Impact of Revelations of Edward Snowden on Public Image of GCHQ - Essay Example

Impact of Edward Snowden’s Revelations on the Public Image of GCHQ and the Wider Intelligence Community Introduction The issue of national security is highly discussed in the 21st century. Many stakeholders in the current generation are focusing on ways that can improve the level of security within their environment and the general territory i.e. through improved and proper surveillance. Terrorism has been identified as the most common and the most sensitive aspect of insecurity that has compelled many governments to formulate and implement proper security measures that would ensure that the well-being of their societies is not jeopardized. 1 In this regard, most nations have made efforts directed towards improving the level of their national security intelligence with an aim of ensuring that proper investigations, surveillance as well as supervision of security issues is undertaken to prevent terrorism attacks. In addition, some countries have resorted to the use of spy and other intelligence agencies that basically monitor groups that might have been suspected of terrorism activities. The issue of military strength between countries has also compelled governments and concerned stakeholders to undertake certain sensitive measures that would ensure that they monitor the military strength of rival countries and their level of security intelligence. These measures have included the use of spies and intelligence agencies that are usually sent to the rival countries to perform such missions. However, the major challenge that has been identified with regard to the use of spies emanates from the tension that occurs in the case that the rival country becomes aware of the spying activities within their military operations. In some cases, intelligence organizations have also undertaken roles geared towards ensuring that the level of security within internet is kept under proper surveillance by monitoring the activities that are performed in the internet by their respective populations. However, this has raised the question regarding the privacy of information of the population owing to the fact that national intelligence organizations are usually provided with the authority to access any activity performed in the internet and other sources of media by a specific population. Many people have complained that by accessing personal information of the activities that are performed by individuals within the internet is a violation or a sense of intruding personal privacy. A case of revelations of an employee of an intelligence agency occurred when Edward Joseph Snowden revealed the activities the United States National Intelligence Agency with regard to monitoring the activities of people within the internet and other sources of media. These revelations caused different reactions among stakeholders and raised many debates in regard to the privacy of information. This discussion will focus on the impacts of Edward Snowden’s Revelations to the public image of the Government Communication Headquarters and the entire Intelligence Community. Impact of Edward Snowden’s Revelations on the Government Communication Headquarters The revelations made by Edward Snowden, who is a former assistant employee at the Central Intelligence Agency and a Computer Specialist at the National Security Agency, have created mixed reaction among the general public and other concerned stakeholders. These revelations even compelled Snowden to go into exile to Hong Kong and later Russia where he has been hiding since revealed the contents of the security files kept by the National Security Agency. 2 Wary among Technology Firms on How to handle issues of Child Pornography The revelations that were made by Edward Snowden regarding the internet spying activities by the United States’ Government and the Government of the United Kingdom has created a major challenge, specifically with regard to the harmonious relationships between technology companies and these governments. According to Damian Green, the revelations made by Edward Snowden regarding the internet spying activities of the US government and the UK government have created a sense of wary among technology companies in regard to their co-operation with these governments in order to fight illegal images.3 Damian Green, a minister has also urged technology companies to develop effect ways that would facilitate the generation of technologies geared towards preventions and reduction of incidences of pedophilia, where under age children are usually coerced into having sexual activities with strange people over the internet. The revelations by Snowden has also compelled technology companies to device new ways of fighting criminal activities, especially those that use internet to store illegal pornographic images and other obscene pictures. This is based on the fact that Snowden’s revelations made various technology companies to wary regarding the interference of the government; thus creating the need to treat child abuse images as a different issue from other security issues. Perception of Snowden’s Act as a Criminal Offense There are certain quarters of the society that have asserted that the revelations that were made by Snowden were basically criminal acts. One of the vocal people that have raised this concern is Lord Carlile, who is a formed watchdog with regard to terrorism activities. Lord Carlile claims that the act of making public the revelations made by Snowden through the print media is a criminal offense. One of the print