Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions - Coursework Example

? Lin, Yu-Hua., & Ma, S-mei. (2009). Willingness of Nurses to Report Medication Administration Errors in Southern Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 6 (4), 237-245. Research Project Report Background information Literature review Methodology discussion Specific data analysis Conclusion The study was conducted out of the need to improve the quality of health, which had reduced due to underreporting of prescription administering mistakes. To investigate the frequency of prescription administering mistakes in addition to the readiness of nurses to account for the errors. Previous researches done on prescription administering errors were reviewed to give a better insight into the problem. A cross-sectional study involving a survey of 14 therapeutic surgical rest homes was performed. Registered nurses willingly took part in the research. A prearranged questionnaire was administered. Data were gathered over a period of one-month using different types of questionnaires and report scales. To obtain results data was analysis involved descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and Chi-square test for hypothesis testing and odds ratios. This research demonstrated that accounting of Medical Administering Errors (MAEs) ought to be anonymous in addition to being without negative penalty in order to supervise and steer developments in hospital prescription systems. The evidence presented in the research report supports the conclusion that accounting of Medical Administering Errors (MAEs) ought to be anonymous in addition to being without unhelpful consequences. Both the reviewed literature and the results highlighted that MAEs are a problem in many hospitals. The results of the study confirmed the existence of the problem as 66.9 percent of the nursing professionals who took part in the study reported experiencing Medical Administering Errors (Lin & Ma, 2009). The research was performed out of the need to improve the quality of health that had been on the decline in Taiwan due to MAEs. In view of this, the results of this study indicated that 87.7 percent of nurses were willing to report MAEs. Hence, the real problem was not underreporting of MAEs but the complexity that come with reporting MAEs such as negative consequences and lack of anonymity. Other evidence presented in the research support the conclusion that negative consequences promote underreporting of MAEs. For instance, the results of the study showed that the odds of eagerness to report Medical Administering Errors improved 2.66 times in privately run rest homes (p = 0.032,confidence interval = 1.09-6.49), and 3.28 in charity hospitals (p = 0.00, confidence interval = 1.73 to 6.21) as contrasted to community hospitals (Lin & Ma, 2009). The explanation of this observation is that privately run and charitable hospitals encompass more flexible as well as receptive organizational environments than community hospitals. Hence, nurses working in these hospitals tend to report MAEs more. Another explanation could be that community hospitals may perhaps make nursing professionals very perceptive of hospital targets toward quality enhancement. As a result, nurses may occasionally have chosen not to account for medical administering errors events, to evade being answerable for a letdown to accomplish the goal. Ethical Issues that may have arisen while conducting the research One of the ethical issues that could have arisen in this study is consent to take part in the study. In longitudinal studies, informed consent must be obtained at several stages of the research. In the case of Lin and Ma (2009), ethical consent was only required before filling the questionnaires. This type of consent is known as initial consent. Depending on the ethical issues involved in a study other informed consent such as, continuing consent, consent to find respondent in case of a follow up study, consent for unforeseen analysis and activities and consent for transition among others. Another ethical issue that could have arisen from this study is nurses suffering from guilt because of their carelessness and involuntary actions. Given that nurse’s code of ethics obligates them to maintain professionalism in their practice, reporting that they underreported MAEs could be tantamount to professional negligence and breach of professional and ethical code of nursing. Other ethical issue include causing patients harm, worry about being distrusted by patients. Although Lin and Ma (2009) finding showed some aspect of professional negligence and breach of the nursing code, research ethics oblige them not to reveal the names of the nurses who reported that they declined to report MAEs. Type of research used for the study The research done by Lin and Ma (2009) used a cross sectional study design. The research design facilitated the researchers to measure the outcome (underreporting of MAEs) and the exposure status such as nurses working environment concurrently in given population (nurses in Southern Taiwan Surgical hospitals). The cross-sectional study design allowed the researchers to have a snapshot of the prevalence