Psychoanalysis of Hitler Behavior Traits - Research Paper Example

Psychoanalysis of Hitler Behavior Traits PROFILE Transactional analysis (TA) refers to the theory of human interaction and the psychology that governs it (Corey 2007, 315). The essence of this theory is that the person’s mind can be in different ego states. These ego states can form the criteria for evaluating the interaction of people. Transactional analysis encompasses three ego states: parent, adult and child. Eric Berne defines the parent stage as controlling and nurturing whereas the adult refers to the sensible and logical mindset. The child, as the nature of children denotes, entails the traits of being playful and childlike. TA provides a basis for understanding personal development and nourishment. The Parent-Adult-Child model provides an explanation for why people might act in a certain way. Most importantly, the TA entails the concept of how childhood influences later adult life. It postulates the Life Script model. The life script model is a self-perceived concept that an individual has about himself or herself and the life drama that one engages in (Rungapadiachy 1999, 36). It is an unconscious life plan that we create during the early years of our life. The life script is influenced by many factors such as the family, cultural background and religious affiliation. It is believed to have reached the final stages of completion by the age of seven. The life script plan and the opinions that the child develop in the early years impact his patterns of thought and actions as an adult. One of the ideologies central to the theme of life script model and the TA is that we tend to use our childhood strategies throughout the life, even though they might not result in favorable outcomes all the time. As a result, TA can be used to study and identify mental illnesses and abnormal and maladaptive behaviors. Taking the example of Adolf Hitler, this paper will attempt to explore the how Hitler’s inaccurately placed emotions and thinking was developed from his childhood experiences and continued to influence his actions later on in life as an adult. The life script that individuals develop in the early years of their lives is directed to the achievement of something. It is a response to the external factors that act upon the child; rather than an involuntary phase. The child develops his or her life script after trying to comprehend the world around. More importantly, the life script model is buttressed and influenced by the pressure of parents. The script governs the future actions of the child; throughout his life, he or she will try to mould the reality according to the realization of his or her goals and objectives. Many psychologists contend that Hitler had several psychological disorders; however, none of them resulted in an irrational and psychologically odd attitude. Hitler was well aware of the decisions that he took and their consequences. He was cognizant of how deeply embedded evil was in his actions and did take decisions that demonstrated rationality. Robert Waite was of the view that Hitler was insane and his terrible actions and acts of evil can be a result of his unsteady childhood. Many psychologists and historians such as Waite regarded Hitler as sexually deprived because he had one testicle. Waite gave explanations for the intent of Hitler’s brutal actions such as the Holocaust as having emerged due to a poor childhood and lack of sexual life. These are the causes he also attributed to the madness of Hitler. He observes in his book The Psychopathic God that, “investigation demonstrates that Hitler acted very much like certain kinds of neurotic monorchids [someone having only one testicle] or borderline personalities” (Summary of Robert Waites Use of Psychoanalysis in The Psychopathic God). Elaborating more on the infantile sexuality, Waite said that Hitler repressed his sexual feelings as a child. He was obsessed with the Greek mythology character Medusa. Drawing upon the beliefs of Freud, men who are attracted to Medusa are actually venting out their hidden feelings for castration. Hitler expressed his concern for castration through many outlets, sometimes openly. For instance, he told the French ambassador that the Poles were involved in castration of German citizens. At another point, he was involved in forcing the League of Nations’ representative that the Nazi Press should not report the activities of the Polish in detail. Waite quotes Hitler in his book, “No one believes me about this, but I have ordered that the sensational cases, such as castration, should not be mentioned in the press. They agitate public views too much” (Summary of Robert Waites Use of Psychoanalysis in The Psychopathic God). On the other hand, Redlich disregards this perception. He was of the view that having one testicle was not the cause for his poor sexual life. He concluded that Hitler had hypospadia, a leaky urinary tract. This might have been a major factor governing his sexual life but would not have impacted him otherwise. According to Freud, a child goes through an oral stage, that is sucking the nipple or the bottle for the first two years of the child’s life, and an anal stage, where the child is toilet trained and