Cardiac Disease among African American Male, Age 30 to 50 - Essay Example

? Cardiac Disease among African American Males (Age 30 to 50) Introduction Cardiovascular disease is related to the heart, as well as the arteries and veins. Cardiovascular disease affects the heart of humans and results in heart attacks. It is one of the biggest factors of death in the world. However, the mortality rate has reduced over the past few years. Cardiovascular disease needs to be carefully monitored in order to prevent the health risk associated with the suffering patients (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). The objective of the paper is to identify and diagnosis the problem in respect of cardiac disease among the African American males between the ages of 30 to 50. The identification is done by developing a health promotion plan within the target group. The Department of Health and Human Services in the U.S. has greatly influenced the objective to prevent the heart disease and to promote awareness among the people. The literature review done in the paper would enable depicting the reason behind a high rate of cardiac disease among the African American males and females having the highest percentage of mortality rate than the other gender and race. It also depicts the current nursing interventions and the successful and unsuccessful interventions of the heart disease. A short-term objective has been shown to determine the process of conducting awareness and identifying the causes of heart disease that will provide knowledge and promote the awareness among the public about the heart disease. Part I: Nursing Process: Community Diagnosis Literature Review Healthy People: 2020 ‘Healthy People’ is a designed structure that promotes awareness among the people of the United States regarding health and avoidance of disease with a set of goals, as well as objectives with a 10-year target. The goals of ‘Healthy People’ are to prevent repeated heart attacks and to improve the health of the people through awareness, detection and treatment. Cardiac disease is a major factor leading to death among the people in the U.S. African American males of the ages of 30-50 years are the main victims of cardiac disease. ‘Healthy People’ is a program of the Department of Health and Human Services of the U.S. that provides an idea of science-based objectives to measure and to keep track of the health issues in a particular population. ‘Healthy People’ serves as the institution for activities, such as prevention, as well as wellness among the people in different sectors of National Government. It is also used as a model to measure health of people at state, as well as at local levels (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Goals of Healthy People: 2020 ‘Healthy People’ program has certain specific comprehensive goals, such as aiming high quality lives for people that is prevented from disease, injury, as well as untimely death. Improving the health of the people and attaining health equity by eliminating all the disparities is the other goal of the ‘Healthy People’. Another crucial goal of Healthy People is promotion of sound health for all the people by building healthy social, as well as physical, environments. The concluding goal of ‘Healthy People’ is to promote healthy behavior for a healthy development during the stages of life for maintaining and living a quality life (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Mission of Healthy People: 2020 The mission of ‘Healthy People’ is to classify the development concerns throughout the nation regarding health issues. Opportunities to progress can be achieved by increasing the awareness as well as the understandings regarding the factors of health as well as the disease among the people. An important mission of ‘Healthy People’ is to determine the decisive research for the evaluation along with collecting data needed regarding the health issue. Another mission for ‘Healthy People’ is to present measurable goals as well as objectives to apply at the state, as well as at local levels. ‘Healthy People' program involves multiple sectors to carry out activities for fortifying the policies and also to improve knowledge, as well as practices (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Facts about Coronary Heart Disease Deaths Baseline 0.126% in 2007 (coronary heart disease related deaths) Target 0.100% deaths Target-Setting Method Projection 20% improvement Data Source National Vital Statistics System–Mortality (NVSS–M), CDC, NCHS Source: (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). According to the statistics observed from Florida Department of Health, number of people who died owing the reason of cardiovascular disease was 54, 542 in the year 2007. The corresponding hospital cost was estimated to be around US$7.2 billion. Therefore, in this region there is considerable requirement of preparing strategic plans to alleviate the disease (Florida Department of Health, 2012). Diagnosis - a Problem for the Target Group Community diagnosis is a quantitative as well as qualitative analysis that determines the health of the people and the factors responsible for influencing the health. Community diagnosis is a process for promoting health in a community and is important to conduct community diagnosis on a regular basis (Centre for Health Protection, 2009). The Cardiac disease discussed has certain problems related to diagnosis among the target group that is the African American males between the age limit 30-50. The death rate of males than the females in respect of heart disease is constantly rising. Death