Nurse Intervention on Diabetes Patients - Essay Example

Nurse Intervention on Diabetes Patients Nurse Intervention on Diabetes Patients Background Diabetesis a global health issue with 347 million people estimated to have the chronic illness (WHO, 2012). In addition to that, it was estimated that approximately 3.4 million people globally succumbed to diabetes as a result of fasting high blood sugar (WHO, 2012). These figures have been increasing over the past years. In 2013 there was an increase to 382 million people worldwide with diagnosed diabetes. In addition to that, the IDF projected that by 2035, the prevalence of diabetes shall be at 592 million people globally. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was revealed to be approximately 23.7% of the population (Al-Nozha et al., 2004). Moreover, in a recent study that was conducted on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia it was established that 29% of the entire population had been diagnosed with DM (Alqurashi et al., 2010). Therefore, it can be evidenced that the prevalence of diabetes (type 1 and type 2) has been on the rise over the past few years and it is still projected by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that in the coming years, diabetes prevalence and deaths shall be higher if no education, treatment and management strategies are implemented by nurses as well as the patient. Diabetes self-management is an essential element in patient care as it helps the patient to learn, understand and manage their illness so as to improve patient outcomes. Moreover, it is designed to ensure quality in interventions as well as assisting diabetes educators to secure evidence-based education (Tschannen, et al., 2012). Due to the complicated quality of health care and diabetes-related studies, standards are assessed and revised regularly by national organizations as well as federal agencies in the diabetes education setting. Attendants have a significant part to play in diabetes self administration to enhance understanding conclusions and the personal satisfaction. These incorporate: offering diabetes self administration instruction (DSME) to the patient (Funnell et al., 2012); supporting the patient to perform self forethought with next to zero intercession; expounding to the patient the imperativeness of self consideration exercises and why consistence is vital (Shrivastava et al., 2013). In a study that was directed to uncover the adequacy of self administration in Saudi Arabia and Oman separately, it was made that patients who accepted and performed self administration preparing were at better risks of overseeing diabetes as contrasted with the individuals who had no type of self administration preparing (Al-Shahrani et al., 2012; Elliott et al., 2013). Population Information The pervasiveness of diabetes over the past few years has been on a fast build in numerous countries. Figures uncover that there has been a 42% expansion from 2003 to 2005. Diabetes in the Gulf locales has likewise been noted to be on a relentless expansion with rates showed up for be 25.7% in Bahrain and 16.1% in Oman (Alqurashi et al., 2010). In a group based national epidemiological wellbeing review that was directed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the predominance of diabetes mellitus in grown-ups was anticipated to be 23.7% (Al-Nozha et al., 2004). These figures anticipated that the commonness of diabetes in inlet countries was additionally expanding. It was additionally noted that sort 2 diabetes was the most widely recognized kind of diabetes worldwide with 80% of the individuals diagnosed being from low and center wage countries. Additionally, it very influenced people who were 40 years or more as contrasted with the individuals who were more youthful (NHS, 2011). In light of that, larger part of patients who are more established are not in a position to offer diabetes self consideration administration. Various studies on diabetes self have been unveiled regarding forethought administration in more established patients uncovered that when nursing intercession was launched the patient wellbeing results were moved forward. On the other hand, when the diabetes self forethought administration was ended in a time of 1 to 3 months the patients wellbeing conclusions (Ghb levels) were diminished (Norris et al., 2002). In a study dependent upon Saudi Arabia diabetic patients, it was likewise uncovered that patient conclusions were hugely enhanced with concentrated five (5) day nursing mediations and diminished with the absence of nursing intercessions (Al-Shahrani et al., 2012). Besides, individualized diabetic self consideration administration techniques were exceedingly favored as contrasted with the utilization of essential human services focuses in Riyadh (Azab, 2001). The accompanying are the effects (impacts) of nursing intercessions on diabetes self administration mind: Diabetes Knowledge Empowerment: Diabetes self administration training (DSME) is paramount because of the reason that it serves to push tolerant conclusions. Accordingly, the National models are answerable for setting the right diabetes organization toward oneself training. Thusly, this helps diabetes instructors to offer proof based instruction to patients. Restorative engineering continues changing very nearly consistently. In light of that, the models for offering diabetes instruction are likewise explored each five (5) years in order to guarantee that the data being dispensed to diabetes patients is applicable to help in enhancing wellbeing results and the personal satisfaction (Funnell et al., 2012). While offering Diabetes Self Management Education and Training (Dsme/t), it