygen supply to the brain. In such situations, it is important to reduce the person’s risk of developing neurological problems. This is often possible only by reducing the person’s core temperature to 32–34°C by using a cooling device after resuscitation; and this normally termed as therapeutic hypothermia or protective hypothermia. The study by Nolan et al (2003) reflects how therapeutic hypothermia has been helpful since 1950s in preventing global ischemia during open-heart surgeries. The paper has performed a detailed study of the recently published results of some randomized trials which “compared mild hypothermia with normothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest” (Nolan et al, 2003). According to their findings, both Australian hypothermia group and European hypothermia group (the subjects for the research) had favorable neurological outcomes. 2.Deckard, M. E & Ebright, P. R. (2011). Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: What, why, who, and how. American Nurse Today, 6 (7): 23-28. The authors point out the alarming statistics of death caused by cardiac arrest in the United States every year. The paper also identifies cardiac arrest as a potential cause for neurologic injury. By stating the intensity of the issue, the article highlights the significance of therapeutic hypothermia in improving the above said statistics. The article clearly describes what therapeutic hypothermia is and the situation when it is induced using invasive means. Further parts of the article discuss how cardiac arrest can cause neurologic deficits and what ways therapeutic hypothermia helps to overcome the risk. The article is really a reference guide for a person who learns various phases of the therapeutic hypothermia. 3. McKean, S. (2009). Induced Moderate Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 20 (4): 343–355. This article also explores the history and reliability of supportive research for the use of inducing mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. The study reflects that among the patients who survive an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 10 to 30% will have permanent brain damage. As the writer indicates, the study as a whole intends “to provide an overview of the pathophysiology and research that support the use of induced mild hypothermia” (McKean, 2009). In other words, the work develops a ‘protocol for induced hypothermia after cardiac arrest’. The article gives a specific focus to the nursing considerations as well. It also discusses the various effects of cerebral ischemia and induced hypothermia. The author gives extensive descriptions on hypothermia methods like ‘noninvasive induced hypothermia’ and ‘invasive induced hypothermia’. 4. Abella, B. S., Rhee, J. W., Huang, K. N., Vanden, Hoek T.L & Becker, L. B. (2005). Induced hypothermia is underused after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: a current practice survey. Resuscitation, Feb. 64(2):181-6. Abella et al (2005) also assert that the use of induced hypothermia can improve survival and neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest. Relying on this view, the writers explore the extent to which physicians are using this method to address the risk of neurologic injury associated with cardiac arrest. The authors have mainly employed internet-based surveys to identify how physicians use the treatment, under what circumstances they propose it, why or why not they use hypothermia in their care of cardiac arrest patients. Although the result constitutes multiple responses, 87% of the participants admitted that they had not ever used hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Thus the article clearly indicates the need for enhanced awareness and research regarding induced hypothermia as a treatment option. 5. Merchant, R. M., Becker, L. B., Abella, B. S, et al. (2009). Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. Merchant et al (2009) focus into the economic aspects of therapeutic hypothermia. Although as a treatment option hypothermia can improve the neurological outcomes in cardiac arrest survivors, its cost-effectiveness, according to the writers is uncertain. Very extensive strategies have been employed by the writers to capture costs and outcomes of the therapeutic hypothermia as a treatment plan. 6. Hicks SD, DeFranco DB, Callaway CW. Hypothermia during reperfusion after asphyxial cardiac arrest improves functional recovery and selectively alters stress-induced protein expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2000;20: 520–530. The experiments on rats intended to analyze “if prolonged hypothermia induced I hour after resuscitation from asphyxial cardiac arrest would improve neurologic outcome and alter levels ofstress-related proteins in rats” (Hicks, et al, 2000). The study heavily depends on the prevailing literature and evidences; and hence the findings seem reliable and authentic. 7. Bernard, S. A., Gray, T. W., Buist, M. D, et al. (2002). Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:557-563. This article points out the paucity of conclusive studies conducted in human with regard to the use of hypothermia as an effective way to improve neurologic outcome. It has been proved in animal tests that induced hypothermia initiated shortly after the reinstatement of impulsive circulation may improve neurologic outcome, and hence with intend to bridge the gap in study, the authors took up research on 77 patients who were randomly assigned to treatment with hypothermia or normothermia. The assumption was that in patients with coma after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, moderate hypothermia appears to improve outcomes. The article again leaves scope for further research in the area. 8. Holzer, M., Bernard, S. A., Hachimi-Idrissi, S. Hypothermia for neuroprotection after cardiac arrest: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Crit Care Med, 33:414-418. This was another work that intended to assess the applicability of induced hypothermia in neurologic recovery in survivors of cardiac arrest. Like many other researches, this also included several randomized and quasi-randomized trials of adults, specifically who were successfully resuscitated and given therapeutic hypothermia. The result of the study proposed that short-term neurologic recovery would be possible by applying mild therapeutic hypothermia. However, the authors admit that the long-term effectiveness of the method is uncertain and hence it requires further research.    