Search and Research - Coursework Example

Philosophical issues Affiliation The dynamism of the Discipline of Philosophical works are based on day-to-day occurrence of events,phenomena among other related field of study or knowledge seek. This paper highlights only three topics to give an overview of the broader areas of philosophy. The insights are crucial in hastening creative thinking, analytical capability and rationalized decision making by different players in this universe. The recent issues in the philosophical spectrum have been raised with concern of perception, identity, modern philosophy, agency and free will. The three topics stated in this work constitute the broader multi-varied issues in philosophy that have maintained the highest level of scholarly excellence. TOPIC ONE: Fundamental attribution error Wood, J. T. (2010). Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. According to Wood, (2010), the philosophy of the fundamental attribution error is covered in several scholarly works as illustrated in the five highlighted works. Bernstein, D. A. (2007). Psychology. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin. The argument brought forth by Bernstein, (2007) fundamental attribution error is also known as the attribution effect or the correspondence bias. This is the people’s tendency to put undue emphasis on the internal characteristics while trying to give explanation on someone’s behaviour in a given situation instead of considering external factors. The philosophy doesn’t explain the interactions of the individual’s own behaviour, in cases where situational factors can be recognized more easily and thus be put as part of consideration. Assume that you hear a fellow classmate give wrong answer in class. You will, most likely attribute this behaviour to an internal cause and possible conclude that the classmate is not smart. When making such conclusions one fails to acknowledge the fact that there might be possible external causes, for instance, lack of study time. Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2006). What is psychology?. Australia: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. A related kind of cognitive bias is the ultimate attribution error. As per to this error, when a member of an ethnic or a social out-group, that is, individuals we view as different happen to achieve anything positive, we align that behaviour to luck or something of an external influence. On the other hand we attribute their negative performance to internal effects such as dishonesty. Conversely when people we have a positive of do something good we tend to attribute that to integrity and or any good internal cause. But if they do anything that is bad we attribute such behaviours to external factors (Pastorino, E., & Doyle-Portillo, 2006). Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Studies conducted by Coon et al., (2010) have also deduced that attributing behaviour to internal factors may not be the “error” because at times making the internal attribution may have been the most reasoning attribution to make having valued the available information. Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2004). The concise Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. Craighead & Nemeroff, (2004) argue that a universal explanation comprises differences in the quantity and types of information that is made available to the actors and observers. People looking at their own behaviour are giving comparison against a previous behaviour. Many a times people make attributions to others they have the same information. TOPIC TWO: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful Zheng, Y. (2010). From Burke and Wordsworth to the modern sublime in Chinese literature. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press. On normal grounds we tend to differ with each other’s idea and point of view with respect to how we reason. This point of view being apparent than real, is it likely that the standards of both taste and reason is the same in every human creature (Zheng, 2010). ONeill, D. I. (2007). The Burke-Wollstonecraft debate: Savagery, civilization, and democracy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. The work of O’Neill (2007), states the origins of human ideas to beautiful and sublime can be explained through casual structures. Causation can be divided into material, formal efficient and final causes. The formal aspect of beauty is the passion for love. The material concerns are smoothness, smallness among other factors. The efficient cause is the calmness of human nerves while the final cause constitutes the Gods providence. TOPIC THREE: Between Facts and Norms Habermas, J., & Cronin, C. (2008). Between naturalism and religion: Philosophical essays. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. There is connection between the lack of empathy and moral imagination on the side of political leaders who are involved in protracted conflicts, and the exacerbation of those conflicts (Habermas, 2008). Dahms, H. F. (2009). No social science without critical theory. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Dahms (2009) highlights that there is point of contradiction when it comes to law and politics. Law is constitutive for political but at the time it depends on the exercise of political power. Schomberg, R. V. (2002). Discourse and democracy: essays on Habermass Between facts and norms. Albany, State Univ. of New York Press. According to Schomberg, (2002), to overcome the gap between norms and facts, Habermas appeals to the transmission medium of law which gives legitimacy towards political order and ensures provision of a binding force. Legitimate law making is generated from a procedure of public opinion incorporation with will-formation which produces communicative power. Payrow, S. O. A. (2003). Democracy, power, and legitimacy: The critical theory of Jurgen Habermas. Toronto [etc.: University of Toronto Press. Habermas further argues that the two-track view should be replacement of the simplistic political sociology for the much lefrist critique of existing democracies, because it presupposes that one organizational principle, radical democracy would be effective to all institutions and applied to every spheres of social life (Payrow, 2003). Reference Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O., Talbot, S., & Vanchella, C. M. (2010). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. 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