Race as a factor in Sports Performance - Term Paper Example

?Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIGRAPHY Annotated Bibliography Race as a Factor in Sports Performance Genetics shape individuals sporting abilities in numerous ways, in particular the potential to do extremely well in sports. Hence, this raises the question of whether there is some sort of biological racially leaning basis, as to why some groups of individuals do perform better in some sports than others. Accordingly, sports have become one of the area in which there are racial generalisations and stereotypes still thrive. Annotated Bibliography Adesioye, L. (2008, August 25). Is race a factor in sports success? TheGuardian . Retrieved February 14, 2012, from guardin.co.uk: http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/lolaadesioye The author of this popular article Adesioye, wrote this article in response to what she argues out is racial generalisations in sports, based on inaccurate stereotypes. Adesioye focuses on why there are no African-American swimmers during the Olympics, and even those blacks from other countries that participate, are not able to be as fast as other racial groups, compared to basketball or athletics. Adesioye argues out that this does not imply that race determines athletic competence, but other factors are also responsible. Notably, Adesioye concludes that the explanation for this difference lies in sociological factors, like geography, or expenses linked with participation and socialisation opportunities. Bale, J. (2003). Sports geography. Routledge: New York. This geography book by Bale, seeks to examine the relationships between sport, location as well as landscape. Bale draws examples from across different countries, to address major issues concerning geographical dispersion of contemporary sport. The book contains details on the evolution and implication of single sport on certain races, such as Africans. Additionally, Bale has included fields of geographic significance that range from geographical imaginations to postmodern plus postcolonial enquiry. The significance of this book is that it analyzes race, as a factor in sports performance through the angle of sport, geography and cultural effect. Eitle, T. M., & Eitle, D. J. (2002). Race, Cultural Capital, and the Educational Effects of Participation in Sports. Sociology of Education , 2, 123-146. The authors, Tamila and David elaborate on factors which predict partaking in diverse sports, and the influence certain sports have on academic attainment. Using data obtained from the National Educational Longitudinal Survey, the researchers have examined whether cultural capital, and race are linked to participation in sports, and if the consequences of participation on a number of measures of academic attainment, vary by race plus sport. The findings imply that, racial disadvantages add to an increased interest in, and reliance on basketball plus football as revenue of social capital for those marginalised racial groups. This article is important in showing that partaking in certain sports, may not have the accomplishment outcomes for both black and white students, as previously suggested. Entine, J. (2001). Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports And Why We're Afraid To Talk About It. PublicAffairs. Using the most recent scientific research, the author of this book, Jon Entine elaborates on black athletic dominance. Entine tries to dismiss previous scientific studies which showed that black sportsmen are successful, due to their comparatively superior physique. Entiene was motivated to write this article, as he believed that racist scientists have regularly linked physical competence with intellectual paucity. He concludes that the apprehension of sounding racist is holding back genuine scientific investigation into race as a factor in sports performance. Furthermore, he proposes bio-cultural theory in answering this controversial topic, and he insists that cultural state of affairs can intensify small but significant dissimilarities in performance associated with heredity. Goff, B. L., McCormick, R. E., & Robert, D. T. (2002). Racial Integration as an Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Sports Leagues. The American Economic Review , 92 (1), 16-26. This article focuses on how the concept of racial integration can be used to tremendously improve sport performance, and as a result, been innovation in economic process for sports leagues. The researchers provide data on the racial incorporation in Major League Baseball, as well as Atlantic Coast Conference basketball to show how their policies of racial integration are used to improve performance. The main hypothesis being tested is the category of team racial integrated first-losers and winners. The outcome indicates that, winning teams are those that practice racial integration. This article is significant to the focus topic, as it offers key recommendations on how racial integration can be carried out in order to obtain good performances. Harrison, L. J. (1995). African Americans: Race as a Self-Schema Affecting Physical Activity Choices. Education Resource Information Center , 47 (1), 7-18. The author, Harrison explores the hypothetical and empirical explanations to racial distinctions in sport performance. Furthermore, Harrison elaborates on the framework for assessing race as a progressively self-schema. The article is based on research methods of modelling, expectation theory, as well as sociological influences. Moreover, the author, Harrison has used tools, such as TV accepts to discuss probable activators of racial factions in sport performance. This research article is significant in the focus topic, as it assists in explaining multicultural racial considerations in sporting activities. Hunter, D. W. (2007). Race and athletic performance: A physiological review. Journal of African American Studies , 2 (3), 23-38. This article by Hunter discusses race and sports performances, based on physiological assessment. The article examines social transformations of individuals of African descent, and how these transformations have shaped their athletic abilities to be unique from other racial groups. Hunter has used empirical, practical, theoretical papers, and literary criticism to expound on race as a factor in sports performance. Hunter concludes that the answer to race and sports performances lies in sociological theories which centres on environmental factors. Consequently, the channelling of social acceptable sports depends on every individual ease of access to such sports activities, especially moneywise. Kahn, L. M. (1992). The Effects of Race on Professional Football Players' Compensation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 45 (2), 295-310 . This scholarly article scrutinizes racial discrimination within professional football. The objective of the research is to find out whether, racial discrimination has had a greater impact on player performance and other variables. Furthermore, the researcher, Kahn has used data obtained form a survey of 1,363 players to show the differences involving white and black player earnings, based on racial considerations. The findings indicate that not more than 4% of whites’ sportsmen are favoured in terms of their performances. Secondly, the earnings of white plus nonwhites players differ completely, and this is due to the fact that, football fans have a preference to watch players of their own race. Hence, teams are willing to recompense more to players, because their race will attract a larger fan base, consequently bringing in greater revenue. This source is significant in researching the focus topic, as it would be used to provide examples where race is a factor in player performance. Philipp, S. F., & Brezina, S. (2003). Race and perception of acceptance in nontraditional sports. PubMed , 463-466. The researchers, Philipp and Brezina conducted an analysis of 632 respondents using surveys in order to show that race is a significant factor when it comes to perceptions and acceptance of ten conventional sports. The findings showed that race as a factor in sports performance, is due to the significant differences across income, learning, and location. The other major findings show that many African Americans feel less reception in non-conventional sports, than their Euro-Americans counterparts. The findings indicate that stereotypes act together with physical indications, to shape certain group performances in sports. Furthermore, Philipp and Brezina, propose that social plus contextual effects direct the perception of race as a factor in sports performance. Smith, A. (2010). The Sports Factor. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2000/sportsf/s146820.htm This is an article obtained via an internet search, and the author Smith, argues that there is no genetic or scientific base for the notion of race in sport performance. Smith insists that only cultural concepts are applicable when it comes to differences in sport performances. The article then assesses the implications of this notion in regards to sporting ability, in particular the point of view that athletic capability is connected to race. Smith then concludes that black athletes are greater at numerous sports, due to their genes. Sports Councils. (2009). The Equality Standard A Framework for Sport. London: Sport England. This policy document by the government agency, Sport England, seeks to implement race standard, which would facilitate major advancement in racial equality in sport across UK. The policy contains guidelines on how to achieve diversity in sports, with the key objective being effecting of fairness as well as the application of social justice in every situations, plus decision making processes across sports clubs and sporting organizations. This article is significant in examining race and sports performance, as it helps to show measures undertaken by the government to deal with racism in sports. In addition, to providing details on how some of the measures undermine sport performance and effectual racial integration. Sterkenburg, J. v., & Knoppers, A. (2004). Dominant Discourses about Race/Ethnicity and Gender in Sport Practice and Performance. International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 39 (3), 819-839. Sterkenburg and Knoppers in this article, try to explain the prevailing discourses in relation to race and ethnicity in sport performance. An empirical investigation has been used to show the connection of race, and social background influences on sport performance. The two researchers have explored the degree to which such discourses extend beyond each other, especially those portrayed by the dominant media. The results have been positioned and elaborated in a wider societal context. The researchers conclude that, there is a racial motivation by the media to sway race as a factor in sports performance. Differences between Scholarly Vs. Popular Sources Scholarly sources identified in this annotation specifically discuss the outcomes of original research, and the language applied is mostly technical but discipline precise. The scholarly articles, unlike popular sources, describe the methodologies used to conduct the study, with a bibliography plus credentials of the authors identified. On the other hand, the popular sources identified report on current events concerning the topic, in addition to summarizing the general research. The popular articles are short indications of the topic presented, and the information is written mostly by journalists with no bibliographies. Scholarly Peer Reviewed Eitle, T. M., & Eitle, D. J. (2002). Race, Cultural Capital, and the Educational Effects of Participation in Sports. Sociology of Education , 2, 123-146. Entine, J. (2001). Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports And Why We're Afraid To Talk About It. PublicAffairs. Hunter, D. W. (2007). Race and athletic performance: A physiological review. Journal of African American Studies , 2 (3), 23-38. Philipp, S. F., & Brezina, S. (2003). Race and perception of acceptance in nontraditional sports. PubMed , 463-466. Library Scholarly Article Index Goff, B. L., McCormick, R. E., & Robert, D. T. (2002). Racial Integration as an Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Sports Leagues. The American Economic Review , 92 (1), 16-26. Sterkenburg, J. v., & Knoppers, A. (2004). Dominant Discourses about Race/Ethnicity and Gender in Sport Practice and Performance. International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 39 (3), 819-839. Kahn, L. M. (1992). The Effects of Race on Professional Football Players' Compensation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review , 45 (2), 295-310 . Footnote or Bibliography of One of Sources Harrison, L. J. (1995). African Americans: Race as a Self-Schema Affecting Physical Activity Choices. Education Resource Information Center , 47 (1), 7-18. From Hunter, D. W article Government Research or Policy Document Sports Councils. (2009). The Equality Standard A Framework for Sport. London: Sport England Authored By a Geographer Bale, J. (2003). Sports geography. Routledge: New York. Internet (Google) Smith, A. (2010). The Sports Factor. Retrieved February 22, 2012, from http://fulltext.ausport.gov.au/fulltext/2000/sportsf/s146820.htm Popular Source (Maclean) Adesioye, L. (2008, August 25). Is race a factor in sports success? TheGuardian . Retrieved February 14, 2012, from guardin.co.uk: http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/lolaadesioye Read More