9. Chamorrow, C., Borrallo, J. M., Romera, M. A, et al. (2010). Anesthesia and analgesia protocol during therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Anesth Analg. 110(5):1328-1335. The study by Chamorrow et al (2002) look into the applicability of giving sedative-analgesic and neuromuscular blocking during therapeutic hypothermia administration in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. The authors have reviewed a wide variety of literature on the use of hypothermia in cardiac arrest, and those addressed the protocol of sedative use. After studying the cases and reports of different countries, the authors find that there has been no uniformity in the protocols for the administration of anesthesia and analgesia during therapeutic hypothermia. The study invites researchers’ attention to the alarming inconsistency in the dose of drugs and protocol of the therapy being practiced across the globe. 10. The Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. (2002). Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med, 346(8):549-556. This was a research that particularly focused on the outcomes of induced therapeutic hypothermia administered on patients who had been resuscitated after cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. The objective of the study was to identify if mild systemic hypothermia could boost up the rate of neurologic recovery in such cases. The article evidently is an added value to the current literature on the topic, for it reinstates the significance of the use of therapeutic hypothermia in bringing favorable neurologic outcome. 11. Peberdy, M. A., Callaway, C. W., Neumar, R. W, et al. (2010). Part 9: post-cardiac arrest care: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 122(18):S768-786. The article deals with a variety of issues associated with post-cardiac arrest care. The care in this aspect constitutes everything that enhances the neurological survival such as optimizing systemic perfusion, regaining metabolic fitness, and restoring all organ system functions. The authors suggest therapeutic hypothermia as an effective intervention strategy to reduce the risk of a secondary brain injury. In addition, according to the study, therapeutic hypothermia will also improve neurological recovery. What makes the study unique is the comprehensive approach it takes toward diverse problems and multidisciplinary aspects of critical care in post-cardiac arrest cases. 12. Battin, M. R., Dezoete, J. A., Gunn, T. R., et al. (2001). Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants treated with head cooling and mild hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics.  107: 480–484. The study particularly focused on the outcome of systemic hypothermia administered on infants after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to determine the neurodevelopmental results. This is one of the notable researches performed on infants using head cooling and mild hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia. The outcome of hypothermia, according to the findings of the authors, was favorable and it raised no potential threat to the infants. However, the authors insist that Therapeutic hypothermia should be performed strictly following clinical criteria and protocol. 13. Williams, G. R, Spencer, F. C. (1958). The clinical use of hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Ann Surg. 148: 462–468. The study by Williams and Spencer asserts that hypothermia is advisable for patients with ‘evidence of central nervous system damage due to cardiac arrest’. The authors find it effective as hypothermia has been found reducing post-intracarnial operation cerebral swelling and brain injury problems. The article gives evidences from various case studies to emphasis the relevance of hypothermia in post-cardiac arrest care. The study also has considered a good volume of literature to prove that hypothermia can protect brain against anoxic injury. 14. Benson, D. W., Williams, G. R., Spencer, F. C., et al. (1959). The use of hypothermia after cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg.  38: 423–428. This study of Benson et al (1959) is one of the early pieces of literature that insists the potential of induced hypothermia to protect the brain against anoxia. The study clearly describes how hypothermia works favorably in patients with brain damage after cardiac arrest. The article quotes from several experimental reports so as to reinstate that patients with severe head injuries can be benefited from hypothermia. The study is still considered as an authentic piece of literature that gives an overview of the multifaceted benefits of theraputic induced hypothermia. 15. Hachimi-Idrissi, S., Corne, L & Huyghens, L. (2001). The effect of mild hypothermia and induced hypertension on long term survival rate and neurological outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Resuscitation.  49: 73–82. The study by Hachimi-Idrissi et al (2001) explores the scope of a combined treatment strategy that involved resuscitative mild hypothermia and induced hypertension. The randomized experiments were performed on 36 rats divided into 3 groups. Although the 3 groups gave multiple responses, altogether, the combined Resuscitative mild hypothermia and induced hypertension treatment showed better survival rate in rats after asphyxial cardiac arrest.   Read More