refers to the time between two to three years of age. According to Waite and many other psychiatrists, the origin of Hitler’s sadomasochism lies in these early three years if his life. It has also been conjectured that Hitler had Oedipus complex. Hitler did not have a very intimate relationship with people. Ernest Hanfstaengl, who was one of Hitler’s friends from childhood, observed that Hitler only had a close relationship with his mother (The Value of Psychoanalysis in Writing Biography). This exemplifies one of the injunctions that Hitler incorporated into his life script. It has been reported that Hitler was very devoted to his mother and she often took him to bed with her (Malam 2008, 8). His father was away for many days at a time and he became closely attached to his mother. This can also be a reason for his hatred for towards his father. In his book, “Mein Kampf” Hitler relates a scene that many analysts believe to be a personal account. Hitler mentioned that the cramped living conditions of German workers often led to disputes between the mother and the father; children were often a witness if such fights. Hitler observed how a father may jump on to the mother, and the mother would like the experience; regarded as an insinuation to a sexual act by many such as Waite, Waite inferred that Hitler may have seen his mother and father argue over something and then had a rough sexual relation with each other in front of Hitler. Waite regards this as primal scene exposure and considers it to be a reason for incestuous fantasies and fears in Hitler. This could also explain his feelings for repulsion and attraction towards his father; Adolf Hitler saw himself as a Messiah and could have sacrificed his own father for his ambitions and Oedipal fears. Hitler related and compared himself to his father subconsciously. Therefore, he could relate to the violent attitudes of his father. Hitler’s belligerence was an expression of his wish to substitute or step into the shoes of his father. His infantile sexuality had a seminal influence on his future. The notion that Hitler carried about sexuality and his parents’ relationship from his childhood experiences affected his dictatorship. Hitler developed mistrust and hatred towards other people. He could not nurture good relationships with others. Waite states that the memories of Hitler and the words that he used to express them are representative of the conglomeration of elements of hatred, sexuality and violence that had impregnated his thinking and had culminated in a hazardous merger: fear, brutalization and cruel power were the dominating traits defining sex and life for Hitler. Hitler’s early years and the thinking that he developed during that time can explain his political motives. According to Richard Weber, one of Hitler’s doctors, Hitler was afflicted with psychosomatic disorders. However, there was nothing unusual about his behavior. Contrary to this opinion, roots of Hitler’s insanity lay in his early childhood years. Erik Erikson and Waite were of the perception that every childhood dilemma or clash survives to some degree in the adult. In his account of Hitler, Waite mentions that in his wartime monologues, Hitler had speculated and often written of how he looks back over the years and feels that he has not changed at all. Thus, in conclusion, Hitler never outgrew his childhood. He had little emotional capacity. Moreover, it can be surmised that the floggings of Hitler by his father played a crucial role in the cruelty of Hitler. The beatings of his father led a scar on his personality. His mother never intervened and Hitler was left to console himself on his own. The helpless anger that he felt could be attributable to the murderous profile that he developed later on in life. Helpless anger leads to the development of the psychology that if I were bigger, I would have killed you. Such a psychology paves the way for the development of a murderous profile. Moreover, Hitler was in a dilemma regarding his father. He wanted to be loved by him, yet detested him for his violent behavior. This represents the stroke that was built in by Hitler into his life script. Children may try to seek for attention and recognition. Hitler attempted to do the same but was entangled in a meshwork of emotions where the beatings and violence of his father arose repulsion in him while he strove, like other children, to seek his approval inwardly. The sudden outbursts of anger by his father had an effect on the character of the younger Hitler. Hitler became somewhat pleased by hurting others and became insensitive to their pain. Waite asserts that the actions of Hitler as an adult are linked to the feelings that he suppressed in his childhood, “In a true sense, the World War II did not initiate in the year 1939 with Hitlers attack of Poland but rather with his taking over the power in early 1930s. Psychologically, though, it had initiated much long earlier that: probably in the arguments and violent rages reserved in early childhood, but surely in his plans of the 1920s... in the 1920s, in a noteworthy passage in his second book, Hitler illustrated the inner hostility that drove him avidly onward: We shall attack and it is irrelevant that we go 10 or 1,000 