Management of the Diabetes - Literature review Example

?Annotated Bibliography Introduction Diabetes could be identified as a chronic disease which affects individuals of various ages. The disease presents long-term effects to the affected individuals and requires proper understanding by both the affected individuals and caregivers, for efficient management. Management of the condition remains fundamental towards ensuring reduced mortality resulting from the adverse effects of the condition. In most situations, management of the condition includes self-care by the individuals, through following guidelines provided by medical professionals. Through provision of essential information, the affected individuals become empowered to administer self-medication and live healthy lives, despite being infected with the chronic condition. This document seeks to establish the process on management of the condition. Search strategy Searching for this information began with identification of the condition of focus, diabetes within the context of this search. Following the identification of the topic the specific focus of management of the condition was identified and the search began with the key words being ‘diabetes’ and ‘management’. Various relevant search engines were utilised in identifying relevant information, regarding the topic being searched. The search engines were able to narrow my search, through giving only the key words identified before beginning the online search. The topic dealt with management of diabetes; hence the key words for the search became, ‘management’ and ‘diabetes’. While many articles might be presented when searching for diabetes, narrowing into management brought a minimised are of focus. Being an academic report, various academic sources were identified, with the aim of getting most relevant academic sources for the task being undertaken. The academic sources normally present information which can assist students in learning about their research topics. These sources only contain information regarded as having academic value to users. The Google scholar was very helpful in providing relevant information used in researching on the topic of management of diabetes. This remains the most utilised search engine, which is always readily available within different locations. This search engine provides users with unlimited resources, and its utilisation gave me numerous related articles, which would enhance the quality of the information retrieved. Several online libraries were also accessed. These libraries provided journal articles published in different countries, and detailing commonly employed diabetes management techniques. The information being sought in these libraries sought to define the various methods which are applied in treatment of diabetes. The utilisation of the website meant that I could access many articles, published in different countries and journal within the shortest time possible. The online libraries are normally accessible from different global location, with the same information remaining accessible every time. These libraries significantly reduce the duration taken when researching on a specified topic, like the one identified by this research. The dictionaries also offer information regarding copyrighted material which cannot be accessed online. They give information on where the material can be accessed without any copyright breaching, like publisher details. This information significantly assisted me in getting the correct sources. Other than identifying the topics, article abstracts were immensely helpful in deciding the references to include within my search. While I came across many articles, the selection of many required perusing through the abstracts to determine the relevance of contained information. Through reading the abstracts, I was able to evaluate many articles before selecting the relevant ones towards my research topic. Some articles focused on various elements of the condition and failed to provide essential information towards management of the condition. Others offered vague information, consequently failing to meet the required standards of information. Following refinement of the search, articles that never appeared in the refined search were also excluded from the list of article included in the research. Other articles excluded from the search were those focused on delivering information to medical practitioners, or focusing on commercial purposes. The search remained limited to articles presenting academic information and ignored all commercial publications. Brown, S. A., 1988. Effects of Educational Interventions In Diabetes Care: A Meta-Analysis of Findings. Nursing Research, 37(4), pp. 223-230. Education remains one of the commonly utilised methods in management of chronic diseases like diabetes. Education offers patients and their caregivers, opportunity to improve the capacity to handle complicated conditions. The management of these conditions remains essential in ensuring longevity of individuals’ lives once infected by the diseases. Seeking medical attention from hospital remains an expensive process especially under extreme poverty conditions. The processes involved in treatment of diabetes remain expensive and education empowers the individuals to undertake self-care in management of the condition. This research report seeks to establish the impact of diabetes education carried out by various organisations on the population. The purpose of the research was to establish the effect of teaching on the management of the condition through reducing mortality among patients. The report presents a meta-analysis of teaching effects on Knowledge, metabolic control and various elements of self-care behaviour among patients. This report finds that education presents