is critical to secure the results (effects) of the methods being attempted to know whether change needs to be carried out or not. The following are the impacts (effects) of nursing interventions on diabetes self management care: Diabetes knowledge empowerment: Diabetes self management education (DSME) is important due to the reason that it helps to promote patient outcomes. As such, the National standards are responsible for setting the correct diabetes self-management education. In turn, this helps diabetes educators to offer evidence based education to patients. Medical technology keeps changing almost every day. Based on that, the standards for offering diabetes education are also reviewed every five (5) years so as to ensure that the information being disbursed to diabetes patients is relevant so as to aid in improving health outcomes and the quality of life (Funnell et al., 2012). While offering Diabetes Self Management Education and Training (DSME/T), it is important to establish the outcomes (results) of the processes being undertaken so as to know whether change needs to be done or not. Diabetes self management outcomes:There are a number of outcomes that are used to measure the success of diabetes self management. These include: learning, behaviour and health care (AADE, 2003). Learning outcomes refer to the knowledge and skills that the patient has acquired and whether they could implement it for personal gain. Moreover, it also involves the ability of the patient to offer self care as well as handle any challenges that could be associated with self care. Behaviour outcomes refer to the capability of the patient to set goals (for example healthy eating or physical exercise) and work towards achieving the goals as well as developing self esteem in their social life. Health care outcomes refer to the capability of the patient to improve their quality of life as well as gain economic benefits with regard to diabetes care and management (Mulcahy et al., 2003). The diagnosis and/ or recognition of the nurse’s impact on diabetes self management can be realized through literacy of the patient on diabetes, patient outcomes as well as improved quality of care. Studies conducted to establish the effectiveness (impact) of nurse led interventions revealed that nurse led interventions promoted health outcomes (Renders, 2000; Hunt, 2013). Lack of nursing interventions led to: poor diabetes self care management behaviour; little or no use of medications; higher levels of psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression since the patient does not receive motivation and/ or support; poor glycemic control (Al-Hayek et al., 2012). Moreover, the nurse’s deficit in diabetic knowledge led to decreased patient outcomes and the quality of health care (Clement, 1995). The prognosis is that nursing interventions on diabetes self care management have a positive impact on patient outcomes, health status and quality of life as compared to the lack of self care management for the patient with diabetes (Funnell et al., 2012; Renders, 2000; Hunt, 2013). The costs associated with diabetes self care management in the US in 2012 were $245 billion. This was an increase from $174 billion in 2007 (ADA, 2013). Moreover, in Saudi Arabia, the costs were projected to be higher than $0.87 billion excluding indirect diabetes costs such as absenteeism, unemployment due to disability, productivity loss due to mortality and disease-related absenteeism (Alhowaish, 2013). Therefore, it can be established that the costs related to diabetes shall keep on scaling higher in the coming years in a majority of nations. Search Strategy What is the impact of nursing intervention related to diabetes self-management for diabetic patients? Population: patients with diabetes Intervention: Nurse led education on diabetes self-management comparator: regular care Outcome: Better control of blood glucose levels (HbA1c ) The pursuit methodologies that have been utilized to portray the situation incorporate: the utilization of databases, web indexes and library sources that hold companion investigated writing audits. The inquiry terms that were utilized were: diabetic nursing intercessions, effect of nursing mediations, diabetes self administration forethought, age assembly influenced by diabetes sort 2, diabetes complexities, diabetes sort 1, diabetes sort 2, physical movement in patients with diabetes, good dieting in patients with diabetes, glucose overseeing and enhanced personal satisfaction. The incorporation criteria were dependent upon articles that were free and promptly accessible for access while the prohibition criteria were articles that were not noticeable for nothing get to. Search strategy summary Seek methods arrive in various structures. Case in point, a pursuit could be directed through the utilization of a structure where the key inquiry terms are entered in and the outcomes are depicted; subject titles and classifications and through connections to related material and/ or substance. The inquiry methodologies that were utilized within this examination paper were all the above. This was because of the way that an examination paper centers of picking up writing audits from various dependable sources. Moreover, this data must be examined, assessed and even contrasted so as with concoct a successful conclusion. Accordingly, various hunt components must be utilized in order to get the most dependable and faultless data for the particular study. It is likewise qualified to note that there are various online access instruments which might be utilized to perform seeks and recover dependable data. These incorporate: library inventories; web crawlers, for example, Google, Yahoo