kms further than the present lines. For whatsoever we get, it would just be the initiating point for the newer upcoming battles. This suggests that living in peace and tranquility with other nations was just not possible for Hitler, as he stated to the foreign minister, You know Ribbentrop, if I am a friend of Russia today, I could attack her later. I just cant help myself” (Summary of Robert Waites Use of Psychoanalysis in The Psychopathic God). Hitler’s political actions can also be comprehended in light of the psychopathological character that he developed over time. Eriksons theory of identity states that the identity of a person develops from an identity crisis which he goes through in during late adolescence. During this time, the individual seeks to both reject and to confirm. Hitler craved to understand the questions that were gnawing him. Philosophy and unswerving commitment answered these questions for him. Ever since the demise of his mother, Hitler began to think that he had a mission. His mother was taking treatment from a Jewish doctor. Hitler related to his mother at this time; she had lost a breast to cancer, and Hitler also had one testicle. The doctor was seen as someone who was intending to harm his other, and this thought could have formed the basis for his view that the entire Jewish community was bent on harming the Germans. Norman O. Brown links history and culture in his book. In a psychoanalytic study of history and culture, Brown states that the conscious can be converted into the unconscious by exposure into the external world (Koenigsberg). As a result, human culture evolved. Human culture took its form due to the projections of the repressed consciousness. Brown is of the view that human culture acts as a means of transference. This is generated largely by the repetition compulsion and subserves to create new episodes of infantile conflicts. Human culture, thus, contributes to the projection of these infantile conflicts from the subconscious into the external world. It helps to convert it into concrete reality and provides a platform for them to mature. Brown asserts that the fantasies which themselves made human neurosis cannot be learnt or comprehended on one’s own. However, their derivatives in human culture can. Culture, as a result, does that for mankind which mankind did not doe for the culture. Particular images and metaphors that Hitler used are the essence of Hitler’s philosophy and thinking. The fantasies that were the basis for the Hitler’s thinking are expressed into Nazi ideology. His political actions are an evidence of how he acted out his fantasies and converted them into harsh reality. Ideologies that have been regarded and accepted to be completely correct, and are accepted and followed zealously. This is reflective of how he redefined and distorted reality in order to supplement his inaccurately placed emotions for achieving a particular reward. Hitler therefore became a negative example of a charismatic leader (Weber 2008, 15). The Union of Austria and Germany is also an example of how his fantasies were transformed into reality. Hitler wanted Austria and Germany to unite to make a greater German Reich. Hitler was passionate about seeing the two German speaking nations together. Austria was the birthplace of Hitler, and so joining the two countries was not on the basis of any economical benefits. Hitler identified to his birthplace. However, he felt greater identification with Germany. By combining the two, the Greater Reich was meant to be a means of a more absolute identification. This was his fantasy and he continually strove to achieve it. Psychoanalysis provides a basis for analyzing events beyond the realm of clinical judgments. Symbiosis, or oneness, is another factor that instigated Hitler to fuse Austria with Germany. This would make them one entity and there would be no distinction between histories of the two. In his continual emphasis on returning to the homeland, and ignoring many realities, while continuing to believe in the authenticity of his beliefs is illustrative of the discounting that he did with regard to certain realities. Rampant in his writings is the wish to unite with his homeland. He wrote that the Germans and Austrians both wanted to be united and regarded Germany to be the mother country. They desired to be reunited and “return to the never-forgotten ancestral home” (Koenigsberg). Believing that he represented the entire population of Austria and Germany, he was of the view that Germans and Austrians always had inculcated in them an ever-lasting feel for their common mother country. His experiences and actions are rife with the ideology of unity and segregation. At one point, while referring to the division of political units, he started that Austria did not want to be made into a separate state from the Reich. He observed that only a person who has felt German in the truest sense could fathom what it felt to be separated from the mother country. Being separated from the mother country brought out in Hitler the need to do something about this pain by countering the factor that caused it in the first place. Therefore, his fantasy of reuniting the two countries was in essence the reinstatement of narcissist