by heart disease is high in the African American males in comparison to the white people. In general in the US, death by Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has lowered with respect to gender as well as race. In 1995, it was reported that African American males have 42% higher death rate by heart disease compared to that of the white males and 65% higher in females (Center for Health Statistics Report, 2002). The Current Nursing Interventions for Cardiac Disease The nursing interventions for cardiac disease to decrease cardiac output regarding myocardial contractility includes recording of heart sounds, palpation related to peripheral pulses, providing an environment that is calm, as well as quiet, assessment of cyanosis, pallor skin, assessing the heart’s frequency and rhythm. Important symptoms of acceptable limits can be observed and it reduces dyspnea episodes regarding angina by following the above mentioned interventions There is also a requirement of checking significant symptoms before, as well as after, the actions when patients are using vasodilator or diuretic (World Health Organization; UNAIDS, 2007). According to the World Health Organization, UNAIDS, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) emerges from high-cholesterol, high fat diets, excessive tension and smoking cigarettes. Individuals should stop smoking cigarettes as tobacco affects and damages the lungs and leads to heart disease. Replacing nicotine with antidepressants is not usually suggested for the cigarette smokers. The diets that contain fat should be avoided and the amount of salt taken daily also should be reduced. 400g of fruits and vegetables are recommended for an individual to eat daily. Regular exercise can reduce the factors leading to heart disease as exercise keeps the body fit and healthy. Exercise helps to control the weight of the body and is essential for avoiding heart attacks. Patients with heart disease are recommended to do a lot of physical work and activities to keep themselves fit and controlled. Consumption of alcohol should be reduced by the individuals to avoid heart attacks (World Health Organization; UNAIDS, 2007). Nowadays, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is seen as the major factor for death in the countries with low-income. CVD is a Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) and is a key element for deaths in the world (G?de, Vedel, Larsen, Jensen, Parving, & Pedersen, 2003). Successful Interventions Promoting awareness regarding the heart disease and the ways to avert heart disease and heart attack at state, as well as regional levels Demonstrating the best practices to control the disease and evaluating the programs For the implementation of policy regarding heart diseases as well as prevention of stroke, establishment of partnership is essential with organizations that promote activities regarding the above mentioned policy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.) Unsuccessful Interventions Certain unsuccessful interventions regarding cardiac disease has been observed in the US context. The primary reason behind the failure of certain positive interventions has been the duration of the community based programs. It has been observed that a number of programs intended to create awareness have not been carried out for a substantial time period. Therefore, there has remained a major gap regarding the people who are aware of the reasons through which they can affected by the disease (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2004). Part II Nursing Process: Planning Title of the Plan: Prevention of Cardiac Disease through Successful Interventions among African American males age 30 to 50 The short-term goal for the intended plan includes promoting awareness regarding cardiac disease, identifying the critical causes of cardiac disease and providing knowledge for the prevention of the cardiac disease. Awareness: the awareness program is an important tool for providing knowledge regarding the cardiac disease among the people. The programs can be conducted at hospitals, in an auditorium or in a public place to address the target audience as well as to inform them about the cardiac disease. Awareness can also be spread by distributing pamphlets in the community. Alerting people through local media and news outlets regarding the cardiac issues can also provide rich dividends. Through campaigns also awareness can be spread among the public in a community. Identifying the Critical Causes: the main factor that causes heart disease is the tightening or blockage of the arteries due to the deposition of fat, as well as cholesterol, in blood vessels. The cholesterol can be controlled by taking healthy diets and with the help of proper exercise as well as physical activity. Maintaining a proper weight and taking medicines, if needed, also controls heart disease. The outcomes could be measured after a period of time regarding the health of the people. Smoking is another factor that causes heart disease as smoking reduces the flow of the blood between the arteries. Smoking augments the level of carbon monoxide and the blood pressure. After quitting smoking, the level of blood pressure and carbon monoxide in the blood will return to normal, so the body can cope up with the situation in a better way. Smoking is not easy to quit, however, effective planning or medicines prescribed by doctors can help to quit smoking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Providing Knowledge for Prevention: the knowledge regarding the prevention of heart disease should be analyzed regularly. The program