Culture and the Treatment of Psychopathology - Research Paper Example

B. 2, C. 3, A. 4, C. 5, D. 6, A. 7, D. 8, B. 9, B. 10, C. 11, C. 12, C. 13, D. 14, A. 15, B. 16, C. 17, B. 18, A. 19, A. 20, C. 21, A. 22, C. 23, C. 24, D. 25, D. 26, A. 27, A. 28, A. 29, A. 30, B. 31, B. 32, A 33, C. 34, C. 35, C. 36, A. 37, A. 38, B 39, A. 40, A. 41, D. 42, C. 43, B. 44, C. 45, C. 46, D. 47, A. 48, B. 49, B. 50, A. 51, B. 52, A. 53, A. 54, A. 55, C. 56, C. 57, D. 58, C. 59, B. 60, B. 61, D. 62, B. 63, A. 64, B. 65, A. 66, A. 67, B. 68, C. 69, A. 70, A. 71, A. 72, D. 73, C. 74, B. 75, C. What is the difference between statistical significance and practical significance? Statistical significance is mainly used in testing hypothesis and determining the relationships between variables under the study. In statistical significance, a level of significance is normally selected to signify the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis and its usually represented by alpha =0.05. Whenever there is a significant difference between the two groups (represented by alpha =0.05), it gives an suggestion of the degree or clinical significance of the difference between the variables under the study. If the statistical significance is achieved, it favours the rejection of the null hypothesis and thus proves the likelihood that the results obtained were not due to chance. One the other hand, practical clinical significance approves how effective a particular treatment or intervention or how much change a treatment cause during a clinical study. Practical clinical significance quantifies information about the importance of preventive fraction by use metrics and conveys semi quantitative, proportional, or viability analysis of utility. Effect size is one type of real-world connotation and it measures the degree to which a sample deviates from expectations in clinical researches. What factors contributed to the development of structured diagnostic interviews, and what influence do they have on diagnosis? Structured diagnostic interviews involve the use of a prescribed set of questions that covers each criterion for mental illness whereby the clinician read the prescribed questions and the patient answers them accordingly (Castonguay, 142). One of the reasons that led to structured diagnostic interviews is because different diagnostics respond best to different treatments, hence arriving at accurate diagnostics is important. Structured diagnostic interview thus enables the clinician to determine which treatment has the best evidence, according to the symptoms portrayed by the patient in the structured interviews. Since misdiagnosis is common, structured diagnostic interviews are meant to reduce the problem of misdiagnosis that was common in the past. This is because unstructured methods every so often lead clinicians to make prejudiced and slack decisions that diminish the quality of healthcare. In this method, it is possible for a person to attain the standards for more than one diagnosis, which, cannot be possible with unstructured approaches that often leads to clinicians focusing on one primary symptom. This makes the clinician to focus on one primary symptom and leads to assumption about overall presentation, thus overhauling some symptoms and ignoring others that may lead to wrong diagnosis. Structured diagnostic interviews are more valid and reliable than unstructured approaches since they result to more accurate conclusions leading to better healthcare analysis. Studies also indicate that structured interviews are unreservedly embraced by both the clients and clinicians leading to more satisfaction in psychology. Despite providing more accurate and reliable diagnostic data, structured interviews foster a positive relationship between the therapist and the client. What is the role of rapport in interviewing, and how can interviewers enhance it? Since rapport is a relationship marked by conformity, it helps develop trust between the interviewer and the interviewee leading to a more accurate interviews. People are comfortable telling the truth to someone they trust and relate to than a stranger during an interview process (Castonguay, 312). During rapport building, the interviewer is able to to ask introductory questions that can help shape the direction of the real interview. Through this, he is able to establish some basic information about the subject that can lead to high quality interview. Rapport also enables the investigator to identify the issues under investigation so that each and every issue is addressed during the interviews. In building the rapport, both the interviewer and the interviewee became fully aware of the scope of the topic under investigation. It introduces the interviewer to the questions thus diminishing his perception about the subject under discussion. During rapport, the investigator is able to delegate some power to the subject, that is an essential element of the interview. What are the advantages and disadvantages of objectives and projective tests? Objective test One of the main benefits of objective test is that its fairly easy and cheap to administer hence considered standardized than the projective tests. Since the scoring does not depend on the who is doing the scoring, the results in objective test portray no bias in diagnosis. During interpretation, objective test doesn’t quire a trained psychologist to interpret the results, hence can be interpreted by everyone. The limitation of objective test touches on the concept of personality since some psychologist points out that its situation dependent and that even the best personality test don’t predict the behaviors of the real outcomes as well. In as much as objective tests have been used in psychology, they are a very rough tool that doesn’t allow for subtle differentiation. Due to this objective test tells the clinicians nothing about individual experiences and inner working of the patients mind in a manner that projective tests do. Subjective test Subjective test can easily be used to diagnose mental illness through inkblot tests since the interviewer interprets the answers easily, thus giving him the ideas of the ways in which an individual organizes his thoughts. When it comes to standardization, projective tests are under common criticism from different people due to the manner in which its administered and the results give, which often turns different. Therefore, they are usually considered less reliable than other standardized methods of psychological tests. The limitation of projective tests comes in personality assessment as they give insight into an individual personality. They are also questioned for their validity and accuracy of measurement, especially when compared to objective tests. It is argued that projective tests mostly measures individual content that is based on recent experiences of an individual instead of measuring their deepest conscious desires. Behavior varies from one person to another, hence, even people with the same diagnosis may not give an accurate diagnostic assessment with this test. Discuss how culture influence manifestation, course, and treatment of psychopathology. Culture is one of the universally accepted elements of psychopathology due to several reasons. Culture ensures the development of culture specific therapies and at the same, time provide valuable information about the psychological problems seen in particular cultures. There are culture bound syndromes which are interesting in and of themselves may help to illuminate more general patterns of cultural values in the daily lives of individuals. Culture influence psychopathologies since cultural influences determine the difference between favorable and unfavorable prognosis that can enable the psychologist increase their chances of diagnosis. Due to cultural difference, there exist cultures bound syndromes that are identified and observed only within particular cultures. Culture influences the treatment of psychopathology since it ensures the development of culture specific therapies. Work Cited Castonguay, Louis. Psychopathology: From Science to Clinical Practice. The Guilford Press. 2013. Print. Read More