Issus on Populr Journlism - Essay Example

Issus on populr journlism In th twnty-first cntury th production of nws, nd journlism of ll kinds, is big businss. Th supply of informtion (whthr s journlism or s rwr forms of dt) occupis n industry of mjor conomic importnc, mploying hug humn nd finncil rsourcs, nd njoying high sttus. cross th world, top nwsrdrs, nchor mn nd womn, nd nwsppr columnists cquir th glmour of movi strs nd xrt th influnc of politicins. Brodcsting compnis judg thmslvs, nd r judgd, by th prcivd qulity of thir nws srvics. In viw of bov I would lik to conduct rsrch on th strming dvlopmnt of Britishjournlism nd ffcts it hs on modrn socity. Journlism ll ovr th world xpnds businss of diffrnt filds s wll s grows strmingly itslf through vrious sourcs of informtion xpnsion nd growth. t th bginning of th 1980s thr wr just two orgnistions supplying tlvisd nws nd currnt ffirs to th Unitd Kingdom: th British Brodcsting Corportion nd Indpndnt Tlvision Nws. ch providd round two hours of nws pr dy. Now, thr r thr UK-bsd providrs of tlvision journlism ccssibl to th British udinc (BBC, ITN, Sky), trnsmitting on fiv trrstril chnnls, nd host of stllit nd cbl chnnls. Th numbr of hours of tlvision nws vilbl to th ddictd viwr hs incrsd xponntilly s 24-hour srvics hv com on ir, nd th stblishd trrstril producrs hv ugmntd thir srvics with brkfst nws, round-th-clock bulltins nd covrg of Prlimnt. Rdio journlism is lso xpnding s mor ntionl nd locl chnnls r st up. Thr r, if on counts such upstrts s th Sport, Sundy Sport nd Sundy Str, mor ntionl nwspprs thn thr wr twnty yrs go. t locl lvl lrg 'frsht' sctor xists longsid th 'pid-fors' (Lumby, 1999). In rcnt tims numbr of issus nd notions hv pprd in th fild of journlism s its dvlopmnt hv brodn nd gind mor rs to discovr. On of such issus rfrs to tbloidistion which is trm frquntly usd in journlism nvironmnt. Journlists, mdi critics nd cdmics pply this trm to chrctriz rcnt trsnds in th mss mdi. shift to nw nd mor ntrtining kinds of journlistic contnt with th dominnc of visul prioritis ovr th vrbl tstifis th involvmnt of tbloidistion. Th shift in th kind of lngug usd, nd th strss upon th snstionl nd th motiv, nd th incrsing domintion of visully dtrmind discours, undrmin th plc of rson. t thir most xtrm, critics of tbloidistion s it s on mjor lmnt provoking crisis of public lif tht is roding th bsis of dmocrcy. On th othr hnd, thr r thos who rgu tht thr is littl or no vidnc for growing tbloidistion, nd tht th trditionl functions of th mss mdi continu to b dischrgd t lst s wll s thy hv bn in th pst. Othrs wlcom th sprd of tbloidistion, which thy s s brodning nd dmocrtizing th contnt of th mss mdi. Th old wys of th mdi wr th prsrv of n lit minority nd thy srvd to xclud th voics nd concrns of th mjority of th popultion, prticulrly th poor nd womn. Modrn critics of tboid journlism stt: Tboid journlism slcts from vnts of th dy thos spcts which most immditly ngg ttntion, nd in plc of th ffort to s lif stdily nd whol it ss lif drmticlly, pisodiclly, nd from wht is clld, in th jrgon of th crft, th ngl of humn intrst (Bourdiu, 2002) For Bourdiu, th only wy for journlists to s lif stdily nd whol is to implmnt st of ruls, minly bsd on socil scintific