Medias that were accused of this offense is the Guardian Newspaper that published the information to the general Public.4 According to Carlile, the essence of printing such information was an offense owing to the fact that the information that was revealed by Snowden was stolen from the United States Security Agency. He also believes that Snowden’s actions had painted a negative picture of the United States’ Security Agency and the United Kingdom Security Agency. Moreover, the publication of the information that was revealed by Snowden according to Carlile has threatened the level of security measures that have been undertaken by the US government and the UK’s government to prevent and control acts of terrorism.5 This is due to the fact that Snowden had revealed the methods that were applied by the two governments to fight terrorism. In this regard, he believes that Snowden has placed people’s lives into greater danger. Questions over the Loyalty of Other Employees in the National Security Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency Another impact of the revelations that were made by Snowden on the Government Communication Headquarters has been associated with the increase demand of information from the general public and other stakeholders over the loyalty of other employees of the National Security Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency. The major question that has been asked by the general public and other stakeholders is, “Did Edward Snowden act alone without the assistance of other employees?” According to the information published by the New York Times online newspaper, Edward Snowden has been perceived by some people as a Saint. This is due to the fact that he sacrificed his career and his freedom to perform an ac that would lead to the exposure of the activities that were performed by the Western Intelligence Agencies to violate the privacy of other stakeholders.6 According to the information that was revealed by Edward Snowden, Western Intelligence Agencies have used various methods to violate the information privacy of other countries as well as court orders to compel some countries into cooperation with them. On the other hand, they have also undertaken actions that are geared towards bugging the dimensions of international communication. However, the most commonly asked question with regard to the revelations of this information arises from the fact that Snowden could have been assisted by some employees or even the top managerial organs of the Intelligence Agencies. Therefore, this issue has created a sense of wary among different stakeholders, questioning the level of loyalty of other employees and the level of security of information gathered by the intelligence agencies to prevent and control terrorism. Negative Public Image of the United States and United Kingdom Security Intelligence Agencies The information that was leaked by Edward Snowden regarding the manner through, which the United States’ and the United Kingdom intelligence agencies were spying on other Western Countries and the privacy of the information among the general public has raised mixed concern among stakeholders. Many people that feel that the security agencies have violated the privacy of information have developed a negative image towards these agencies. 7 Earlier on, Edward Snowden had revealed that the United States’ and the United Kingdom Security Agencies were using online viruses as well as honey traps to facilitate the discrediting of their targets. According to Snowden, the British Security Agency under the Convert Unit was applying dirty tricks that basically involved the use of honey traps to sexual liaisons and texting anonymous messages to anybody in the United Kingdom in order to facilitate discrediting targets from hackers to the concerned government. Moreover, Snowden revealed that the Cheltenham-Intelligence Agency was applying a method that involved the development of online techniques that are offensive in nature in order to use against terrorist groups, criminals and other organs that were suspected to be a threat to the National security. These revelations led to criticism among different stakeholders i.e. civil rights organizations and the general public that claimed the method that was being employed by the Cheltenham Intelligence Agency was applying techniques that are usually used by illegal hackers; these techniques are usually referred as Denial of service (DoS) and they are basically used to interfere with the smooth communication processes in chartrooms. Stakeholders have claimed that this is against the British Law owing to the fact that it interferes with privacy rights of various internet users among the British territories. 8 According to a Privacy International Company, the methods that were used by the Cheltenham-Intelligence Agency, whether or not they entailed the use of mass interception of data by undersea cables or through the application of cyber attacks processes, it is evident that the Legal tools that are applied in the United Kingdom to promote security are inappropriate in the current digital world, where information privacy is of great concern.9 This complains were raised after certain issues emerged from Snowden revelations for instance: Snowden revealed that the British and the American Government Communication Headquarters had gone beyond their mandates as surveillance organs and now operates in regions that are beyond their mandates, for example, the United States National Security Agency has extended its operations to the regions that are usually ascribed with confreres of M15 and M16. In addition, Snowden also revealed that British Joint Intelligence Threat Research Group (JITRG) has made propositions that would see it access accounts of the target threats on social media and survey the dimensions of their communication. The agency is also aspiring to use infiltration mode whereby it will survey emails, texts and other modes of communication among the targeted groups. In this regard, civil organizations have raised complains regarding the application of these methods and the Denial of Service attack on online users, demanding that the intelligence agencies should ensure that they control their roles according to the stipulated rules and regulations. 