positive effects on adults and enhances the management of the condition. Callaghan, D. & Williams, A., 1994. Living with diabetes: issues for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20(1), pp. 132-139. Living with diabetes could become a challenge when affected individuals lack sufficient information regarding the disease. The capacity to access healthcare also causes a major challenge as care givers offer patients information regarding management of the condition. The caregivers should be able to understand the feelings and perceptions of the patients about the prevailing conditions. The perceptions held by individuals could affect their capacity to manage the disease and seek medical assistance as well. The article also explores the perception of the patients regarding the care received from healthcare providers. Before caregivers begin offering any assistance it remains important to establish the living experiences of the patients, concerning the disease. The nurses should be able to establish the challenges which the patients have experienced through living with the disease. This paper presents findings aimed at improving care for diabetes patients offered by professional medical practitioners. The issues presented within the context of the paper would essentially assist nurses in understanding the patients’ perception and experiences. This paper presents information which could be essential to caregivers in enhancing their capacity when offering professional services Funnell, M. et al., 2009. National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education. Diabetes Care, 32(1), pp. 87-94. Self-management of chronic condition like diabetes remains a highly feasible method of dealing with the effects of the disease among infected individuals. Patient outcomes could be sufficiently improved by educating the infected people and the entire population about self-management of the condition. The national standards for DAME remain fundamental towards ensuring the population remains informed about disease. This taskforce remains jointly governed by the government and the American Diabetes Association. Through this taskforce, numerous other organisation have joined together to provide the population with up-to-date information about self-management of diabetes. Self-management education remains essential in reducing the costs incurred when people seek assistance from healthcare facilities. Through sufficient education, the population could become empowered to manage the condition from their homes. While such system ensures medical costs become reduced the program could be important in reducing mortality from the condition. This report has been approved by various medical associations like the Department of Medical Education, Indian Health Services, Diabetes Research and Training Centre, among many others. This approval implies that the report could be very helpful in the management of the condition, hence it inclusion within my references. Kitzmiller, J. L. et al., 1991. Preconception Care of Diabetes Glycemic Control Prevents Congenital Anomalies,. Journal of American Medical Association, 265(6), pp. 731-736 Diabetes could present a surmountable challenge to affected individuals during pregnancy. Within pregnant mothers, necessity occurs for ensuring control of the blood sugar levels in managing diabetes during pregnancy. The effects of diabetes could present adverse effects to the unborn children and contribute to development of congenital disorders. Though congenital anomalies could result from various causative agents, chronic diseases like diabetes, could significantly contribute to these diseases. Intensive management of diabetes before and during pregnancy could therefore become fundamental towards eliminating congenital disorders, associated with diabetes. This paper presents a research on the effects of glycemic control in pregnant mothers. It analyses how control can be utilised in minimising the occurrence of congenital disorders in infants born by diabetic mothers. The paper presents a special category of patients and seeks to eliminate one of the most serious effects of diabetes to the unborn individuals. This paper presents informed analysis of the best period for administering diabetes treatment to expectant mother. Preconception care appears to have minimal congenital anomalies compared to post conception care. Paterson, B. L., Thorne, S. & Dewis, M., 1998. Adapting to and Managing Diabetes. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(1), pp. 57-62. Balancing between different elements remains a developmental process which could assist an individual to assume total control of various chronic diseases like diabetes. The support for these developmental processes requires complete cooperation between the patients and caregivers. The treatment method employed by professional caregivers involves control of blood sugar through therapeutic medical processes. This control, however, can be employed through healthy living and observing strict dietary control. Through living with the condition people adapt behavioural changes which enhance their capacity to manage the disease at later stages. Through lived experience, the individuals can also inform others on the essential requirements for maintaining the condition. The capacity for an individual to balance his/her diet significantly determines the person’s willingness to assume control of self-care management. The findings presented by this report were from forty-three qualitative researches carried out between 1980 and 1996, involving lived experience. This report presents informative information on adaptation to and management of this condition. The findings of this report could be fundamental in encouraging people affected with the disease to