study. Thus, journlists do not pply th dvntg of objctivity simply bcus it prmits thm to ccurtly gthr fcts; rthr, thy us objctivity bcus without it, thy rgu, no pur fcts would xist. Convrsly, proponnts of public journlism r looking to brk fr of th ruls st by objctiv rporting. Dhlgrn (2001) obsrvs tht thy [public journlists] r finding tht som of th 'ncint' nd 'scrd' prctics of journlism r simply hbits bst don wy with. It is vry difficult for rportr to disturb th complcncy of public or cjol th polity into mking dcision whil rmining dtchd, nor cn rportr urg ction whil rmining imprtil. Chrity points out tht th idls of dtchmnt nd imprtility hv no scrd mning or utility for journlists who wish to ggrssivly ngg th public. Tblodisition is oftn rfrd s dumbing down ffct. In Unitd Kingdom this sffct in rltion to th prss is contrdictd by som rthr convincing mpiricl vidnc of thriving brodsht nwsppr sctor nd dclining tbloid mrkt. Quntity is not vrything, of cours, nd s with brodcsting, rcnt qulittiv chngs in th contnt nd styl of print journlism r oftn citd s vidnc of dumbing down (th growth of consumr nd lifstyl journlism, for instnc, or th dclin of prlimntry rportg in th brodshts). gin, howvr, ths should b sn s, t bst, contstbl opinions s to wht nwspprs should b writing bout, nd t worst, rthr litist rsponss to such wlcom dvlopmnts s th fministion of journlism (by which I mn th chnging rol of womn s producrs nd consumrs of mdi) nd th consqunt blurring of th prsonl/privt, politicl/public distinctions which hv trditionlly structurd th public sphr. Th 1930s bdiction scndl ws hiddn from th British public in wy tht would b inconcivbl now, s wr John F. Knndy's morous dvnturs hiddn from mricn citizns in th 1960s. Nws covrg such s tht which ccompnid th Monic Lwinsky scndl or th dth of Din my shock som nd b diststful to othrs, but it non th lss signls wlcom dclin in journlistic dfrnc towrds th powrful (Brillr,1993). Currntly thr r good grounds for bliving tht, in th prss s wll s brodcst sctors of th British nws mdi, w inhbit not dumbd-down nws cultur but on bcoming stdily mor sophistictd nd litrt - cultur in which th plsurs of 'infotinmnt', whthr domsticlly producd or importd in th form of th Jrry Springr nd Oprh Winfry shows, coxist within (nd, t tims, bcom prt of th subjct mttr of) n bundnc of 'qulity' prss nd brodcst journlism. s to th othr criticisms of th prss which hv fturd prominntly in th 1980s nd 1990s, th invsiv xcsss of th 1980s nd rly 1990s ppr to hv bn chckd by th xistnc of th Prss Complints Commission nd by rdrs' growing imptinc with unjustifid journlistic voyurism, xmplifid by public outrg t th journlists' rol in Princss Din's dth. n mricn journlist, ndrw Sullivn, hs rgud tht in th US, intrusiv nd voyuristic prss covrg of th Monic Lwinsky scndl srvd only to incrs Bill Clinton's rtings (t lst until h md his 'confssion' in ugust 1998), proving tht '[privcy] lws r unncssry. Socil mors nd th public's sns of firnss will do th trick. Frdom in th long run polics itslf.1 Thr is sns in which, ftr Hillsborough, th lton John libl cs nd th dth of Din, w cn conclud tht th mrkt - th rdrs - hv thmslvs to som xtnt constrind nd rind in th prss, nd tht public opinion, xprssd through nwsppr rdrship, is now mjor fctor