10 Moreover, in 2012, Snowden revealed information that indicated the manner through, which the Joint Intelligence Threat Research Group was using blogs to leak the confidential information of some organizations and individuals. According to Snowden, the agency also used honey- traps, basically a method that involves luring targeted persons into sexual traps and accessing certain sensitive information from them. Civil organizations and other concerned stakeholders have argued that this is a form of blackmail that is against the law and against human rights. Another negative public image that was developed on the Government Communication Headquarters as a result of Snowden’s revelation is ascribed to the wrongful detention of a Guardian Newspaper Journalist at the Heathrow Airport in Britain. The United State’s National Security Agency accused Mr. Miranda, a journalist of the Guardian Newspaper for having published security details that were leaked by Snowden. Moreover, the journalist was also accused of being in possession of some sensitive data in highly classified security details of the British Security Agency. An investigation performed by the High Court was supported by a claim that Miranda was suspected to be in possession security details of the British Security Agency that could jeopardize national security. This created negative criticism from members of the public, who questioned the credulity and the capacity of the US and UK intelligence networks. The Guardian criticized the government claiming that their act of arresting Mr. Miranda was unlawful owing to the fact that it abused the anti-terror laws that provided the police with the permission to question a suspect of whether they have been involved in acts of terrorism or not. According to Lord Falconer, who participated in formulating the Terrorism Act, advised the Guardian Paper, that Schedule 7 of the act, only allowed the Police to question somebody in order to assess whether he/she was preparing to undertake any act of terrorism, an act that was not intended by Miranda.11 Moreover, the controversial stepping down of the Britain’s Government Communication Headquarters Boss has also created a negative image of the British Intelligence Agencies among the general public and other stakeholders. According to an online newspaper published by the Online Mail news article, Sir Lain Lobban had made his intentions to step down at a critical period; specifically when Snowden had revealed certain controversial files indicating how the Britain’s Government Communication Headquarters through its security agencies had violated privacy of information in their efforts to provide security. This issue created a controversy among many stakeholders who believed that Sir Lain Lobban was driven by guilt to quit his job. However, according to some unknown sources within the Cheltenham, Sir Lain’s resignation was basically a pure coincidence and was not influenced by Snowden’s revelations. Insiders from the British Government Communication Network have asserted that, Sir Lain has served the Cheltenham Intelligence Agency for a period of five years and has been very effective with regard to undertaking his duties, they asserted that his departure is going to be a great loss to the Agency owing to the fact that they will lose his experience and expertise of handling security issues. On the other hand, a negative public image of the operations of the National Security Agency has also been identified among the populace of the United States and those of the United Kingdom. This is due to the fact that some members of the public have blamed the government of these two countries for having allowed Snowden to leak certain information that could jeopardize the security issues of adults and children among the particular populace. According to Damian, Green a minister in the United Kingdom, Snowden had revealed certain sensitive information regarding pedophiles; he claims that this information could be exploited by cyber criminals and other child abusers for their person use. Moreover, some unknown sources from the United States Intelligence Agency have confirmed that indeed some of the files that were sensitive in relation to prevention of security through control of terror groups. The sources also said that the information leaked by Snowden could be accessed by terrorist groups, insurgents and other enemies on the United States government to jeopardize the country’s security level. These issues have caused fear among the general public demanding that the government take effective and proper actions to provide security. In an article published by the Online Digital Journal, the information that was revealed by Edward Joseph Snowden is critical and should worry everybody within the United States Populace and the United Kingdom Populace. The Digital Journal asserted that the revelations of Snowden in relation to the activities of the United States National Security Agency and the United Kingdom’s Cheltenham’s-Intelligence Based Agency should be a concern for anybody that uses online media as a means of communication. This is due to the evidence that was provided by Snowden regarding the manner through, which these agencies have made plans to intrude into the accounts of targeted suspects as well as the general public. 