of MAEs and causes of the problem (underreporting of MAEs) in Taiwan nurse’s populations. Appropriateness of the research The research design befitted the situation or the research problem, because the research problem was already known, and the outcome was known, in this case MAEs and underreporting of MAEs respectively. In addition, it was economical given the researchers surveyed over 600 nurses. Use of a different study design such as a case study design for such a situation would have been unnecessarily expensive. The problem needed to be observed in its natural setting; hence, an experimental design would have influenced the study environment producing invalid results. The study was appropriate for the research problem because it allowed for the comparison of several diverse variables such as nursing background, educational level, job position, type of hospital and nursing grade among other variables simultaneously, and how they influenced the outcome of the study (Lin & Ma, 2009). However, because the exposures and outcomes of this study were evaluated simultaneously, it might not have been possible to make a distinction whether the exposures preceded or followed the outcomes, and as a result cause and effect associations are not evident. Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions Post-Operative Pain Management The management of pain is a predominant dilemma in nursing. Available researches indicate that nurses do not prioritize pain management in their practice (Young, Horton, & Davidhizar, 2006). Available research indicates that it is the immediate needs of doctors and patients who are not experiencing that take priority. This problem is caused by nurses’ lack of adequate skills to handle pain management efficiently in surgical patients. The result of the research done by Young, Horton, and Davidhizar (2006) demonstrated that nurses are often reluctant to respond to patients’ needs as regards pain and especially if the patient’s pain management denies nurses the opportunity to care for other patients. A number of researches indicate that the problem of managing pain after surgery is prevalent in hospitals and other health facilities (Sloan, et al., 2001; Wells, Dryden, Guild, Levack, Farrer, & Mowat, 2001). Research on post-operative pain management indicates that pain management after surgery is problematic because most nurses fail to provide their pain medications or give them the wrong dosage of medication (Rahimi-Madiseh, Tavakol, & Dennick, 2010). Nursing Intervention: Alternative Medicine Alternative medicine or complementary therapies such as acupuncture massages and aromatherapy have been recognized as emerging and important nursing interventions for managing post-operative pain. Alternative medicine is ideal in tackling the problem of pain management because it is wide in scope. A Cochrane review on complementary therapies in post-operative pain management confirmed that alternative medicines are effective in managing pain (Furlan, et al., 2005). Kilbey (2005) observed that traditional medicine is restricted in its healing approach. Pellino, et al., (2005) confirmed that non-traditional medical interventions produced lower pain scores. Alternative medicine would assist nurses deal with the problem of pain management in nursing because they are easy to administer, which could be done without the supervision of a nurse, and save on time that nurses lack to manage post-operative pain. Assimilation of Complementary Nursing Interventions into the Nursing Practice Current researches focusing on post-operative pain management confirm the increasing use of alternative therapeutic interventions to alleviate pain after surgery (Furlan, et al., 2005; Pellino, et al., 2005)). For instance, the results of a research study by Mansky and Wallerstedt (2006) showed that alternative medical therapy is widely used in palliative care. Edelblute, (2003) found that complementary therapies are being incorporated with traditional medicine to offer surgical patients a holistic means of managing pain after surgery. Primary Research Matrix Author, Title Source Date (year) Research Type (experimental, quasi-experimental, case series, ethnographic, etc) Population/ sample size Outcome measures Pertinent data from results Suggested Conclusions Comments Pellino TA ; Gordon DB ; Engelke ZK ; Busse KL ; Collins MA ; Silver CE ; Norcross NJ. Use of non-pharmacologic interventions for pain and anxiety after total hip and total knee arthroplasty Orthopedic Nursing 2005 Descriptive, proportional as well as correlational design 65 randomized patients To contrast pain and nervousness in orthopedic patients planned for possible total hip arthroplasty and who received a kit against those who did not. Those who were given the kit exploited non-pharmacologic evaluates for pain as well as nervousness more frequently than those who did not receive the kit. Less anxiety was recorded in the kit group. Noteworthy correlations between the two groups that were being compared The effect of survival strategies after surgical operations need further study Chiu LH ; Trinca J ; Lim LM ; Tuazon JA A study to evaluate the pain knowledge of two sub-populations of final year nursing students: Australia and Philippines Journal of Advanced Nursing 2003 Descriptive cross-sectional study using a questionnaire 150 nursing students To assess the type and level of knowledge of basic aspects of pain mechanisms and treatment principles in complete classes of final year nurses at three nursing schools. The mean score of concordant answers for all students was 38.6%, and scores ranged from 0% to 70%. There were few significant differences between the groups for individual questions and no significant difference in overall mean scores. 