driving ditoril policy throughout th nwsppr sctor. On th issu of politicl bis, too, thr hs bn chng. Th lndscp hs chngd fundmntlly sinc th rly 1990s nd th dys whn on could spk of 'Tory prss' s mjor culturl nd politicl forc in Britin. In th lction of 1997 th mjority of British nwspprs xprssd ditoril support for th Lbour Prty. This ws not bcus brons lik Ruprt Murdoch suddnly wok up to thir cring, shring rgumnts; rthr, it ws hrd-hddly prgmtic rspons to chngs in th politicl nvironmnt, rflctd in th mrkt, nd commrcilly motivtd dsir to rmin in stp with public opinion s it movd to th lft ftr 1992 (Tylor, 1991). With som xcptions, such s th ful crisis of utumn 2000, th nwly pro-Lbour bis of th British prss survivd th rigours of th first Blir trm. Only th issu of uropn currncy union sriously thrtns it in th yrs hd. Structurlly, th ntionl prss hs continud its fforts to brk into locl mrkts, by using such tchniqus s fcsimil trnsmission nd ditionising. Ntionl nwspprs hv bn succssful in mking th trnsition from bing ovr-stffd, loss-crrying orgnistions to ln, profit-mking ons. Th Wpping rvolution ld to trnsformtion in th fortuns of th stblishd propritors such s Ruprt Murdoch nd Conrd Blck. It lso prmittd th ntry into th mrkt of som nw ons, such s Dvid Sullivn nd th foundrs of th Indpndnt. Howvr, th cost-cutting potntil of nw tchnologis hs to lrg xtnt bn ngtd by th stblishd propritors' strtgis of printing mor pgs nd spnding mor on dvrtising nd mrkting. For this rson, with th xcptions of th Indpndnt nd Sport titls, nw ntrnts to th ntionl nwsppr businss hv bn notbl by thir bsnc. Th conomics of nwsppr publishing rmin wightd ginst nwcomrs, whthr of th Lft, lik th Nws on Sundy; th cntr, lik th Sundy Corrspondnt; or th Right, lik ddi Shh's Post. Journlistic fscintion with th snstionl is s old s nwspprs thmslvs, but in th 1980s th intnsity of tbloid comptition pushd British titls to th point t thos concrnd with th long-trm hlth of th British prss, wr losing ptinc. Ky fctors in th growing disnchntmnt of th British rdr with his or hr tbloid includd th ris of 'chqu book journlism' - whn nwspprs pid th rltivs of convictd criminls lrg sums of mony. In th cs of Soni Sutcliff, wif of th mss murdrr Ptr Sutcliff (th 'Yorkshir Rippr'), pymnt ws md for prsonl dtils bout hr lif with hr husbnd. In mny css, including this on, th pymnts rcivd by criminls' rltivs nd frinds xcdd th criminl injuris' compnstion pid out to victims nd thir fmilis. scond ftur of tbloid output which cusd incrsing concrn during this priod ws its incrsingly intrusiv ntur. Journlists cquird th hbit of ntring popl's homs nd grdns without prmission, rummging through dustbins for vidnc of sxul dvinc nd vn 'stting up' public figurs with prostituts. Frqunt victims of intrusion wr th Royl Fmily, most notbly th lt Din, Princss of Wls, who ws photogrphd scrtly whil on holidy nd vry obviously prgnnt. Othr trgts includd rock strs such s Rod Stwrt nd sop opr ctors, who frquntly found thir prsonl livs bcoming th subjct of intnsiv nwsppr covrg. third lmnt in th incrsingly hdy tbloid mix ws th mor primitiv tool of fbriction. In th ftrmth of th Flklnds Wr th Sun fbrictd n intrviw with Mrs Mri McKy, th widow of soldir killd in ction. By culling from othr sourcs, nd