Science Essays

When a capacitor is being charged, at t=0, the voltage across the capacitor terminals is 0. As the charge builds up in the capacitor the voltage also increases. The increase is exponential, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Rule (Multi-loop Circuits, 1999), because as the charge builds up the rate of increase in voltage also increases.

Even though "biotechnology" and "genetic modification" normally are used interchangeably, GM is a particular lay down of technologies that amend the genetic structure of such living organisms like animals, plants, or bacteria. Biotechnology, a further broad term, refers to by living organisms or their components.

Thus, the HGP is a sponsored program of the Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health Genome Programs as a national effort that planned to categorize all human genetic information by totally identifying the sequence of the DNA. The significance of the project is indicated by the major initiative taken by the Government keeping.

According to two hypotheses made by two groups in 1975, William K. Hartmann and Donald Davis and Alfred G. W. Cameron concluded that the “angular momentum” or the rotation or orbital movement of the Moon was caused by the size of Mars, which is about 10% of the Earth and sometimes referred to as the Theia.

To achieve this, several different sampling strategies are possible. In qualitative studies, the task of sampling typically takes place iteratively. Usually, qualitative research begins by talking with or observing a small number of people who are known to have the first-hand experience with the study phenomenon.

When water is added to dry or unsaturated soil it is held in the voids between particles by capillary forces. Once the voids are saturated, however, the water is free to descend under the effect of gravity. As long as there is sufficient water to maintain saturation, the water will descend until it is stopped by some impervious layer.

This can eventually lead to sepsis. Previous work showed that in Gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharide, a component of the outer membrane activated a cell’s immune response in this manner.  It interacted with the Toll-like receptors types 2 and 4 presents on host cell membranes (Kirschning et al 1998, Poltorak et al 1998, Qureshi et al 1999). 

Arm crank ergometry (ACE) provides an important means by which physiological responses of individuals undertaking upper body exercises can be examined. Much of the work within the area of ACE testing has focused upon the design of peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) protocols, in particular, the influence of crank rate.

The paper finds that cancers are diverse in nature and most kinds of cancer have their own tell-tale evasive actions. Such actions, in themselves, are so diverse that the brevity of this paper precludes their comprehensive inclusion. Nevertheless, the paper has briefly included all the essential elements of the subject.

Mathematical models can be used in analyzing the financial statements of a company; hence, the term financial analysis, which is done in order to estimate its financial standing in comparison with its peers or industry in general.

In this article, the authors review the role of CRP in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of various forms of ischemic and inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory vascular disease characterized by endothelial activation, cellular influx, and production of mediators and cytokines.

The use of fertilizers in agriculture, pollution, and other human interventions has resulted in increased gas concentrations in the atmosphere and workplaces that have instilled fear for environmental /health safety. In this context, monitoring Nitrous oxide concentrations becomes pertinent.

The reactions of monomers may occur by the absorption of heat or light. The initiator I (a weak organic compound that decomposes to produce unpaired electron-containing free radicals) is added to a monomer molecule. Synthetic rubber is also formed during the polymerization of certain monomers or by co-polymerization of two different monomers.

Some studies have shown that when potatoes, oranges and leafy vegetables are grown using organic farming methods, they have more vitamin C than conventionally produced vegetables. It has been found that organic vegetables contain significantly higher concentrations of phenolic compounds.

While consumer batteries are prevalent in all households today, only a few understand the environmental hazard they pose. With a growing dependence on technology items that range from computers, phones, televisions to various toys, the usage rates of batteries have gone up drastically.

What is a puffin?  A puffin is a squat little bird that, at a glance, resembles a penguin, but while penguins and puffins share similar black and white colorings, puffins are actually much smaller, about the size of a pigeon.  Puffins are able to fly, but their short wings are better used to propel them along under the water. 

Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in clinical practice in the USA and other parts of the world. Used appropriately and with ample rationality and clinical sense, these drugs are lifesaving on the face of a life-threatening infective disease. Indiscriminate use of these agents drives up cost of healthcare leads to many side effects.