36% of the Australian students compared with 50% Filipino students thought their pain knowledge was adequate for their clinical needs. The results demonstrate consistently low levels of knowledge and knowledge gaps concerning basic pain mechanisms, terms and treatment among the three final year nursing classes The information gathered was important in defining the levels of basic knowledge about pain management. Lauzon Clabo, Laurie M. An ethnography of pain assessment and the role of social context on two postoperative units. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2008 Descriptive study Nurses To examine nursing assessment of pain across two postoperative units A major pattern of pain assessment persisted in all units. Nurses applied evaluation criteria from 3 areas such as patient’s word of mouth, evidence criterion in addition to an indication typology of evaluation results. Nurses further applied a singular theme as the most important filter by which statistics were developed. Nurses’ pain evaluation practice is greatly influenced by the societal background of the section in which the application of the nursing practice take place Bourdieu’s’ hypothesis of nursing practice is an important tool that can be used to evaluate the social aspect of pain evaluation practice. Puls-McColl, Patricia J. Holden, Janean E. Buschmann, MaryBeth Tank. Pain Management: An Assessment of Surgical Nurses' Knowledge MEDSURG Nursing 2001 A non-experimental design 25 RNs To assess nurses' awareness of pain management The utmost hurdles to appropriate pain management were other patient’s needs and lack of enough time to manage patient’s pain. Inadequate nursing human resources and awareness affected negatively pain management efforts in hospitals. There is need to link operational issues and human resources issue affecting nurses in pain management. Roediger, L. Larbuisson, R. Lamy, M. New approaches and old controversies to postoperative pain control following cardiac surgery. European Journal of Anesthesiology 2006 Exploratory Medline database To assess the impacts of postoperative pain management in heart surgery patients on disease, death and other upshot measures. Pain management in heart surgery is turning out to be more vital with the institution of minimally dangerous direct coronary artery circumvent surgery. Appreciating perioperative pathophysiology as well as realization of care regimens to lessen the trauma of heart surgery will speed up treatment linked to reduced hospitalization along with increased contentment and wellbeing after release. Multimodal interventions in heart surgeries need to be considered to enhance as well as develop the process of pain management after heart surgery. Blomqvist K., Older people in persistent pain: nursing and paramedical staff perceptions and pain management Journal of Advanced Nursing (2003) A cross-sectional survey 52 nursing specialists To investigate nursing as well as paramedical staff attitude of aged individuals in constant pain and their daily pain management Respondents supposed that the pain was genuine, overstated, unimportant, hidden and self-caused. Aged people exaggerated pain, evoked annoyance in the personnel, whereas those supposed as enduring their pain suggested contentment. Care and treatment provided by staff should be based on older people's needs rather than on staff attitudes and preferences. Staff perceived older people in pain as a mixed group and that their attitudes affected the pain-relieving behaviors that were offered. Reflective debates toward emotions linked to singular individuals are required. Elizabeth, Manias; Mari, Botti; Tracey, Bucknall; Observation of pain assessment and management - the complexities of clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2002 Observational study 12 Registered Nurses To examine the nurse patient-association, linked to pain assessment in addition to management in patients who had been hospitalized following surgery. Several areas were recognized as obstacles to efficient pain management. They included nurses' thoughtfulness to patient signs of pain, nurses' differential understanding of pain and their efforts to deal with opposing demands of their colleagues. Findings offer a bit of understanding on pain management and complexities that influence nurses pain management after surgery An in-depth analysis needed to understand the complexities Ewa Idvall; Anna Ehrenberg Nursing documentation of postoperative pain management. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2002 Retrospective design Nursing evidence of 172 patients plus 63 Registered Nurses To illustrate nursing recording of post-operative pain management as well as nurses' awareness of the reports concerning existing regulations and guiding principle. Pain evaluation was based mostly on patients' self-report. Pain location documented in 50 percent of the records. Roughly, 73 percent of nurses informed that their records coincided with recent regulations and guidelines. Noteworthy errors subsisted in nurses' reporting of postoperative pain management. The likelihood of patient medical records to be a basis for statistics for quality upgrading must be explored. Rahimi-Madiseh, Mohammad Tavakol, Mohsen Dennick, Reg. A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010 Cross-sectional study Nursing students To quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. There was a severe deficit in knowledge relating to pain and its management. There is a real need to improve the content of pain and its management in the undergraduate nursing education curriculum, which might improve the delivery of optimal nursing care of patients. There is a need to reform pain management education for future practice Shrestha-Ranjit, Jaga Maya Manias, Elizabeth. Pain assessment and management practices in children following surgery of the lower limb. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010 Retrospective 106 medical records of surgical children To study nurses’ pain appraisal and practices concerning children post-operative care after surgery of splintered limbs Past review showed that evaluation as well as management of youngsters after surgery was wanting. There was less pain assessment frequency as contrasted to the frequencies nurses were supposed to asses Nurses must be practical in encouraging useful evaluations as well as management of pain in young toddlers The results obtained were very useful and can guide planning and pain management in the future A Selected Annotated Bibliography on Complementary Therapeutic Nursing Interventions Pellino, T., Gordon, D., Engelke, Z., Busse, K., Collins, M., Silver, C., et al. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic interventions for pain and anxiety after total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Orthopedic Nursing, 24 (3), 182-92. The authors of this Descriptive Orthopedic nursing article, which assumes a proportional as well as correlation design, conducted a research where they randomly sampled 65 patients. The motive behind the research was to contrast pain and nervousness in orthopedic patients scheduled for total hip arthroplasty for those who received a kit and those who did not. The authors found that those who were given the kit exploited non-pharmacologic evaluates for pain and nervousness more frequently than those who did not receive the kit, with less anxiety being recorded in the group that received kits. The research revealed noteworthy correlations between the two groups. Chiu, L. H., Trinca, J., Lim, L. M., & Tuazon, J. A. (2003). A study to evaluate the pain knowledge of two sub-populations of final year nursing students: Australia and Philippines. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41 (1), 99-108. The authors of this journal on advanced nursing embarked on a descriptive cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and a sample size of 150 nursing students. The research carried out was meant to assess the type and level of knowledge of basic aspects of pain mechanisms and treatment principles in classes of final year nurses in three nursing schools. Results from the study demonstrate consistently low levels of knowledge and knowledge gaps concerning basic pain mechanisms, terms and treatment among the three final year nursing classes. Clabo, L., & Laurie, M. (2008). An ethnography of pain assessment and the role of social context on two postoperative units. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61 (5), 531–539. The authors of this journal of advanced nursing conducted a descriptive study with the target population being nurses. The findings from the study were that a major pattern of pain assessment persisted in all units. Nurses applied evaluation criteria from three areas including patients’ word of mouth, evidence criterion and an indication typology of evaluation results. Nurses further apply a singular theme as the most important filter by which statistics are developed. Results from the study revealed that the nurses’ pain evaluation practice is greatly influenced by the societal background of the section in which the application of the nursing practice takes place. Puls-McColl, P. J., Holden, J. E., & Buschmann, M. T. (2001). Pain management: an assessment of surgical nurses' knowledge. MEDSURG Nursing, 10 (4), 185-91. In this article, the authors conducted a research using a non-experimental research design and a sample of 25 nurses. The research was carried out with the aim of assessing nurses' awareness of pain management. The researchers found that inadequate nursing human resources and awareness negatively affected the pain management efforts in hospitals. Through the research, the authors suggest that there is a need to link the operational and human resources issues