12 In addition, the Digital Journal indicated that Snowden had revealed the manner through, which the ‘Five Eyes’, specifically, Australia, Canada and New Zealand led by the United States of America and Britain, had made intentions to control issues ascribed to online private, public and organizational communication processes. That is, the Five Eyes do not target only terrorists and criminal groups, but also the private communication of the general public. In this regard, the news article asserts that the information revealed by Edward Snowden, should not only concern criminals and terrorist, but also the general public. 13 The Journal also points out the carelessness with regard to handling of sensitive information by the employees of the United States’ National Security Agencies and the United Kingdom’s Security Agencies. It indicates that courts and the governments of the concerned parties did not show any effort directed towards arresting Edward Snowden in order to ensure that he does not continue damaging the reputation of the concerned countries. In addition, the Digital Journal asserts that indeed, Snowden had jeopardized the efforts of the security agencies of United States and the United Kingdom. Creation of a Poor Diplomatic Relationship among Stakeholders Another major negative impact caused by the revelations that were made by Snowden is the fact that his information has affected the proper relationships that occur between the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries. However, this may not be made so obvious among the public. One of the issues that is suspected to have affected the proper relationship between the concerned parties is the fact that Snowden had revealed the manner through with the United States’ and the United Kingdom had intruded into communication channels of other countries, including both online and print media, a case example is evident in the: Information published by the A Register online newspaper; this article indicates that Snowden had revealed that the National Security Agency and the Government Communication Headquarter targets the German communication Satellites; specifically, according to this article, Edward Snowden had revealed the actions of the two agencies that involved hacking into three German Communication Satellites. The United States, National Security agencies and the German’s Government Communication Headquarters had hacked into the communication channels offered by certain German Companies such as; Cetel, Stella and IABG. Snowden mentioned that the British Government Communication Headquarters had targeted the Chief Executive Officer of the Stellar Company by tapping his phone calls, emails and other modes of communication. 14Moreover, from the revelations that were made by Snowden, a joint operation between the National Security Agency and the GCHQ, had been launched to spy on some of the most important customers of the Stellar communication Company as well as some of its important partners. Stakeholders have claimed that this is a violation of the rights of such individuals owing to the fact that it is not even clear whether or not the National Security Agency and the Government Communication Headquarters had been provided with the proper permission to access such private and confidential information. However, some undisclosed sources from the security agencies have claimed that the hacking of the communication networks of the private companies and certain individuals was majorly done to ensure that the security is issues are not jeopardized. On the other hand, the A Register online news article indicted that the National Security Agency together with the Government Communication Headquarters of the United Kingdom had made efforts through technology to hack and trap phone calls of prominent personality within the German Political Structure. According to the information published by this article, the National Security Agency and the Government Communication Network had performed mass spying involving the surveillance of the phone calls made by the German Chancellor, Angel Merkel. This is in regard to the revelations that were made by the former Central Intelligence Agency, Edward Joseph Snowden. The leakages indicate that Angel Merkel phone calls were classified as Target Knowledge Database, which according to Snowden is the database for high profile persons in various governments. 