Biopsychology Preparation for Exam Questions - Essay Example

Biopsychology preparation of exam questions Critically consider the idea that voluntary acts depend on conscious intention. Give details of specific research to support your argument The validity and the reliability of the operational criteria that have been carried out to show that the voluntary acts tend to rely more on the conscious intentions that are critical to the issues that concern the temporal order of the cerebral processes and the conscious intentions. Notably, the elements that may affect the transmissions that act between the subject’s introspective encounter and their verbal reports must be highly considered in these studies. In a study that was carried out to determine this, a given subject was used and instructed to wait for a complete revolution of the CRO spot. The subject was then instructed to perform a quick and abrupt flexion of the hand fingers after a given period. Again, additional instruction was given to encourage the impulsiveness of the activity to be performed by some other subjects in a different group. The subject was also instructed to get off the urge to take any action and let it appear to at an unplanned time without concentrating on when to act. The subject was expected to be impulsive when deciding when to perform the act and the instruction was purposefully designed to elicit the voluntary actions that were freely unpredictable in the foundation. Based on the research, it was clear that the neuronal procedures that lead to the initiation of a self-initiated voluntary action tends to start before the reported appearance of the conscious intention to carry out the specified act. Unconscious and Conscious Initiation Since the beginning of RP always starts at least some several hundred milliseconds prior to the time of the appearance of a noticeable, time of any of the subjective to the intentions or wishes to take action. It is very possible to have some neuronal activities that are associated with the unexpected accomplishment of the activity will have started sometime before an initiation or intervention happens. In another way, the brain then will decide to initiate or even make some provisions to initiate that particular act some time before there is recognizable subjective awareness that a particular decision has been achieved. It is therefore concluded that cerebral initiation of an unexpected and unprompted voluntary act always begins unconsciously. What brain structures are known to be involved in the movement? Describe how these areas contribute to the production of motor behavior and critically consider the evidence used in your answer Various brain parts affect the movement of the human body both voluntary and involuntary. These parts of the brain tend to communicate with one other in a call to perform a particular movement task. Destruction of one of the elements that affect movement may completely lead to some problems that are linked to motion in humans and at the same time affect the motor line of communication. The structures that are involved in movement include, Cerebellum One of the major areas that affect movement in humans is the cerebellum that also forms the second largest part of the brain and it is located at the backmost part of the human brain. The part acts to harmonize human motion by scheming and positioning human muscles as a way of reacting to the sensory input. It serves a vital function of controlling the balance and the equilibrium of the human when in motion. Motor Cortex This part affects most of the movement abilities in the human body. The primary motor cortex acts to control the contraction of the body muscles that are needed for movement at the side of the body. The other part of the motor Cortex known as the pre-motor area receives all the incoming sensory information that is required by the body to make any movements, and for the supplementary motor region as it plans the complex motions. The other structure of the brain that is responsible for human movement is the M1. The M1 is the beginning of the corticospinal band and an essential junction point for the sensorimotor signals. The secondary motor cortex areas are the ones that are said to be involved in the programming of some particular patterns of movement after they take some instructions from DLPFC. The electrical stimulation of the parts leads to complex movements and the Neurons that are present get active just before they initiate some voluntary movement and they remain active afterwards. Are brain areas involved in the act of picking up a glass? Name the structures involved in this action (from initial desire to final execution) and critically consider their role in movement Inside the human brain, the planning of any given movement is usually performed in the forward portion of the frontal lobe. It is the part of the Cortex that gets the information about the person’s present position from several parts of his or her body. The part then decides on the set of muscles that will contract so that the individual makes the intended movement. This is followed by the issuance of the corresponding commands to the rowers that then trigger the specific muscles through the motor neurons in the spinal cord. In an event of picking up a glass, making the decision is usually accompanied by electrical activity boost in the frontal section of the cortex. Impulses are then sent by the neurons in the frontal cortex so that the motor cortex is activated. By using the information that is given by the visual cortex, the motor cortex in turn takes action and plans for the ideal path that the hand will follow in order to reach the glass. This is followed by the motor cortex calling on the other parts of the brain like the cerebellum and the central grey nuclei that in-turn helps in the starting and the co-ordination of muscle activation in a sequence. Then, the Neuron axon of the primary motor cortex goes down all the way to the spinal cord and makes the final information relay to the spinal cords motor neurons. The neurons are usually directly linked to the muscles and they play a big deal in making them contract. The contraction of the muscles then pulls the bones of both the arm and hand to cause movements that enable the activity of picking the glass to be done. References LIBET, B., GLEASON, C., WRIGHT, E. and PEARL, D. (1983). TIME OF CONSCIOUS INTENTION TO ACT IN RELATION TO ONSET OF CEREBRAL ACTIVITY (READINESS-POTENTIAL). Brain, 106(3), pp.623-642 Read More