Urban Growth and Democracy in LDCs - Essay Example

?Running head: Urban growth and democracy in LDCs Urban Growth and Democracy in LDCs Insert Insert Grade Insert March 9, Urban Growth and Democracy in LDCs Introduction Democracy is a form of government that is characterized by the people’s rule as compared to other forms of governance like autocracy. It involves development of collective rules and policies by the people and these people will exercise control and authority over the application of these rules (Samarasinghe, 1994). Earlier empirical studies had indicated that the governments of low-income nations enacted economic development policies that favored the growth of urban centers and increased rural-urban migration (Brockerhoff, 1999, p.757). Projections were given that the urban population in these countries would increase considerably into the twenty-first century. However, recent reports indicate slower rates than what was projected (Brockerhoff, 1999, p.757). There have been debates as to whether there is a relationship between urbanization, economic development and democracy in a given country (Samarasinghe, 1994). The growth of urban population in the least developed countries can have mixed effects on political development in the country. On one hand, the movement of individuals into the urban centers can promote literacy among the individuals who will then be enlightened to understand their fundamental rights. On the other hand, it can also lead to increased informal settlement generated by joblessness among the youths rushing into the towns and cities. The politicians are able to lure these individuals towards their self-interests. How rapid urban growth can contribute to growth of democratic governments Democracy involves the participation of individuals in all the decision-making processes that will affect the social, political, and economic environment as a society. A system of government will be considered democratic if it ensures ‘a peaceful competitive political participation in an environment that guarantees political and civil liberties’ (Samarasinghe, 1994, p.8). Political democracy will be developed through an integration of the government system (characterized by the formal institutions and agencies in the government) and the political rights, and civil rights and freedom. The members of the society are entitled to these political and civil liberties but this will not be achieved if there are no formal and civil institutions to promote this freedom (Samarasinghe, 1994). In this regard, it is first necessary that the individual be informed of their rights and the roles as members of a given society. The level of illiteracy is still high in the least developed countries. The urban centers in these least developed countries have better social infrastructure like schools as compared to the rural areas. The individuals in these areas also have better access to other information sources and they become more enlightened. With the knowledge of their rights, freedoms and privileges, an environment is created for democracy. Besides, debates have erupted on the relationship of economic development and democratization process in a given country. There has been a popular hypothesis that democracy is caused by socio-economic development in a given country (Samarasinghe, 1994) implying that democracy will follow the satisfaction of other basic human needs such as food, shelter and health. Other theorists also assert that there is need for a good institution and citizenry for democratization to occur. Such theories concur with the Lipset thesis (1963, cited in Samarasinghe, 1994) that economic development is a necessity if democracy has to exist. It is observed that the highly industrialized nations are generally characterized by high levels of democracy whereas democracy rarely exists in adverse economic conditions (Samarasinghe, 1994). It then becomes necessary to consider relationship between urbanization and economic development. Even though divergent views may have been provided by many economists and theorists, urbanization patterns influence economic growth. Economic development is mainly caused by ‘the productivity gains due to technological innovations and investments in human capital’ (Irwin, n.d, p.3). True economic growth will be caused by the acquisition and accumulation of knowledge by the human resource in a given economy. Urbanization occurs as individuals move from the traditional agrarian system to an industrial system. The industrial centers often consider spatial proximity to the markets and the infrastructure that happens to be developed (at least to some extent) in the urban centers. The acquisition and accumulation of knowledge occur due spillovers in which employees from different firms exchange or share information and technology skills with each other (Irwin, n.d,). Such a spillover is just possible if the firms are close to each other implying that urbanization will promote economic development, which will eventually promote democracy. The individuals will be better positioned to speak for themselves. Nonetheless, this influence of urbanization on economic growth will only be valid to the extent that the urban centers are not congested, in which case negative spillovers will occur. Under what circumstances can it undermine democracy? In as much it promotes democracy, urbanization will undermine democracy when there are negative spillovers (Irwin, n.d,), and the urban centers become congested. Rapid urban growth may not allow for the planning of the urban centers by the authorities to cater for the large population. It leads to struggle for employment owing to high unemployment rates leading to increased informal employment. The effect is joblessness and high poverty levels. Some researches have shown that ‘rapid urbanization has produced increased informal employment rates, with more than half the workers in the developing countries employed in the urban informal sector’ (Mayer, 2011, p.5). Urbanization and informality within a given city depends on the state of the country’s economy; equal opportunity steady state for developed nation and unequal opportunity steady state for the stagnant developing nations. An economy that exhibits equal opportunity steady state will urbanize through upgrade of skills, increased equality, expansion of the formal sector, and the shrinkage of the informal sector whereas a developing economy will urbanize without these modernization (Mayer, 2011, p.5). There will be expansion in the informal sector. This will in turn reflect on the other social issues like obtaining family needs, which will lead to informal settlements. The population in these informal settings often fails to access essential services that promote economy such as proper education (Mayer, 2011, p.5). The individuals will not be able to afford good education for their children. This will undermine democracy in two ways. Firstly, the urban population will be less informed on their civil and political rights. Secondly, even those who are informed will easily be swayed by politicians never to make their independent decisions on governance. Conclusion The rapid urban growth in the least develop countries can have positive or negative effects in developing a democratic environment in the countries. The effect depends on how the urban infrastructure expansion rate compares with the rate of influx into the cities. While settling in proximity in the urban centers promote information exchange that is necessary for economic development, which further promote democracy, congestion in the urban centers can have the reverse implications. References Brockerhoff, M. (1999). Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Projections and Predictions. Population and Development Review 25(4):757–778 Retrieved from http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/councilarticles/pdr/PDR254Brockerhoff.pdf Irwin, E. (N.d). Market forces and urban expansion. Panel Contribution to the PERN Cyberseminar on Urban Spatial Expansion, Ohio University State. Retrieved from http://www.populationenvironmentresearch.org/papers/Irwin_contribution.pdf. Mayer, D. (2011). Urbanization as a fundamental cause of development. Retrieved from http://www.cide.edu/publicaciones/status/dts/DTE%20501.pdf Samarasinghe, S.W. (1994). Democracy and Democratization in Developing Countries. Series on Democracy and Health Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ihsg/publications/pdf/No-7-1.PDF Read More