Medical Testing on Animals - Annotated Bibliography Example

Paper Medical Testing on Animals: An Evaluation of Sources The article was written by Hajar, R in order to highlight historical implementation of animal drug testing whereas it also appreciated fabrication of laws against the practice. According to the featured writing the questionable practice is considered as felony if the person involved did it intentionally. The document’s target audience is researchers that are currently using animals as test subjects and it is also a means of warning them about the consequences of their actions. The article’s tone is aggressive and it conveys a certain type of distaste in the direction of those who are involved in the unethical practice of testing medications on animals. The article is composed in a manner that represents behavior towards animal drug testing in developed world whereas it is silent on the topic of attitudes about the target practice in developing parts of the globe. The web-post made by Anthis, N on 10, October, 2006 stated that recent research on the topic of animal testing in medical field found that England based medical professionals are in favor of the practice as they recognize its importance in terms of making significant past developments possible. The notable number of participants of the study supported the practice while 96% of them considered the notion ethical and 65% of the respondents held the idea of safety dear. But they supported animal testing at the end. However 93% of the general practitioners who are interviewed offered a cautionary note which said that results of animal testing may mislead practitioners when working with humans. Yet in majority of the cases humans and animals have been known to experience similar symptoms when catch a same disease such as fever and therefore animal testing is recommended. The research paper written by Zurlo, Rudacille and Goldberg stated that laws governing animal rights have been passed in deverloped economies of the world such as England, Germany and Netherlands. The practitioners have been therefore suggested to keep their practices in line with the current legal system because failure to do so may result in imprisonment and cancellation of licensing as well. The developed nations are looking to develop alternative techniques for drug testing but the research in this field is currently at preliminary stages. However it promises a lot and have the tendency to change the present outlook of medical practice in the near future. The target audience of this document are professionals who are working to develop new testing techniques while the purpose of the research is to motivate and support the notion of eliminating the practice of animal testing entirely. The article in Washington Post published on April, 12, 2008 and it is written by Gaul, G stated that American people are getting more and more committed towards the concept of developing alternatives to animal testing in the field of medical research. The medical practice of dosing rats with killer drug by which, half of the sample dies while it is being used to estimate degree of damage to humans for past number of decades. But in present the groups working for animal rights have raised their voice. In reaction to the public objections government has been busy in developing and implementing new set of laws that will protect wildlife from human inflicted abuse. The step is considered as a solid measure in terms of stopping the practice and support groups have also welcomed it. The target population of the article was government policy makers and its objective was to appreciate their efforts. The article published in New York Times on Sept, 12, 2007 and it is written by Feder, B stated that artificially grown human tissue can be used for testing cosmetics while it can compensate for the differential in the results of animal and human experimentation. The target population of the article is laboratory professionals and researchers that are famous for running initial tests of skin products before their vast scale introduction in the market. The methods used for replicating human tissue are expensive and therefore researchers are suggested to work hard in order to drive their costs down so that they can become a standard practice in the world of cosmetics and fashion. Additionally the article considered development of proposed technology as a means of bringing newness in the most dynamic industry of the globe. The target population of the article is believed to be lab technicians and researchers who work for cosmetic companies. The research paper composed by Howard, C and it is published in AV Magazine’s Spring 2005 volume. The article states a personal incident in which the writer’s parent denies the possibility of alternative drug testing techniques. But the writer dares to explain the presence and application of secondary methods that can be used to test drugs. The writer highlighted the application of 3R model that can be used to develop alternatives, refine and reduce the application of existing hostile techniques. The article like many others promised about dilvering the great fruits of new testing techniques and acknowledged the fact that the novel techniques are in premature stages and therefore humans have to reside on animal testing before altrenative methods can become operational. The target population of the study is the people who oppose the presence of alternative methods for drug and cosmetics testing. The web-article with the title of “Alternatives in Testing” stated that the alternative methods for testing skin products are more effective and efficient in terms of generating realistic biomedical results. The article additionally stated and urged to deploy genetically grown human tissue as a subject for skin product testing. Nevertheless the article suggested virtual assimilation of drugs intake whereas the judgment of the results can be obtained without committing any real damage and harm. The imaging methods such as MRI and CT scan can also be used to see any subdermal or inside damage caused by the medication. The full fledge application of alternative methods is currently a far cry yet it promises a lot. References Anthis, N. "The Scientific Activist." Science Blogs. Retrieved from . on 31 Aug 2013 Feder, B. "Saving the Animals: New Ways to Test Products." New York Times 12 Sept 2007. Web Gaul, G. "In U.S., Few Alternatives To Testing On Animals." Washington Post 12 Apr 2008. Web Hajar, R. "Animal Testing and Medicine." Heart Views 12, 1 (2011). Web Howard, C. "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." AV Magazine (2005). Web www.neaves.com. 31 Retrieved from on 31 Aug 2013. Web Zurlo, J, Rudacille, D and Goldberg, D. "The Three Rs: The Way Forward." Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 8 (1996). Web Annotated Bibliography Anthis, N. "The Scientific Activist." Science Blogs. Retrieved from . on 31 Aug 2013 This article stated that the idea and practice of using drugs and medications on animals before applying them on humans is ancient and prehistoric Greek general practitioners were known to do that. In the past however ethical and moral center of humanity was weak and therefore such brutal practices were quite prevalent in the society. Nevertheless humanity has grown in terms of medical ethics by the mid-twentieth century and due to this reason researchers and practitioners started to condemn the brutal and inhumane practice of drug testing on animals and other lower level organisms. The problem of finding suitable test subjects for advancement of medical research arise and the supporters of old practices held the point that if they are not allowed to test their medical inventions and innovations on animals then they will have no choice but to use human patients as test subjects. The notion of direct testing on humans appeared more hostile and adversarial towards human existence and therefore people who were against drug testing on animals went mute in order to save their fellow human beings. Feder, B. "Saving the Animals: New Ways to Test Products." New York Times 12 Sept 2007. Web This article argued that in the initial stages of twenty first century the issue of animal rights raised its head again and this time advances in technology spread the word across the borders and because of this trend doctors who circumvented animal rights cannot hide their true faces. In response international institutions for medical research obligated their members to perfect their research and prototypes before using them on any living thing. Thus nowadays the theoretical background of medical research has to be acceptably perfect before it can be commissioned for the vast scale implementation. Gaul, G. "In U.S., Few Alternatives To Testing On Animals." Washington Post 12 Apr 2008. Web This article highlighted the fact that Cosmetics and makeup companies are on the other hand notorious for testing their new products on helpless animals and it is now considered as more dangerous and unethical in comparison with pilot testing of medical drugs. The hatred towards cosmetic companies that abuse animals in order to commercialize a new product is growing and consumers do not like to use those products that have been tested on animals before general public offering. In response to the changing consumer and customer preferences companies are mentioning environmental and wildlife friendliness on the packaging of their products. In developing nations commitment towards saving and preserving wildlife is negligible whereas in developed nations the people are highly attached to the notions of atmospheric safety and preservation of natural life. Howard, C. "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." AV Magazine (2005). Web In the view of this paper animals and humans have similar symptoms when they catch a disease and therefore drug testing on animals give a pretty good idea about the effectiveness of the cure. In modern era of twenty first century medical research facilities are permitting drug testing on animals. In addition safety and survival of subjects should be ensured and if in any case researchers fail to do so then it might result in cancellation of their licenses. The science of drug testing on animal subjects is highly regulated in present and authorities are very strict in punishing negligent professionals in this regard. Read More