15However, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, provided the National Security Agency, with the permissions to perform the spying. Political analysts have asserted that this could create some diplomatic tension between Obama’s government and that of the German Chancellor. The tension is expected to arise owing to the fact that Obama had promised the Angel Merkel that his government would not spy on her through spying and tapping her phone calls, emails as well as text messages. Another essence of jeopardized diplomatic relationship between the United States of America’s National Security Agency and British Government Communication Headquarters is the fact that Snowden revealed that the two agencies from the two countries were making efforts to tap and hack into the communication systems of prominent personalities from other 122 countries, they include: Sudan, Guatemala, Yemen, Russia, Mexico, Brazil, Ukraine, Venezuela, Japan, Bosnia and other countries. Moreover, questions have been asked with regard to undertaking an espionage investigation owing to the fact that the American National Security Intelligence had obtained a court order to spy on Merkel and infiltrate through the German International Network Traffic. This has raised many questions regarding the privacy and confidentiality of information among the general public with many German citizens and civil activists criticizing the American and the British Intelligence Agencies for having violated human rights, with regard to information privacy and confidentiality. 16 Accusation of Classic Acts of Espionage by the Affected Parties The German Federal Office of Prosecution has asserted that the actions of the American National Security Agency and the Government Communication Headquarters are guilty of acts of espionage. Specifically, the German Federal Office of Prosecution have asserted that the act o monitoring private and public modes of communication and infiltrating their list of communication is an act of espionage and guilty stakeholders should be taken to court.17 In this regard, the German Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office under the guidance of Harald Range has undertaken measures that would ensure that the American National Security Agency and the British Government Communication Headquarters are taken to court for the violation of the rights of individual Companies as well as those of general public. Therefore, this has been seen as a way that could negatively affect the diplomatic relationship between the United States and Germany as well as the relationship between Britain and other countries. On the other hand, the act of tapping the German Chancellor’s mobile phone calls has also created discussion among different stakeholders concerning the level of security and privacy of information among mobile phone users. This is due to the fact that the mobile networks operating in Germany are Verizon and the AT &; the infiltration of the mobile networks offered by these two companies could deteriorate its image among the general public owing to the fact that most clients are usually concerned with the privacy of their information. Arguments in Support of the National Security Agency and the UK’s GCHQ While the reactions of a large number of the United States and the United Kingdom’s populace have been characterized by negative reactions towards the revelations that were made by Edward Snowden, there are certain quarters that have argued in support of the actions of the NSA and GCHQ. For instance; some According to Steven Pearlstein, the actions of the National Security Agency have been dwarfed by certain facets of the society i.e. the Impact of Market activity among mobile phone users as well as the users of other technological resources. In addition, Steven Pearlstein argues that the actions of the National Security Agencies are governed by certain legal dimensions that control the amount of private information they can access within a particular period of time as well as within a specific geographical location. Moreover, he asserts that NSA usually examines individual’s private database only after a determination that they might be a threat to the security of the general public. Some officials within the spectrum of the National Security Agency have also argued that whether or not some member of the public think that their actions are ineffective, they have undertaken various forms of research that have shown the efficacy of their actions. Steven Pearlstein concluded his arguments by indicating that, in the digital world, the essence of cybercafé spying is mandatory for issues of promoting public safety. 18 Conclusion It is evident that public safety is an imperative aspect of social and economic development; however, the manner or the channels that are usually applied to facilitate the provision of public safety is an important issue that has elicited different forms of debate among the general public and other concerned stakeholders. In this regard, the Federal governments and other stakeholders concerned with the provision of security should take into consideration their security provision methodologies in order to ensure that issues of violation of individual’s right to privacy as well as the legal tools governing their acts are not violated. Additionally, research has indicated that the current generation is characterized by rapid technological advancements some of, which have been applied to promote acts of terrorism, in this regard, especially in the case that the government has suspected malicious acts that may involve terrorism within different communication channels, however this should be conducted in accordance to the legal and ethical requirements of conviction. Bibliography Barrett, David. "Vile child pornography getting more extreme, warns minister." The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10690278/Vile-child-pornography-getting-more-extreme-warns-minister.html (accessed April 3, 2014). Barrett, David. "Edward Snowden affair made tech firms wary of tackling child pornography, says minister." The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/10740301/Edward-Snowden-affair-made-tech-firms-wary-of-tackling-child-pornography-says-minister.html (accessed April 3, 2014). 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