power. He incorporated separation and reunion into his political ideology. Germany did not emerge victoriously in the First World War; however, Hitler still adhered to the view that Austria wanted to be a part of the mother country. Thus, it can be deduced that the ideology that Hitler promulgated and practiced had its origins in the very fantasy that housed it. The fantasy that formed the basis of Hitler’s ideology provided him with the fuel and the psychic impetus that projected him as one of the most influential leaders of history. His ideology also made him to exchange his ideologies with others and equipped him with the method of operating and writing history. According to Harry Mills, Hitler had the INTP personality type. This personality was shared by people like Albert Einstein and Socrates (2000, 83). INTP is one of the personality types that have been mentioned in the Myers Briggs Type Indicator. A person with an INTP personality regards the primary mode of living as internal whereas the secondary mode is related externally and the person regards things through their intuition. The primary mode allows such people to make logical decisions. As a result, such people live in a world of theoretical possibilities. According to the Jungian functional preference ordering, INTP people’s dominant sense is their introverted thinking. Auxiliary compromises the extraverted intuition of the person, tertiary contains introverted sensing whereas inferior encompasses extraverted feeling. Hence, INTP stands for Introverted Thinking with Extraverted Intuition (Personality Page). People with INTP have problems in maintaining relationships and might not follow social conventions. As Thomas J. Scheff and Suzanne M. Retzinger observe, Hitler had no secure and intimate bond with anyone despite the fact that he was able to gather such a huge mass following (2001, 29). Moreover, people with INTP direct their thoughts and feelings inwards rather than sharing them with other people. Hitler fell on this criterion since he relied on his intuition for making decisions, and was not a very social person. To support this viewpoint, Dr. Jung mentions that the secret of Hitler’s power was not that he was unconsciously more brilliant than the rest of the humans. He elaborates that his secret is twofold. Firstly, Hitler’s unconsciousness had a direct link with his consciousness. Secondly, Hitler permitted himself to be influenced by his unconsciousness and took advantage of the strong link between his consciousness and unconsciousness. Moreover, Dr. Jung observes that Hitler was a man who listened intently to the stream of suggestions that came from somewhere within him and acted upon them (Knickerbocker 2005, 45). Emotional intelligence refers to the capacity for identifying and relating to one’s own feelings and those of others, for making others feel inspired and for dealing with emotions. The five categories that Goleman suggests for emotional intelligence include self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, social awareness and social skills. Hitler was not a very empathic person (Cotterill 2000, 409). He had minimal social skills since he did not command any friend base. However, he was charismatic and was able to gather the support of millions of Germans. Hitler had a high interpersonal intelligence and was able to make the crowds follow what he wanted (Shavinina and Ferrari 2004, 165). Hitler was unable to control his emotions and his personality and his actions are an attestation of the anti-social and narcissist aspects of Borderline Personality Disorder. In a study conducted on a DSM-IV assessment of Adolf Hitler, it was seen that Hitler scored high for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, psychotic thinking, schizophrenia, paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissist personality disorder, and Sadistic Personality Disorder (Coolidge, Davis and Segal 2007, 1). Another characteristic that is embedded in the personality of Hitler is that he felt shame and anger. This could be a consequence of the relationship with his father, who battered his wife and children often, especially Hitler. The studies that have been conducted are indicative of the idea that Hitler’s childhood experiences were the cause of his later aberrations, his anger tantrums, his sadomasochism and his fanatical ant-Semitism (Shavinina and Ferrari 2004, 165). Goleman observes that anger is one of those moods that people can not control usually. It is the most tempting of all the emotions. Goleman asserts that the inner righteous monologue is responsible for fuelling anger. Anger has been used by people top motivate others. One of the examples is that of Hitler. He picked out an enemy- the Jews- and instigated the Germans and propelled their anger against it. He encouraged the Germans to hold the Jews responsible for all their social, cultural and personal problems. The anger that Hitler fanned was responsible for the involvement of the Germans in the most notorious genocide ever (Welshons and Dass 2009, 91). According to Apostel, a worldview is a descriptive model of the world. He referred to worldview as on ontology and related it to the philosophical relationship and interaction between the