invnting wht could not b plgirisd, th Sun mnufcturd n 'xclusiv', though lrgly fictitious, story of Mrs McKy's prsonl brvry, which sh disownd compltly whn it pprd in print. Tbloid nwspprs wr hding down mrkt during th 1980s in ny cs, but th spd of th dclin incrsd with th lunching of th Sundy Sport in Sptmbr 1986. Ownd by Dvid Sullivn - th publishr of mgzins with such titls s Big 'Uns, Shvn Rvrs, nd Th Blu Book - th Sundy Sport 'stblishd nw ground ruls for wht is printbl in ntionl nwsppr'.2Whr th Sun nd th Str hd pionrd th pg thr girl, th Sundy Sport tndd to rport only thos storis which hd ithr bonk or yuck ngl, prfrbly with photogrphs. Its dvrtising spc ws prdominntly occupid by srvics offring phon sx or ids to lov-mking. It unshmdly printd storis which wr obviously incrdibl, such s sightings of lvis Prsly, Scond World Wr Lncstr bombrs found on th Moon, nd childrn concivd by lins. Th Sundy Sport, with this covrg, ws tking to its logicl conclusion wht th minstrm tbloids hd bgun, though not without its tongu firmly in its chk. It ws lso importing to Britin styl pionrd by mricn publictions lik th Ntionl nquirr (Tylor, 1991). With circultion in Dcmbr 1986 of 230,000 nd growing, th Sundy Sport (nd its dily quivlnt, th Sport, lunchd in 1988) posd significnt thrt to th stblishd tbloids. Th nwsppr rvolution bgun by Shh nd Murdoch hd, s th prvious chptr notd, crtd conditions in which Dvid Sullivn could st up with th minimum of stff nd strt-up cpitl (in ugust 1987 th Sundy Sport hd only twlv full-tim stff), publish qulity product nd sll it to young, ml, working-clss udinc (C2s, in mrkting prlnc) with th hlp of librl quntitis of tits, bums nd shock-horror storis. Th dvnc of th Sport rinforcd th xisting tbloids' prcption tht commrcil succss dmndd mor of th sm from thm. In this, howvr, thy misclcultd. In th lt 1980s succssion of storis, mostly ttributbl to th Nws Intrntionl titls, chngd th public's mood from on of musd tolrnc towrds th tbloids' xcsss into on of gnuin distst. Ths storis lwys involvd on or mor of th lmnts dscribd bov: intrusion into privcy; chqu book journlism; nd fbriction. Th Sun's covrg of lton John's llgd sxul ctivitis with ml prostituts ws on such story. Using unsubstntitd tstimony, bought from known criminl, nd old prsonl photogrphs of ntirly lgl sx cts committd in privt, th Sun ttmptd to mk public scndl of lton John's homosxulity (which ws, in ny cs, no scrt). Not only wr th dtils of th story untru nd libllous (to th grt cost of th Sun, which vntully grd to py its victim 1 million in compnstion) but thy wr so grphic s to shock vn th rdrs of th Sun. lton John ws n xcptionlly populr 'fmily' ntrtinr, for whom th Grt British public flt gnuin nd considrbl ffction. Th slcious ntur of th Sun's rvltions bout his privt lif simply turnd mny rdrs off nd ld to loss in sls. s Chippndl nd Horri rlt it, 'n normous postbg of complints pourd into Wpping from grnnis downwrds, with hug numbrs of corrspondnts sying thy would nvr rd th ppr gin. Th postbg ws bckd up by lrming dips in sls vry tim n lton story ws printd, nd McKnzi ws hrd moning in th offic tht thy hd droppd on occsion by s mny s 200,000 copis, only to bounc bck s soon s lton dispprd off th front pg' (1990, p. 268). In this