A polyhedron is the -D version of the more general polytope, which can be defined in arbitral dimensions (Weisstein 2002). In algebraic topology polyhedron is defined as a space that can be built from the simplexes by “gluing them together” a with long their faces. More specifically, it can be defined as the underlying simplicial complex. 

Among several environmental variables, temperature has been known to strongly influence the photosynthetic rate of plants (Blackman, 1905). Classically the effects of temperature on photosynthetic rates follow a parabolic relationship, with rates being low at extremely low and high temperatures and high at moderate temperatures.

As human beings, we also have our differences as well as our similarities. And in relation to human fatigue and performance, our reactions and/or tolerance to these two factors vary. What could be strenuous to other people may be all right to other people.

These latter problems may be tricky and hard to conceptualize but with a clear basis and knowledge of different types of problems and techniques to apply, they can be solved easily. Invariance about the tasks worked on before can be said to be concepts or ideas that remain constant and do not change.

A closer examination of the philosophical basis of nursing and the relationships 'among philosophy, scientific methods, and knowledge development in nursing led to questioning of the adequacy of the prevalent quantitative research methodologies in effectively studying human life experiences, which is the core concern of the nursing profession.

A volcano can be said to be a geological landform where magma or molten lock in the interior of the earth erupts through the surface of the earth. Melting of this lock is usually because of high temperature and pressure found in the outer core of the earth. Designing a volcano probe would require one to have a clear understanding of the earth's interior starting from the crust, the outer mantle, and the inner mantle all the way to the inner core.

This research demonstrates the households’ preferences in Great Britain for climate amenities on the data collection derived from the hedonic price regression. The study concludes that British people prefer if there is a more even distribution of precipitation during the seasons – drier summer season and wetted winters. 

It is helpful to understand where more species may be supported in such a landscape. This both identifies locations that may be worth defending from rapid disturbances and provides information that could be used to enhance the species diversity in other parts of the landscape.

Doctors also use a pupilometer in their work, a special small instrument. The patient looks into what looks like a pair of binoculars while the doctor or technician looks in the other end. The instrument is adjusted such that lines seen by the examiner inside the instrument line up with the Purkinje images (reflections on the patient's cornea).

At the time of the study, the infants' average post conception age was 35.5 weeks, and their average weight was 1747.3 g. A pacifier was fitted with a pressure transducer so that a sufficient suck activated frequency and duration signals as well as 10 seconds of recorded music consisting of lullabies sung by female vocalists.

Soil Ph is a pivotal factor that helps in measuring the acidity of the soil; an acid solution usually has a value which is less than 7. On the contrary, a basic acidic solution has always had its Ph of more than 7, Ph is integral for farmers and gardeners because of more reasons than one.

An analysis of expirated air determines a subject's metabolism and overall cardio-pulmonary health. Though new technology has made these measurements easier to use by lesser-trained personnel and increased the level of accuracy, standard methods that have been in use for decades still are in widespread use.

The increasing presence of intractable and non-recyclable organic contaminants in waste water has emerged as a challenge for the conventional water treatment techniques. A need has risen to lay down alternate solutions that are able to deal with the non-biodegradable organic pollutants in waste water, especially coming from the petrochemical industry.

Science proceeds through the construction and refinement of models, and learning in science entails developing understanding about natural phenomena by constructing models, as well as learning the process of developing and refining those models.

Fluorescence intensities of a) tyrosine b) Tryptophan at and c) Thioflavin T at 25 0c and three different pH values. The fluorescence intensities for these three were measured at 303, 348, 482 nm respectively. There was a slight increase in Tryptophan fluorescence at pH 5.0 and 7.0. But at pH 9.0 the intensity decreased sharply from beginning up to 70h.

The mixed method approach combining qualitative and quantitative research was seen to be most appropriate for this inquiry, where the convergence of the two approaches provides a comprehensive analysis of the study’s research problem (Creswell, 2003). The quantitative approach measures attitudes and rates behaviors in close-ended questions.

Aquaculture has rendered us with a potpourri of species including animals and vegetation. Aquatic cultivation caters to almost half of the yearly global fisheries production which is 120 million metric tons as per 2004 fact sheets. Amazingly, the species that had the highest production bulk was the Pacific cupped Oyster having a production number as large as 4.4 million tonnes!