affecting nurses during pain management. Blomqvist, K. (2003). Older people in persistent pain: nursing and paramedical staff perceptions and pain management. Journal of Advanced Nursing (J ADV NURS), 41 (6), 575-84. This is a journal of advanced nursing in which the author uses a cross-sectional survey method and a sample size of 52 nursing specialists to investigate the attitudes of nursing and paramedical staff towards aged individuals in constant pain and their daily pain management. Findings from the study suggest that the care and treatment provided by the staff should be based on older people's needs rather than on staff attitudes and preferences. This article is important because the author suggests that reflective debates toward emotions linked to individuals are required. Rahimi-Madiseh, M., Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2010). A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students’ knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16, 478-483. This is another journal in which the authors performed a study in which the target population was nursing students. The aim of this study was to quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. From this study, the authors deduced that there is a real need to improve the content of pain and its management in the undergraduate nursing education curriculum, which might improve the delivery of optimal nursing care of patients. The importance of this article in this bibliography is that it suggests that there is a need to reform pain management education for future practice. Shrestha-Ranjit, J. M., & Manias, E. (2010). Pain assessment and management practices in children following surgery of the lower limb. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 118–128. The authors of this article embarked on a study of 106 medical records of surgical children with the aim to study nurses’ pain appraisal and practices concerning children’s post-operative care after surgery of splintered limbs. In this article, the authors suggest that nurses must be practical in encouraging useful evaluations and management of pain in toddlers. This article is important to this research as the results obtained could guide planning and pain management in the future. Idvall, E., & Ehrenberg, A. (2002). Nursing documentation of postoperative pain management. Journal of clinical nursing, 11(6), 734-742. The two authors of this nursing article used a retrospective design to collect the evidence of 172 patients and 63 registered nurses in order to illustrate nurses’ records of post-operative pain management and their awareness of reports concerning existing regulations and guiding principles. The authors articulated findings in which noteworthy errors subsisted in nurses' reporting of postoperative pain management. The relevance of this journal article is that it suggests the likelihood of patient medical records to become a basis for statistics for quality upgrading must be explored. Manias, E., Botti, M., & Bucknall, T. (2002). Observation of pain assessment and management-the complexities of clinical practices. Journal of clinical nursing, 11, 724-733. This journal entails a study conducted by the three authors in which a sample size of 12 registered nurses was used. The aim of the study was to examine the nurse patient-association linked to pain assessment in addition to management in patients who had been hospitalized following surgery. Findings from this study offer some understanding of pain management and the complexities that influence nurses’ pain management after surgery. Roediger, L., Larbuisson, R., & Lamy, M. (2006). New approaches and old controversies to postoperative pain control following cardiac surgery. European Journal of Anesthesiology, 23(7), 539-550. The authors explored Medline databases in order to assess the impacts of postoperative pain management on heart surgery patients. It was found that appreciating perioperative pathophysiology and the realization of care regimens to lessen the trauma of heart surgery would speed up treatment linked to reduced hospitalization and increased contentment and wellbeing among patients. This article suggests the need for the development of pain management processes after surgery. Efficacy of the specified therapeutic approaches Some of the therapeutic approaches used in researches conducted by the authors were efficient in providing the required results. In the research conducted by Pellino, et al (2005), To contrast pain and nervousness in orthopedic patients planned for possible total hip arthroplasty and who received a kit against those who did not, the total hip arthroplasty therapeutic approach was had a high efficacy as the patient who underwent hip arthroplasty were less anxious than the ones who did not. Another research whereby high efficacy was recorded was in the research carried out Roediger, Larbuisson & Lamy (2006). This research was to assess the impacts of postoperative pain management in heart surgery patients on disease, death and other upshot measures, whereby the post operative therapeutic pain management approach used turned out to be more vital with the institution of minimally dangerous