cs th Sun ovrstimtd th cpcity of its rdrs to njoy th ritul humilition of th rich nd fmous. In 1987 th Str md similr, but vn mor dmging mistk whn it joind forcs with Dvid Sullivn's Sport to produc wht ws dscribd s ' ludicrous crictur of tits-nd-bonking tbloid'3 Th quntity of nkd brsts fturd in th Str incrsd, whil th g of thir ownrs wnt down to th point t which th ppr ws vrging dngrously in th pdophilic. Th 'sx nd violnc' contnt of th Str's storis bcm noticbly mor xplicit. Whil th ditor, Mik Gbbrt, chmpiond th Str's unbshd 'populism', rdrs dsrtd th ppr in drovs. Big dvrtisrs lik Whitbrds nd Tsco took fright nd cnclld thir lucrtiv contrcts. Within wks th Str pulld out of th joint projct, nd rturnd to its mrginlly lss prurint styl, lving Dvid Sullivn to continu lon in th vngurd of bonk journlism. Th ky vnt in turning th tid of public opinion ginst th tbloids ws thir covrg of th Hillsborough disstr in pril 1989. Som pprs, notbly th Dily Mirror, rproducd on thir front pgs photogrphs of dd nd dying popl, somtims in colour. Othrs showd similr disrgrd for th snsitivitis of victims nd rltivs. Th min offndr in this rspct ws, onc gin, th Sun, with story hdd 'Th Truth'. This llgd tht drunkn Livrpool fns hd hrssd th polic nd rscu srvics, nd busd th bodis of th victims. In Livrpool, from whr most of th Hillsborough victims hd com, th story producd frocious rction, with copis of th Sun publicly burnt, nwsgnts rfusing to sll it nd boycotts bing orgnisd. Onc gin, tbloid hd lintd its rdrs by undrstimting thir snsitivity nd pin. Thr yrs ltr th Sun's circultion ws still suffring on Mrsysid from th Hillsborough fllout, s thn Livrpool FC mngr Grm Sounss discovrd whn h sold n xclusiv story to th ppr nd ws nrly houndd out of Livrpool s rsult. s Chippindl nd Horri put it, Hillsborough ws 'n unprllld journlistic disstr' for th Sun, 'with hug nd continuing finncil consquncs' (ibid., p. 277). By 1989 th ppr's circultion hd droppd by nrly 600,000, considrbly mor thn its min tbloid comptitor, th Dily Mirror. Sinc 1993, hlpd by ggrssiv pric cutting, th Sun hs substntilly rcovrd its position lthough it hs nvr rgind its pk circultion of ovr four million. nothr point tht cn b outlind in frms of tbloid journlism is its subsqunt tbloid hdlins tht br hiddn snc of th rticl. It should b immditly pprnt tht th formost dvic idntifibl in tbloid hdlins is th us of contnt-rich vocbulry - words tht gt th ttntion of th rdr ithr through rfrnc to prticulrly intrsting topic (.g., "romnc," "divorc," "sx," "scndl," tc.) or through voking powrful, oftn motionl connottions (.g., "wird," "sizzling," "strippd," tc.) - dvic lso common in dvrtising lngug (Cook, 2003). s rly s 1959, Otto Fridrich idntifid "th rt of xggrting without ctully lying" (194) s ky ttntion-gtting dvic usd in tbloid writing (thus, vry womn is ithr "butiful," "ttrctiv," or "vivcious," dpnding on whthr sh is ctully prtty, plin, or ugly, rspctivly [193]), nd this sort of "crtiv" us of words cn crtinly b sn in currnt tbloids. In fct, rviw of hdlins from ch tbloid dtrmind tht 81.8% of th Ntionl nquirr's, 81.0% of th Str's, 78.0% of th Ntionl xminr's, nd 67.3% of th Glob's usd t lst on (subjctivly idntifid) contnt- or connottion-lodd word. Compr, for xmpl, lodd hdlin lik "My Stormy Mrrig: By Willrd Scott" (Str, 8/9/88) with th blnd "Jn Dixon nswrs Your Qustions," from th sm issu of th Str (Gurvitch, 1999) Looking t th topics in mor dtil, on discovrs th xpctd mix of sx, scndl, nd trgdy, prnorml or suprnturl phnomn, outrgous bhvior, how-to tips on slf-improvmnt (spcilly diting) nd houshold tsks, nd informtion bout clbritis, outrgous or not (this lst ctgory bing th most common focus of tbloid rticls). Considr th following smpls (whr th lck of cpitl lttrs duplicts th originl formt): sx: "Surgon, 70, Mks 11 Nurss Prgnnt", nd "Th Dy Priscill Prsly wok up Nud in Bd with Richrd Gr"; scndl: "Mri Osmond puts hr 5-yr-old son to work - nd church is outrgd", nd "Jim & Tmmy Swindld - hoxd & flcd by bogus prchr", trgdy: "Prlyzd Lucy's Lst Wish", nd "Frd McMurry Bttls for Lif: Wif Prys H'll Rch His 80th Birthdy"; prnorml/suprnturl phnomn: "Lonly UFO lins r Stling Our Pts", nd "Lind vns Sys 35,000-Yr-Old Spirit Tlls Hr to Mov Out on Finc - So Sh Dos!"; outrgous bhvior: "How Ttum O'Nl Strippd to Sduc Michl Jckson", nd "Michl J. Fox Outrgs Hotl Gusts During His Bizrr Islnd Honymoon"; tips: "How Grits nd Spghtti Cn Bt th Blus", nd "Don Johnson's dit: Los 25 lbs in 25 dys[:] It's grt for womn, too!"; nd clbritis: "Cybill ts Nnnis liv: Twins' mom gos through 13 in yr", nd "Mrilyn Monro spnt th night with dd lovr" (Mus, 2003). s ths hdlins illustrt, th topics mntiond rlir r by no mns mutully xclusiv - mny clbrity fturs concrn outrgous bhvior involving sx, nd so on. nothr typ of connottiv vocbulry, wht Mdlon Hthrington hs clld lbls of primry potncy, wr lso xpctd to b quit common in tbloid hdlins, but in fct, only two clr-cut xmpls wr found. Ths words r djctivs which ctgoriz nd vn strotyp popl in crtin wys (usully ccording to rcil, thnic or rligious group; gndr; tc.) nd so tnd to ovrshdow th nouns thy modify (.g., wht is significnt to th usrs of th phrs "blck fml lwyr" is not so much th profssion of th individul s hr rc nd gndr). Th two xmpls pprd in th hdlins "Ml Nurs Mks 5 Old Ldis Prgnnt" nd "Mystry of Din Ross' Blond Bby"; in both storis, th lbls of primry potncy clrly do convy informtion cntrl to th storis' import, but in most othr tbloid rticls othr connottiv djctivs (.g., "hrtbrokn," "brv," "wcky," tc.) nd th clbrity nms by thmslvs srv th function of ngging th rdr's intrst. Th othr dvic pprntly usd to promot rdrs' flings of closnss to individuls fturd in tbloid rticls is wht will b clld hr psudo-quots. Ths sttmnts r trtd in som wys s if thy wr dirct quots: i.., thy oftn us first-prson pronouns or commnd forms nd r phrsd so s to convy th ttituds supposdly hld by th prson bing quotd, lthough th writr of th rticl is not t ll likly to b privy to thm - clr ppliction of "th omniscint nrrtor in nwswriting" (Gibson 204), climing ccss to th minds of story subjcts in mnnr which Gibson points out is fin in fiction but is much frownd upon in journlism. But on othr chrctristic suggsts tht thy r not vrbtim rports of ctul uttrncs - spcificlly, lck of quottion mrks in mny of th hdlins. Th us of ths psudo-quots thus givs rdrs fling of involvmnt or intimcy with th rticl subjcts (plus spurious sns tht th informtion is uthntic). xmpls includ "Tubby Hubby Divorcs Wif Who Lost 900 Lbs: Sh Wps: 'H Likd M Ft - whn no othr mn wntd m'"; "Conn Dmnds Giv M Bby or Gt Out" (Glob, 7/26/88); "Chr: Why I Lik 'm Young" (Lumby, 1999). It is clr from this hdlin smpl tht only th contnt-rltd chrctristics, of th ons just discussd, occur with n ovrwhlming dgr of frquncy. Nvrthlss, it sms obvious tht numbr of th othr dvics nlyzd hr r usd too frquntly to b totlly ccidntl (first nms, psudo-quots, nd llitrtion, spcilly). Crtinly, whn ll ths vrious chrctristics r tkn togthr, thy giv th strong imprssion of pros tht is s crfully constructd s is dvrtising copy dsignd to sll product (this imprssion cn b rinforcd by considring dvrtising-lngug chrctristics thmslvs, s discussd in Cook's work nd othrs). nd, of cours, tht is prcisly wht Otto Fridrich climd s th function of nwsppr hdlins, tbloids spcilly. In tht rspct, thn, this nlysis provids yt furthr vidnc tht Fridrich's 1959 dictum still holds tru. Whthr such conclusion cuss distrss tody must dpnd on whthr rdrs look upon th tbloids s rl nwspprs, whos function truly is to rport fcts, or s gossipy ntrtinmnts whos contnt is not rlid upon to b tru. s Gibson sys, "On pprcits ny ffort by journlists to mk th rding of th nws lss of chor nd bor. Nobody wnts to b dull. But if th ltrntiv to dullnss is dishonsty, it my b bttr to b dull". Dullnss is on flw no tbloid hdlin cn b ccusd of, but nithr would most rdrs ccus tbloids of bing unquivoclly honst, viw, s w hv lrdy sn, tht t lst som of th tbloids thmslvs rinforc. So in th nd, if rdrs choos to bliv tht xtrtrrstrils r kidnpping thir pts or tht Din Ross hd blond bby, thy cnnot firly sy thy wrn't wrnd bout th ntur of th informtion thy r rding; th hdlins thmslvs giv mpl wrning of th uncrtin vrcity of th contnt to follow. To sum up, nw r of journlism hs brought significnt chngs in tvnty first cntury. numbr of issus hv pprd nd brodnd th fild of mss mdi whil giving mor importnc to this r of influnc. Not only th socil lif hs chngd s tbloid journlism hs com into ply but lso politicl nd conomic nvironmnt xprincd significnt impct. Bibliogrphy: 1. Brnstin, C. (1992, Jun). Th idiot cultur: Rflctions of post-Wtrgt journlism. Th Nw Rpublic, (p. 22). 2. Bourdiu, P. (2002) On Tlvision nd Journlism, London: Pluto. 3. Brillr, B. (1993). Th To of tbloid tlvision. Tlvision Qurtrly, 26(4), 51-61. 4. Chippindl, P. nd Frnks, S. (1991) Dishd! Th Ris nd Fll of British Stllit Brodcsting, London: Simon & Schustr. 5. Cook, Guy. Th Discours of dvrtising. NY: Routldg, 2003. 6. Crnfild, G. . ngmn. (1998) Th Prss nd Socity, London: Lo 7. Dhlgrn, P. nd Sprks, C. (ds) (2002) Journlism nd Populr Cultur, London: Sg. 8. Gibson, Wlkr. "Dullnss nd Dishonsty: Th Rhtoric of Nwswriting." Lngug wrnss. d. Pul schholz, lfrd Ros, nd Virgini Clrk. NY: St. Mrtin's Prss, 1974. 200-08. Rpt. from Wlkr Gibson, Tough, Swt nd Stuffy: n ssy on Modrn Pros Styl, Bloomington: Indin UP, 1966. 9. Gurvitch, M. (1999) 'Th globlistion of lctronic journlism', in J. Currn nd M. Gurvitch (ds) Mss Mdi nd Socity, London: dwrd rnold, pp. 178-93. 10. Lumby, C. (1999) Gotch: Lif in Tbloid World, St Lonrds: lln nd Unwin. 11. Mus, Mrin. "Spc xplods! in th Tbloids." d str 4.1 (2003): 42-46. 12. Tylor, S. J. (1991) Shock! Horror! Th Tbloids in ction, London: Bntm. Read More