Lack of adequate clinical data on non-pharmacological aspects relevant to intervention - Literature review Example

Theme Lack of adequate clinical data on non-pharmacological aspects relevant to intervention The two emerging themes on non-pharmacological intervention on Type 2 diabetes are insufficient clinical data on the nutriotional aspects of preventing and treating Type 2 diabetes and serious shortfalls in implementing care for type Type 2 diabetes. Health institutions estimate that United Kingdom experiences seventy five thousand deaths resulting from diabetes each year. Type 2 diabetes is one of the types of diabetes that are responsible for the deaths. This type of diabetes creates an extra expense on public health. Ali (2010, p. 21) mentions that the health department does not have a clinical audit data therefore it is not possible to get information on whether the patients receive the appropriate diabetes care. According to his survey conducted prospectively, it emerged that there are particular moral and ethical issues of concern relating to the end of life care of diabetes. His study covering non-pharmalogical interventions in Type 2 diabetes was carried out over a period of three weeks. Ali issued out questionnaire to fifteen patients that included three teenagers and six male patients and same number of female patients. Ali (2010, p. 34) identified primary prevention measures appear to be the best options for the first time patients. This includes among others, specific assistance to patients to reduce weight, reduction of calories, pharmacotherapy, and increased physical activity. All these options fall under structured lifestyle programs. Whitaker (1987, p. 59) explains in his research that the health department needs to carry out an all-inclusive approach to managing Type 2 diabetes condition. In this method, new mechanisms will involve integration of the community, health policies, and practices when implementing primary prevention strategies. Bernstein (2005, p. 23) mentions the importance of structuring the lifestyle of people in his research and says that it reduces morbidity and premature deaths brought by Type 2 diabetes. Having applied non-probability sampling criteria, his study avers that effective management entails giving the community a chance to participate in public health care, which is an integrative primary prevention methodology. This approach puts the strength of countering the Type 2 diabetes at the community level where the health department empowers people to take care of their health conditions. Primary health care prevention measures reduce the extra expense that diabetes puts on the public. The burden incurred by the public justifies their involvement in prevention measures. Bernstein (2005, p. 51) explains that it is essential to note at this level that the cost of treating Type 2 diabetes and maintaining the condition is excessively high and many people may not afford. In this case, conducted the study several times adds to its authenticity. Furthermore, the cost of treating Type 2 diabetes may redirect a large portion of income from other core functions. Conversely, (Weaknesses) The treatment has harmful side effects including causing hypoglycaemia. These issues pose a challenge to people who cannot easily access medical care. Ezrin (1999, p. 41) disagrees with other scholars in his studies that the health department needs to consider these facts and involve the community in preventing the occurrence of Type 2 diabetes. He posits that since most of the schlars applied the non-probility sampling technique, they denied others people an opportunity to participate in the research which may have changed the flow and conclusion of the studies. According to him, other benefits of preventing Type 2 diabetes by modification of lifestyles comes with secondary benefits to the community. Most researchers did not capture this due to the sampling module used. Following the approach Ezrin (1999, p. 49) says reduces chances of getting certain cancer and heart diseases, low risks of hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Storrie (1998, p. 31) supports Ezrin in the sense that though public health officers have a high capacity than medical professionals do when handling healthy lifestyle issues, they fail to integrate primary healthcare prevention measures with public healthcare improvement strategies. He alludes in his research that this would lead to low levels of disparities that often appear in racial forms, economic statuses, and social groupings. Public health practitioners fail to carry out t in Randomized Controlled Trials to prove whether undertaking lifestyle steps that modify health status as well as pharmacotherapy measures are the most effective ways of preventing Type 2 diabetes both for non-patients and for those at high risk of developing the condition. If research shows that implementing the system is beneficial then it is evident that the health department should take up the approach wholesomely. Cost-effective measures that facilitate primary prevention strategies and create synergy exist. Randomized Controlled Storrie (1998, p. 63) continues to assert that trials prove that reducing calories and increasing physical activities reduces weight and minimises the risk of Type 2 diabetes but does not give account of blood sugar levels. The risk cuts by an average of seventy percent among adults. Measurement of rates of improving quality care based on evidence is the best way to understand the effectiveness of the program. This action will enable health care providers to pursue both internal and external improvement qualities. Assessment enables the enforcers to address areas that need improvement. Theme 2 Shortfalls in implementing non-pharmacological healthcare program for patients with Type 2 diabetes Primary health interventions deal with preventive measures. However, Barnard’s (2007, p. 51) research identifies that at some stage medical officers