direct coronary artery circumvent surgery. Relation of the tools used by researchers The researchers used different tools to conduct their respective researches. In their study, Roediger, Larbuisson & Lamy (2006) used the Medline database to conduct their exploratory studies. The research carried out by Chiu, Trinca, Lim & Tuazon (2003) involved the use of questionnaires in collection of data from 150 nursing students. The only similarities that occurred in these studies was the use of retrospective design research tools by Idvall & Ehrenberg (2002) and Shrestha-Ranjit, Jaga & Manias (2010), Relation between the tools used by the researchers and the results achieved There was a relation between the tools used by the researchers and the results that were achieved. In the research by Roediger, Larbuisson & Lamy (2006) who used the Medline database to conduct their exploratory studies, the results proved that the use of the databases in conducting was important in providing the information that they were looking for. Another case that shows the influence of the research tool in bringing out the required results is the research carried out by Chiu, Trinca, Lim & Tuazon (2003) which involved the use of questionnaires in collection of data from 150 nursing students. This method led to the gathering of information, which was important in defining the levels of basic knowledge about pain management. 4. Evidence Summary of the Research Articles The research done by Pellino, et al (2005), to contrast pain and nervousness in orthopedic patients planned for possible total hip arthroplasty and who received a kit against those who did not. The authors found out that Those who were given the kit exploited non-pharmacologic evaluates for pain as well as nervousness more frequently than those who did not receive the kit. Less anxiety was recorded in the kit group. Through this research, it was recommended that the effect of survival strategies after surgical operations need further study The study by Chiu, Trinca, Lim & Tuazon (2003), which was conducted to assess the type the and the level of knowledge of basic pain mechanisms and treatment principles in classes of final nurses at three nursing schools, showed that the mean score of concordant answers for all students was 38.6%, and scores ranged from 0% to 70%. There were few significant differences between the groups for individual questions and no significant difference in overall mean scores. 36% of the Australian students compared with 50% Filipino students thought their pain knowledge was adequate for their clinical needs. Through this information, it was found that the information gathered was important in defining the levels of basic knowledge about pain management. Lauzon & Laurie (2008) conducted a study to examine nursing assessment of pain across two postoperative units. Through the research, the authors found out that a major pattern of pain assessment persisted in all units. This led to the recommendation that the Bourdieu’s’ hypothesis of nursing practice tool can be used to evaluate the social aspect of pain evaluation practice. Puls-McColl,et al(2001) conducted a study to assess nurses awareness of pain management. Through literature review, there was information that the utmost hurdles to appropriate pain management were other patient’s needs and lack of enough time to manage patient’s pain. After the study, there was the recommendation that there is need to link operational issues and human resources issue affecting nurses in pain management. The research conducted by Rosdiger, Larbuisson & Lamy (2006) was carried out with the intent of assessing the impacts of postoperative pain management in heart surgery patients on disease, death and other upshot measures. From literature review there was information that pain management in heart surgery is turning out to be more vital with the institution of minimally dangerous direct coronary artery circumvent surgery. The studies carried out led to the recommendation that multimodal interventions in heart surgeries need to be considered to enhance as well as develop the process of pain management after heart surgery. Research by Blomqvist (2006) was to investigate nursing as well as paramedical staff attitude of aged individuals in constant pain and their daily pain management. Literature reviews from related studies showed that respondents supposed that the pain was genuine, overstated, unimportant, hidden and self-caused. Aged people exaggerated pain, evoked annoyance in the personnel, whereas those supposed as enduring their pain suggested contentment. Following the research, Blomqvist recommended that Reflective debates toward emotions linked to singular individuals are required. Elizabeth, Mari & Tracey (2002) carried out a research to examine the nurse patient-association, linked to pain assessment in addition to management in patients who had been hospitalized following surgery. From literature reviews, several areas were recognized as obstacles to efficient pain management. This led to the recommendation that an in-depth analysis is needed to understand the complexities. Idvall & Ehrenberg (2002) conducted a study to illustrate