Adrenaline Hormone and Cholera Disease - Essay Example

How does the adrenaline hormone act on the target cell and what mechanisms are activated?
This hormone stimulates the alpha and beta-adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relation, dilates bronchi, and stimulates the heart.
5. Which hormone governs long-term stress?
Cortisol is the hormone that governs short-term stress.
6. What is the chemical classification of this hormone?

C21H30O5
7. What does this classification dictate in terms of how the hormone is synthesized by the endocrine cell; released from the endocrine cell; how it travels through the blood to the target cell; and where it finds its receptor in the target cell?

Cortisol counteracts insulin and contributes to hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits the peripheral use of glucose. It increases glycogen in the liver.
8. How does this type of hormone act on the target cell and what mechanisms are activated?

In the cytoplasm of the target cell, the hormone binds to a specific receptor. The cortisol-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell where the complex activates or inhibits the transcription of specific genes that interferes with the production of messenger ribonucleic acid molecules
9. Describe 2 or 3 distinctions between short-term and long-term stress.
Short-term stress is common as compared to long-term stress
Short-term stress is immediate and easy to solve while long-term stress is chronic and difficult to deal with
Case 6. B Cholera

1. How does infection with Vibrio cholerae lead to diarrhea?
Vibrio cholera produces a CXT toxin in the small intestines that binds the walls and interferes with the normal flow of sodium and chloride causing the secretion of excess water that leads to diarrhea.
2. Briefly explain why a person infected with cholera becomes dehydrated; and, how oral rehydration therapy can help correct this problem.
A person with cholera becomes dehydrated because vibrio cholera bacteria cause excessive loss of water through diarrhea. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) can help correct this problem because patients are given water that has salt (sodium chloride) and supplementary zinc in case of severe diarrhea. This helps by introducing the sodium and chloride that the bacteria alter in the body (Faruque & Nair, 2008).

3. Why does our patient have low blood pressure? What is hypovolemic shock and how might this occur in a patient with cholera? Hypovolemic shock is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body because of severe blood or fluid loss. This might occur in patients with cholera because of excessive dehydration caused by diarrhea.
The patient has low blood pressure because of dehydration.
4. Which receptors does the cholera toxin bind to in the mucosal epithelial cell and specifically what transport pathways are altered as a result?
The B subunits bind to GMI ganglioside receptors on epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa.

5. Which signal transduction pathways are affected by cholera toxin? How are they altered, and how does this result in diarrhea?
The signal transduction pathways that are affected by cholera toxins include CT-sensitive growth inhibitory pathways and G proteins. When the pathways are affected the G-protein loses its strength meaning that it can no longer regulate the transport of water in the body leading to diarrhea.
6. What second messenger level is altered by cholera?

The second messenger level altered by cholera is the intercellular cAMP levels
7. What other second messengers are there and how do they work generally to alter cell function?
Other types of second messengers include Inositol Triphosphate, Cyclic GMP, Diacylglycerol, and Calcium
8. Someone with cholera may be given oral rehydration therapy (ORT). What is ORT and how does it work, specifically about the transport of electrolytes and water?
Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) works by giving patients water that has salt (sodium chloride) and supplementary zinc in case of severe diarrhea. This helps by introducing the sodium and chloride that the bacteria alters in the body thereby enabling the retention of water in the body and helping to prevent the bacteria from damaging the transport of electrolytes. Read More