But many are bubbling pools of mud or the most well-known, geysers.  Hot springs originate in different ways.  They may form where there are active volcanic regions and the hot molten rock called magma lies near the surface of the earth.  Surface water then trickles down through layers of rock until it is heated by magma.

The following matrix shows whether the elements were referenced, and if so, how effective that reference was: This article deals specifically with turnaround in the Petroleum Industry and proposes a generic turnaround process that can be customised by plants and/or companies that are similar in business, to suit their needs.

The main cause for the decrease of marine sources is the harm for the environment done due to the exploitation of marine resources. The company can do the research on fresh water systems that results in sustainable development with environmentally friendly attitude.

To perform the experiment we first numbered the four different medicine bottles. We then put 1 ounce of water in each bottle and placed each bottle in the freezer. Then we waited until the water in all the bottles froze and turned into ice. We then took out the bottles from the freezer and placed each one of them in a glass full of hot water. 

Zeroth law is a law of thermodynamics that states that thermo-equilibrium of a system is achieved only when the temperature of the system does not change over time. This law also states that given two systems that are at thermo-equilibrium with another system then both of them are at thermal equilibrium with each other.

The very existence of human life fully depends upon photosynthesis, which is a significant biochemical process of energy production in plants with the help of chloroplasts, their most essential cell organelle containing chlorophyll, the green pigment essential for capturing and transforming the sunlight.

In vitro fertilization has enabled many infertile couples to have healthy children. However, the in vitro fertilization process can be both a lengthy and tedious process for the female. Many times, the process involves six to nine weeks of hormone treatment in which the woman’s natural menstrual cycle is replaced with an artificial cycle.

The ‘Urra Field Centre’, incumbent within the dryland system of the Tabernas region in the Spanish province of Almeria, is a well-known site for geological study. The field centre includes a substantial part of the Sorbas Gypsum karst. The centre lies about 20 km from the provincial capital Almeria in a semi-arid region.

This is the EViews Correlogram. “The column to the left of AC gives k, the number of timperiodsed to calculate ρk. The AC column gives ρk. The graph of ρk  is show by horizontal bars in the first colufirst columny “Autocorrelation”. Positive ρk s are drawn to the right of the zero line.

The study has evaluated two different sources against the population simulations at two different times. The results indicated that the precipitation variability hindered the overlap of larvae and plants, increasing larval mortality. The study concluded that climate change accelerated the extinction of the butterfly species.

The decomposition of leaves is a process, which involves: Fragmentation: - where solid particles are broken down into smaller fragments by which the surface area for microbial action increases. Leaching: - where rainwater percolates into the plant material dissolves and carries away the nutrition. Mixing: - where soil material and plant material get mixed either due to the movement of organisms.

One can take heed from the words of Maya Angelou, an American author, poet, performer, and civil rights activist, who comments on the state of present-day societies’ virtue: “Curious, but we have come to a place, a time when virtue is no longer considered a virtue. The mention of virtue is ridiculed, and even the word itself has fallen out of favor” (1928).

Animals and plants are becoming genetically engineered, altered at the molecular level to enhance the production of food.  These genetic manipulations can lead to larger plants and animals, shorter gestation periods, immunity from certain diseases, and better climate adaptability.  Yet, these developments are not purely benevolent. 

Let we consider a non-inverting amplifier along with its block diagram as shown in fig. 1. Let the block labeled ‘A, represents the amplifier and its open loop gain and block ‘β, is the feedback path with ‘β, feed back ratio and let ‘Σ, be the summing junction with ‘vin, be input voltage and ‘ve, output voltage also called error voltage.

The main purpose of critical review of literature is to develop a good understnding and insight into relevant previous research and the trend that have emerged.1 Critical Review is the foundation on which a research is build. There are various approaches to critical reviews: Deductive approach - In this approach we develop a theoretical and conceptual framework.

Studies regarding the components of attention and perception have long been considered essential in understanding the human brain; parallel studies in other scientific fields have increased its consequence by identifying it as important factors in human evolution and development.