and Bing; exploratory databases, for example, Google Scholar, plos and Medicinenet. With regards to library looks, the best procedure that was utilized was the utilization of inquiry terms. These made the seeking simple since the name of the article and/ or pivotal words were promptly accessible. While seeking in databases, the best inquiry system that was utilized was likewise identified with the hunt terms expressed previously. Ultimately, leading quests through web indexes obliged one to focus the best web search tool that handled more comes about with less time. Next, the inquiry was performed utilizing the magic words said above. This study however indicates that, a hunt of the databases was attempted in utilizing pivotal words: Nurse Diabetes, organization toward oneself, and equivalent words for medical attendant including instructors and diabetic medical attendant were the key terms here as far as nurse intervention on Diabetes patients is of concern. The databases included: CINAHL Plus, Google Scholar, Proquest focal, and the USQ library utilizing Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences databases. The incorporation criteria included studies incorporating: nursing awareness of diabetes self-management for diabetic patients, role of nurses in diabetes self-management role of nurses as educators in diabetes self-management studies published in English studies published from 2005 to 2014 Exclusion criteria: Studies covering the following topics: diabetes self-management within the clinical setting studies with diabetic patients having major diabetic complications, including multiple organ failure Studies covering patients who cannot participate in diabetes self-management. Part 4: Search Outcomes I carried out the search by browsing through the titles and abstracts of the papers which appeared relevant to the current study being undertaken. The chart below shows the process followed for this literature review. References Al-Hayek, A. A., Robert, A. A., Alzaid, A. A., Nusair, H. M., Zbaidi, N. S., Al-Eithan, M. H., & Sam, A. E. (2012). Association between diabetes self-care, medication adherence, anxiety, depression, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Saudi medical journal, Volume 33(6), pp. 681-683. Alhowaish, A. K. (2013). Economic costs of diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of family & community medicine, Volume 20(1), p. 1. Azab, A. S. (2001). Glycemic control among diabetic patients. Saudi medical journal, Volume 22 (5), pp. 407-409. Alqurashi, K. A., Aljabri, K. S., &Bokhari, S. A. (2010). Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Annals of Saudi medicine, Volume 31(1), pp. 19-23. Al-Shahrani, A. M., Hassan, A., Al-Rubeaan, K. A., Al Sharqawi, A. H., & Ahmad, N. A. (2012). Effects of diabetes education program on metabolic control among Saudi type 2 diabetic patients. Pak J Med Sci, Volume 28 (5), pp. 925 – 930. Al-Nozha, M. M. et al. (2004). Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, Volume 25(11), pp. 1603-1610. American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE). (2003).Technical Review: Diabetes Self-Management Education and Training (DSME/T) Outcomes Measures. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.diabeteseducator.org/export/sites/aade/_resources/pdf/publications/Outcomes_Technical_Review_Aug.pdf American Diabetes Association (ADA). (October, 2013). The Cost of Diabetes. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.diabetes.org/advocacy/news-events/cost-of-diabetes.html Clement, S. (1995). Diabetes self-management education. Diabetes care, Volume 18(8), pp. 1204-1214. Elliott, J. A. et al. (February 2013). Diabetes Self-Management and Education of People Living with Diabetes: A Survey in Primary Health Care in Muscat Oman. PloS one, Volume 8(2), pp. e57400. Funnell, M. M. et al. (2012). National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education. Diabetes care, Volume 35 (Supplement 1), pp. S101-S108. International Diabetes Federation (IDF). (2014). Diabetes Atlas.Web. Retrieved from: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas Hunt, C. W. (2013). Self-care management strategies among individuals living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: nursing interventions. Nursing: Research & Reviews, 3. NHS. (2011). Diabetes. Web. Retrieved from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/ Norris, S. L., Engelgau, M. M., & Narayan, K. V. (2001). Effectiveness of Self-Management Training in Type 2 Diabetes A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes care, Volume 24(3), pp. 561-587. Norris, S. L., Lau, J., Smith, S. J., Schmid, C. H., &Engelgau, M. M. (2002). Self-Management Education for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes A meta-analysis of the effect on glycemic control. Diabetes care, Volume 25(7), pp. 1159-1171. Renders, C. M., Valk, G. D., Griffin, S., Wagner, E. H., Van Eijk, J. T., &Assendelft, W. J. J. (2000). Interventions to improve the management of diabetes mellitus in primary care, outpatient and community settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. Shrivastava, S. R., Shrivastava, P. S., &Ramasamy, J. (2013). Role of Self-Care in Management of Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes MetabDisord, Volume 12(1), p. 14. Tschannen, D., Aebersold, M., Sauter, C., &Funnell, M. M. (2013). Improving nurses perceptions of competency in diabetes self-management education through the use of simulation and problem-based learning. Journal of continuing education in nursing, Volume 44(6), pp. 257-263. World Health Organisation (WHO). (2012). Diabetes.Web. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ Read More