nursing recording of post-operative pain management. The literature reviews from studies on this subject showed that Pain evaluation was based mostly on patients' self-report. There was no recommendation by the authors as the results from the studies matched the evidence from the literature reviews. In their study, Rahimi-Madiseh, Tavakol& Dennick (2010), sought to quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. Literature reviews on this subject showed that there was a severe deficit in knowledge relating to pain and its management. This led to the recommendation that there is a need to reform pain management education for future practice. Shrestha-Ranjit, Jaga & Manias (2010) carried out a research to study nurses’ pain appraisal and practices concerning children post-operative care after surgery of splintered limbs. Previous studies on this subject showed that evaluation as well as management of youngsters after surgery was wanting. Hence, the authors recommended that there is a need to reform pain management education for future practice. 5. Importance of using a theoretical model It is important to use a theoretical model for nursing research to increase the validity and accuracy of research results. By using a theoretical model, the researcher will most likely follow a tried and tested approach during the study rather than adopt a strategy whose credibility is unknown. Using a theoretical model also allows other researchers to test the validity of the results by duplicating the study and this would also increase the applicability of the results in real life nursing practice (Young, Horton, & Davidhizar, 2006). In addition, a theoretical model enables the researcher to explore new horizons in research since it is easy to establish what other researchers did and the techniques they used. The use of theoretical models has the advantage of growth and development of the nursing education. Theories are core in guiding research and instructional tactics. Moreover, the field o0f nursing depends heavily on theories and there have been no instances where a research that is not theoretically based has been conducted. Given that, the theories, which govern research in nursing, are related to disciplines such as psychology. The consideration of theories from such disciplines shows how theoretical-based learning is powerful. References Blomqvist, K. (2003). Older people in persistent pain: nursing and paramedical staff perceptions and pain management. Journal of Advanced Nursing (J Adv Nurs), 41 (6), 575-84. Chiu, L. H., Trinca, J., Lim, L. M., & Tuazon, J. A. (2003). A study to evaluate the pain knowledge of two sub-populations of final year nursing students: Australia and Philippines. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41 (1), 99-108. Clabo, L., & Laurie, M. (2008). An ethnography of pain assessment and the role of social context on two postoperative units. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 61 (5), 531–539. Edelblute, J. (2003). A holistic approach to health: The Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 9 (1), 112-3. Furlan, A. D., van Tulder, M. W., Cherkin, D., Tsukayama, H., Lao, L., Koes, B. W., et al. (2005). Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1 (CD001351). Kilbey, J. (2005). The use of complementary therapy in nursing practice. Nursing practice, clinical research, 101 (18), 26-7. Lin, Yu-Hua., & Ma, S-mei. (2009). Willingness of Nurses to Report Medication Administration Errors in Southern Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 6 (4), 237-245. Mansky, P. J., & Wallerstedt, D. B. (2006). Complementary Medicine in Palliative Care and Cancer Symptom Management. Cancer Journal, 12 (5), 425-431. Pellino, T., Gordon, D., Engelke, Z., Busse, K., Collins, M., Silver, C., et al. (2005). Use of nonpharmacologic interventions for pain and anxiety after total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Orthopaedic Nursing, 24 (3), 182-92. Puls-McColl, P. J., Holden, J. E., & Buschmann, M. T. (2001). Pain management: an assessment of surgical nurses' knowledge. MEDSURG Nursing, 10 (4), 185-91. Rahimi-Madiseh, M., Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2010). A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students’ knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 16, 478-483. Shrestha-Ranjit, J. M., & Manias, E. (2010). Pain assessment and management practices in children following surgery of the lower limb. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 118–128. Sloan, P. A., LaFountain, P., Plymale, M., Johnson, M., Montgomery, C., Snapp, J., et al. (2001). Implementing Cancer Pain Education for Medical Students. CANCER PRACTICE, 9 (5), 225–229. Wells, M., Dryden, H., Guild, P., Levack, P., Farrer, K., & Mowat, P. (2001). The knowledge and attitudes of surgical staff towards the use of opioids in cancer pain management: Can the Hospital Palliative Care Team make a difference. European Journal of Cancer Care, 10 (3), 201-211. Young, J. L., Horton, F. M., & Davidhizar, R. (2006). Nursing attitudes and beliefs in pain assessment and management. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53 (4), 412-21. Read More