promotes the importance of awareness about the heart disease in the community. The knowledge should be provided regarding the causes of heart disease and the measures of preventing the causes (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Budget Planning For the Project Activity Quantity Budgeted Amount Gathering Participating Student Nurse 10 persons US$ 6300 (US$ 14.00/hour/student nurse) Brochures 5000 units US$ 150 Food 10 units US$ 100 (US$10/Unit) Transport (Fuel) 100 Liters US$ 110 Part III: Nursing Process: Intervention and Evaluation Objectives Learning Domain Topical Outline for Each Objective Plan for Evaluation Awareness Cognitive Identification of objectives, time specification of objectives. Within a period of 2 months Distributing pamphlets regarding the disease and organizing seminars for the public. The effects of the activities can be gauged from the number of people attending the health program, as the main aim of building awareness is to increase the number of people who are aware about the disease Identification of Critical Causes Affective Gathering information about the patients and the disease. Within a period of 2 months By surveying in the community, hospitals in the particular community and by arranging health camps. Evaluation regarding the success of the events can be monitored through the aspect of identifying the major causes of disease in a comprehensive way Providing Knowledge For Prevention Cognitive Selecting a target group. Within a period of 1 month Demonstrating the ways of preventing the disease, promoting awareness in the community. The success of the objective can be evaluated from the fact that whether the number of illnesses and deaths due to cardiac disease has reduced or not among the target group of people Conclusion The African-American males between the ages of 30 to 50 are being mostly affected by the cardiac disease. The ratio says that the death rates of African American males are increasing constantly compared to the African-American females. According to an observation made in a report it has been found that, deaths by heart disease of African American males is 42% higher than that of the white males in America. To prevent the deaths by heart disease and to spread awareness, the Department of Health and Human Services in the US has created a program called as Healthy People which aims to promote and spread healthy living and healthy environment in a specific community. It is being observed that people with obesity, regular smoking habits, high blood pressure and high cholesterol are being affected more by the heart disease. Healthy People program identifies the critical causes regarding the heart disease and finds remedies to solve or prevent the heart disease. By visiting the hospitals as well as conducting meetings in an auditorium to address the general people and arranging campaigns, the Healthy People program spreads awareness. Another way of spreading awareness is distributing pamphlets in the community and providing vital information regarding the heart disease and the ways to prevent it (Heart Disease: The National Challenge, 2002). The nursing process related to the heart disease had been noticeably successful to attain success by a large extent with new successful interventions in the recent past. Demonstration and evaluation of the objectives of prevention of heart disease have made a great impact in U.S. The Healthy People program presents opportunities to collaborate organizations to promote the essentials regarding the heart disease. It can be seen that the deaths of male population of African American ethnicity in between the ages 30 to 50 due to heart disease can be considerably reduced to a large extent with the introduction of awareness, as well as prevention policies. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Successful business strategies to prevent heart disease and stroke. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/pubs/docs/toolkit_guide.pdf Centre for Health Protection. (2009). Community diagnosis. Retrieved from http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/hc-community_diagnosis_0010_eng_small.pdf Florida Department of Health. (2012). Florida heart disease & stroke prevention. Retrieved from http://www.doh.state.fl.us/family/heart/HDSP_State_Plan_2009.pdf G?de, P., Vedel , P., Larsen , N., Jensen , G. V. H., Parving, H-H., & Pedersen, O. (2003). Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (5). Heart Disease: The National Challenge. (2002). Center for health statistics report. Retrieved from http://www.dchd.net/services/hper/new/Reports/Reports%20in%20PDF/Volume%201,%202002/Heart%20Disease%20%20CHS%20report%20May%20June.pdf National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2004). Behavioral health interventions: What works and why? Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25527/ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Healthy people 2020. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/TopicsObjectives2020/pdfs/HP2020_brochure_with_LHI_508.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Your guide to a healthy heart. Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart_fs.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Heart disease and stroke. Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=21 World Health Organization. (n.d.). Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf World Health Organization, UNAIDS (2007). Prevention of cardiovascular disease. Geneva: World Health Organization. Bibliography American Heart Association, Inc. 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