become adaptive and have a positive approach to the condition. Sigur?ardottir, A. K., 2005. Self-care in diabetes: model of factors affecting self-care. Journal of Clinical Nursing , 14(3), p. 301–314. Self-care remains fundamental in the treatment and management of diabetes. Self-care consists of 4 fundamental elements commonly utilised in management of diabetes; self-monitoring to ensure proper blood sugar, proper nutrition in enhancing body defence, adjustment of insulin dosages to meet daily body requirements, and ensuring the body remains sufficiently active through physical exercise. While treatment for the condition can be provided medically, the element of self-care contributes significantly towards minimising the effects of diabetes on the individuals. This paper explores self-care in individuals suffering from diabetes, with specific focus on the factors affecting self-care. These factors include individual knowledge and understanding of the condition, emotional and physical aspects enhancing efficacy for individuals to undertake self-care. This paper presents insightful information regarding the management of diabetes, in the form of self-care. Through this method individuals can sufficiently reduce the mortality resulting from diabetes. This paper is important to the research because it discusses a different perspective which can be employed in effectively managing the condition. The method discussed by the paper could potentially assist many individuals in minimising mortality through empowering the suffering individuals. Part 2 The management of chronic diseases remains fundamental towards reducing mortality from these aliments. The major reason for initiating treatment of diabetes remains enhancing the control of bodily bold sugar levels. This control can be monitored in the healthcare setting or within home setting (ADA, 2006). Professional healthcare practitioners are involved in hospital management setting. Within the home setting however, these individuals might not be required as the patients could be informed on methods of self-monitoring of the condition. This monitoring aims at ensuring required blood sugar levels are maintained through dietary control of medication. The use of medication in treatment of diabetes has been identified as an extremely expensive process. The hospital process if normally initiated upon diagnosis of patients to establish their health status. Clinical guidelines provided by various organisations, however, could limit the application of hospital setting management depending on patients (Feder, et al., 1999). Older patients are treated through less stringent glycemic control measures because of their physical status. The required clinical guidelines are provided by various agencies within different countries. The primary issue in management of diabetes remains management of glucose cycle, commonly pursued through glycemic control. The uptake of glucose in the body depends heavily on insulin; hence both elements need control in management of diabetes. The blood sugar levels are normally measured using a glucose meter. The measurements present results on mg/Dl within the American setting, and mmol/L within the European and Canadian hospital settings. Normal individuals should have blood sugar levels maintained between 4.5 and 7.0 mmol/L (Palardy, et al., 1989). The costs of undertaking these measurements daily, in hospitals have necessitated the capacity for individuals to be trained on self-measuring of the blood sugar levels. Diabetic individuals normally take measurements and record them in diaries. This information is presented to medical practitioners during hospital visits for analysis. Individuals are expected to monitor their own blood sugar levels at all times. Self-management of the disease includes intake of insulin or behavioural changes as prescribed by doctors. The insulin is normally undertaken through injection, and patients are normally trained on how to perform this task. The commonly utilized non-medical management method include, adopting healthy diets, participating in physical activities, and patients changing lifestyles into systems which could enhance blood sugar control (Sigur?ardottir, 2005). These management measures are commonly employed to reduce the costs incurred in hospital treatment of diabetes. Through self-management, individuals can be efficiently informed about handling the disease and become sufficiently empowered to administer remedies themselves. Diabetes affects individuals regardless of their economic, health or physical status, as it remains commonly attributed to lifestyles adopted by individuals. The effects of the disease, however, vary depending on the age, physical and health status of patients. The effects could be adverse in some individuals depending on their physical and health status, and age as well. Within the case of pregnant women, for example, diabetes can contribute towards congenital disorders in infants born by diabetic women (Kitzmiller, et al., 1991). Within older individuals diabetes could significantly contribute to high mortality because of the health status of the old patients (Barlow, et al., 2002). Self-management remains one of the most effective methods utilised by patients in managing the condition. Through self-management programs, patients are able to reduce the costs incurred during hospital visits. Patients are normally offered information regarding how to effectively administer themselves with, insulin if on medication, and adopting proper lifestyles aimed at ensuring longevity of their lives (Brown, 1988). Through education conducted by various organisations, individuals infected with the condition become empowered to manage the conditions from their houses. This effectively reduces the pressure experienced in