designate Type 2 diabetic patients to be at the end of life. He sampled randomly twelve patients of both gender and interviewed them. Surprisingly, it emerged from his study that though they require care that is complex, the health department experiences shortfalls when it comes to implementing the care. Ten of the patients interviewed by Barnard identified the shortfalls as inadequate training, facilities, and inconsistent care procedures. Gilson (2006, p. 38) concurs with Barnard’s findings that there are both moral and ethical issues relating to end of life diabetes care among them putting into use measures that regulate the range of glucose intake. In addition, the care needs to pursue steps that cut the risk of long-term complications that arise from Type 2 diabetes. Investigations on the best approach to handle end of life Type 2 diabetes are below par and there is need to increase the threshold of the same. Most medical professionals fail to treat pain and other side effects that arise from treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Consequently, officers should take to treat the effects of over-treatment. Handling patients who withdraw from treatment is also essential. End of life Type 2 diabetic patients fall on the extreme end and ought to receive appropriate care while non-patients participate in primary prevention measures to reduce the occurrence of the disease. It emerges that the current state has insufficient research o clinical areas guided by evidence. Studies also question the medical benefits of limiting glucose levels in people with Type 2 diabetic diseases. In his analysis, Kowalski (2011, p. 12) finds that variations are necessary when taking care of Type 2 diabetic patients as opposed to the current standard modes followed by health professionals. It will be necessary for responsible people to profile the patients to avoid generalised forms of treatment. Variations are necessary to patients attended to according to the unique conditions they have though they may all be patients with Type 2 diabetes. Throughout the stages of Type 2 patients’ cycle, teams consisting of primary healthcare practitioners, palliative care team, and the community involved need to work together. Proposed measures and new trends in the management of Type 2 diabetes include a clear channel linking recognition, management of the long-term condition, and preventing premature mortality. The Mayo Clinic Diabetes Diet (2011, p. 49) report posits that the process entails integrating, mapping, and aligning new care systems with existing pathways, that healthcare department follows in handling Type 2 diabetes. The institutional report conducted for a period of sixty days among patients patients in six hospitals brings out new trends also include effective and timely intervention with the need to essential healthcare demands from both the administrative and clinical points of view. The patients were monitored for two months with researchers recording results of both interviews carried out and compiling the data collected from questionnaires handed to them. The report affirms that proposed care systems must remain in tandem with the UK policies that care for diabetic patients. It is logical that all the measures must be within the law. The approach should include steps that clarify the role of various stakeholders including carers, social workers, and health workers as well as patients. The report by Diabetes and Heart (2004, p. 33) outlines that this program delves into the new training and education requirements that enhance high quality care of Type 2 diabetic patients. This covers areas that require clinicians to offer all-round treatment to patients and research that analyses the precise importance of maintaining blood sugar levels. The health care professionals need to take actions that should eliminate the occurrence of hypoglycaemia, de-compensation of metabolic and other emergencies that take advantage of Type 2 diabetes. Some of the opportunistic diseases include hyperglycaemic conditions, ketoacidosis, prolonged hyperglycaemia, and hyperosmolar. Conversely, (Weakness) During evaluation, Barnard (2009, p. 17) finds contradiction on the UK health sector because it understands the urgent need to address the effects of Type 2 diabetes but does not take appropriate action. The stakeholders need a coordinated approach that includes logical primary prevention techniques, which is difficult considering the independence nature of operations of the private health sector. The basic preventive measures are logical because the cost that treating and taking care of patients with Type 2 diabetes brings within the society and families. The cost of implementing preventive measures is low and the program centres on modifying the living behaviours of people. This mode of intervention is essential but requires a study by RCT to prove. Works Cited Ali, Naheed. Diabetes and You: A Comprehensive, Holistic Approach. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010. Print. Barnard, Neal. Taking Control of Diabetes. Wixom: DPTV Media, 2009. Barnard, Neal. The Scientifically Proven System for Reversing Diabetes without Drugs. New York: Rodale, 2007. Print. Bernstein, Richard. Dr. Bernstein's Low-Carbohydrate Solution. New York: Little, Brown and Co, 2005. Print. Diabetes & Heart: Healthy Cookbook. Alexandria: American Diabetes Association, 2004. Print. Ezrin, Calvin. The Type 2 Diabetes Diet Book: The Insulin Control Diet. Los Angeles: Lowell House, 1999. Print. Gilson, Stephen. The Book of Diabetes 2. Sechelt: Environed Research, 2006. Print. Kowalski, Robert. The Type 2 Diabetes Diet Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print. Storrie, Cecile. Your Book on Type 2 Diabetes. Woodville: Diabetes Centre, 1998. Print. The Mayo Clinic Diabetes Diet. Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2011. Print. Whitaker, Julian. Reversing Diabetes. New York: Warner Books, 1987. Print. Read More