nature and humans. Hitler’s world view was centered around the theory of Darwinian struggle for struggle between races. He regarded the German race to be superior to the rest and considered it to be the only race that could have an advanced culture. Hitler analyzed human progress on two levels: the strengthening of the German race through eugenics and the defeat of other races, establishing the Germans as the best. He aimed to exterminate the Jews. He set about with his course of action by setting up death camps and the widespread genocide of Germans. The instability in Germany between November 1918 and May 1919 played an integral role in the development of Hitler’s worldviews (Weikart). It was during this time that he discovered his talent at speaking. Many historians believe that without the First World War and the defeat of the Germany, Hitler would not have been able to discover beyond his talent as an artist. Hitler, no doubt, was definitely quite a charismatic leader. Transformational leadership is characteristic of the traits of a person who is successful at making people follow him. It is of the view that a person with vision and passion can accomplish great feats. It entails the concept that the way to get things done is by inspiring people and motivating them. Moreover, different types of leaderships are associated with different levels of decision-making. The autocratic style of leadership does not involve others. The leader takes the decisions by himself. In contrast to that, democratic decision-making encompasses the concept that the leader involves the subordinates and takes their opinions into consideration; however, the ultimate decision rests in the hands of the leader. The laissez-faire style of leadership reduces the involvement of the leader significantly (ChangingMinds.org). Hitler had an autocratic style of leadership. Hitler was able to convince the masses that a change is needed. He came up with a new image for Germany and was able to gather the needed support for it to be effective and persuasive. He aimed for goals that would have long-lasting effects, and made the Germans give up their private motives for public ones. More importantly, Hitler was responsible for changing the German government according to what suited him the most (Clabaugh 2008). Hitler encompassed the traits of a transformational leader as apparent from his actions. Hitler had a transforming influence through a negative shift (Rainey 2009, 329). In order to analyze the sheer horrors that Hitler unfolded in Germany and Europe, it is essential to understand Hitler’s inner theater. He carried on a sense of personal injury throughout his life as a result of being under the care of his violent father (Vries 2003, 19). His perception of adults being unjust and opinionated, combined with physical lacking, played a decisive role in the building of a violent imagery of anger and despise. He was not able to come to a compromise and understand this imagery. As a result, he projected it externally. Dealing with such an individual requires a great deal of caution. People like Hitler mistrust other people’s intentions. Hence, the person needs to assure Hitler that he or she does not intend to harm him. The person needs to be compassionate, yet not trying to project a very strong relationship. Moreover, one needs to stay away from topics such as physical beauty and the defects that were in Hitler, so as not to make Hitler feel that he is being affronted. PREDICTION John Edward is a person who is similar to Hitler. He resembles the traits that Hitler has and fits into the profile sketch of Hitler. John Edward has been elected as the president of the US. Since John Edward has the same personality and character as Hitler does, his worldview revolves around the advancement of US. He is of the view that the Americans are superior to other races such as the Asians and Africans. Hence, the agenda of Edward focuses on the attainment of a culturally advanced level for the Americans. During his four to eight year term in the Office, he would aim to establish the Americans ahead of everyone else. He would regard the US to be his mother country and would seek to keep all the states united. He would be a very charismatic leader, and would have the ability to convince the Americans to follow his command. Moreover, he would modify the US government according to his will rather than changing himself. Hitler was anti-communist and anti-capitalist. Therefore, it follows that Edward would follow the same political ideologies. A view that would be central to the agenda of Edward would be the extermination of the Jews. In doing so, Edward can resort to many unethical and controversial steps. He would not promote the interests of the Jews in his country. Moreover, he would not be able to hold domestic ties with Jewish states. His dislike would in fact be aimed to destroy the Jewish nations and to make sure that the Jews do not progress. Since Hitler’s political agenda focused on Pan-Germanic hyper-nationalism, Edward would follow a similar agenda, although he would be Pan-American. Hitler was an anti-racist and idealized German culture and traditions along with the rejection of liberalization and Marxist views. The philosophies