hospitals regarding congestion of patients seeking treatment. Clinical guidelines assist both the medical practitioners and patients in learning how to handle the self-management programs effectively. Increased application of self-management education has seen development of clinical guidelines seeking to define methods for offering efficient information regarding management of the situation (CDA, 2013). Self-management of the condition becomes sufficiently improved through these guidelines which seek to ensure nurses provide relevant information to patients for proper administration of self-management of diabetes. The doctors normally undertake sufficient diagnoses of patient before deciding on proper methods to apply in administering self-management information to the patient (Callaghan & Williams, 1994). Various government and non-governmental organisations continue to be actively involved in ensuring people have sufficient information regarding these diseases (Funnell, et al., 2009). These organisations continue to invest heavily in educational matters seeking to enlighten the population on self-management of diabetes for the population empowerment. Through this empowerment, the patients are able to adapt into living with the condition easily. Increased understanding of the condition remains essential in the patients’ capacity to understand the requirements for living healthy, while having diabetes (Paterson, et al., 1998). The patients are supplied with sufficient information, which increases their understanding; consequently helping them adapt into changing their lifestyles aimed at ensuring control of the condition. While various interventions have been devised in handling chronic diseases like diabetes, the expensive medication process has contributed to the utilisation of self-management approach. This approach empowers the infected individuals to take control of the various elements monitored by medical professionals, within hospital setting. The application of self-management approach appears to become popularised by increasing medical costs, and hard economic times. Caregivers also seek to create space, within hospitals, to offer other services instead of treatment of chronic ailments, like diabetes. The self-management approach offers the capacity to create space through empowering patients to administer medication, while outside the hospital. This approach empowers the people through providing them with necessary information regarding administering self-care. The disease has been identified to cause significant levels of trauma on patients, especially in the middle ages. Through education, the traumatic experiences become reduced as individuals’ understanding increases (Jacobson, 1996). The individuals are advised on best methods for ensuring minimal effects of the condition on their physical well-being. Through this method, uninfected family members could also learn important elements and techniques for avoiding being infected with the condition. The self-management approach can be identified as increasing the knowledge of people, concerning diabetes; hence ensuring the people are capable of living comfortably, even when affected by the disease. The method increases the basic knowledge on immediate family members of infected individuals. Through increased knowledge, people would be empowered to adopt healthy lifestyles, consequently reducing cases of diabetic infection. While the method seeks to manage the condition in infected persons, it could contribute towards reduced infection cases, as individuals gain knowledge of the disease. Conclusion Self-management of chronic conditions like diabetes remains the best method for managing the adverse effects of these diseases. Through proper knowledge and increased empowerment, infected individuals can eliminate the adverse effects of chronic diseases, and reduce mortality. Self-management remains cost efficient method for handling various complications arising from chronic conditions. Sufficient information remains necessary in empowering individuals on the process of self-management of chronic diabetes. References ADA, 2006. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2006. Diabetes Care, 29(1), pp. 40-42. Barlow, j. et al., 2002. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Education and Counseling, 48(2), p. 177–187. Brown, S. A., 1988. Effects of Educational Interventions In Diabetes Care: A Meta-Analysis of Findings. Nursing Research, 37(4), pp. 223-230. Callaghan, D. & Williams, A., 1994. Living with diabetes: issues for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20(1), pp. 132-139. CDA, 2013. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Self-Management Education. [Online] Available at: http://guidelines.diabetes.ca/SelfManagementEducation.aspx [Accessed 14 May 2013]. Feder, G. et al., 1999. Using clinical guidelines. British Medical Journal, Volume 318, p. 728. Funnell, M. et al., 2009. National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education. Diabetes Care, 32(1), pp. 87-94. Jacobson, A. M., 1996. The Psychological Care of Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 334, pp. 1249-1253. Kitzmiller, J. L. et al., 1991. Preconception Care of Diabetes Glycemic Control Prevents Congenital Anomalies,. Journal of American Medical Association, 265(6), pp. 731-736. Palardy, J. et al., 1989. Blood glucose measurements during symptomatic episodes in patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 321(21), pp. 1421-5. Paterson, B. L., Thorne, S. & Dewis, M., 1998. Adapting to and Managing Diabetes. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 30(1), pp. 57-62. Sigur?ardottir, A. K., 2005. Self-care in diabetes: model of factors affecting self-care. Journal of Clinical Nursing , 14(3), p. 301–314. Read More