that would form the core of Edward’s agenda would include protectionism, totalitarianism, militarism and nationalism. As discussed earlier, Hitler had an authoritarian style of leadership and so did not take into account others opinions. Edward would also function without the advice of other people. He would not take public opinion into consideration when making decisions about the state. This would lead to the public being dissatisfied. Moreover, since Edward would have control of the industries, and would not promote private enterprises, the country’s economy would be more susceptible to recessions. Also, the public would have little control in the business sector; thus leading to more discontent. If Edward needs to make an alliance with someone, it would be with people who are anti-Semitic. Edward would not share his power with anyone, and would not be keen on developing a strong foreign affairs platform. He would serve to make alliances with only those people who further his interests. A likely alliance could be Poland since Hitler was partial to the anti-Semitic atrocities of the Polish; however, the contemporary stance of the current Polish government would be the determining element in this relationship. The American public would feel dissatisfied at the dictatorship. It was seen that during the time of Hitler, there was a propagation of a socially conservative perception of all facets of life. Hence during the reign of Edward, there would be intense homophobia and homosexuals would be killed. Youth sex and other promiscuous activities would be forbidden. There would also be an obliteration of art that is considered to be degenerate. Also, Hitler was not supportive of a parliamentary form of government. Therefore Edward would seek to finish the parliamentary setup of the US. The policies of Edward deprive the public of their political, social and cultural rights. However, like Hitler, Edward would be very charismatic and would be able to convince the public that this promotes the interests of the US. Edward would be able to unite the Americans in giving up their complaints and demands and to work together for the promotion of America according to the agenda that he has charted out. In furthering his agenda, Edward would regard certain issues of the state more importance over others. One of these could be nuclear energy controls. Having control of such a destructive technology would equip Edward with the ultimate omnipotence to annihilate Jews. Also, developing nuclear technology would put the country way ahead in defense than other countries. Edward would aim for the progress of US and having a strong defense weapon is an indicator of the country being superior to other countries. Other countries would not be allowed to develop their nuclear technology since the US would have control over nuclear energy. This would automatically establish the country as the most powerful country of the world. Edward would put an end to all labor unions. Since his measures would not cater to the needs of the workers, labor unions can cause unrest in the country. Labor unions would seek to alter the government policy. Since there would be no parliament, or the Congress, there can be no lobbying. The labor unions would have no substantial influence on the state policies since Edward does not involve the public in the decision making process. Therefore, even though labor unions, if not banned, would create a lot of unrest, Edward would be able to win over the workers with his charisma. However, since Edward does not believe in such organizations as they serve no purpose to him, he would ban them. Edward would also not deal with crime strictly. Having exposed to a disturbing childhood, and emulating the violence of his father subconsciously, Edward would relate to the criminals. He is of the view that the suppressed anger is the main cause of committing murder. As Edward dealt with suppressed anger throughout his life and his lack of power when his father beat him, he would lift the penalties that were given to those who committed heinous crimes such as murder. He would also not consider murder of Jews and homosexuals as a felony and would let such murderers walk way without any penalty. Thus, it can be concluded that Edward, as the President of the US, would work for the progress and advancement of the country. He would not have a very high sense of what is right and what is wrong. In fact, he would encourage murderers by letting them go unpunished for their crimes. He would not further the cause of the public and make the participation of the public in state matters minimal. With his charisma, he would be able to make alliances with countries and agents who further his agenda. In conclusion, having a dictator ruling over America would destabilize the country politically; however, the nuclear capacity of the US would help it to stay ahead of other nations. Reference List Corey, Gerald. 2007. Theory and practice of group counseling. 7th ed. California: Cengage Learning. ChangingMinds.org. 2010. Lewins leadership styles. Syque. http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/lewin_style.htm (accessed 21 July 2010). Clabaugh, Gray K. 2008. 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