Friendship and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence - Annotated Bibliography Example

Knecht, A. B., Burk, W. J., Weesie, J., &Steglich, C. .Friendship and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence: A Multilevel Social Network Approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), Abstract This study applies multilevel social network analytic techniques to examine processes of homophilic selection and social influence related to alcohol use among friends in early adolescence. Participants included 3,041 Dutch youth (M age 512 years, 49% female) from 120 classrooms in 14 schools. Three waves with 3-month intervals of friendship nomination data and self-reports of drinking behavior were collected. Results revealed that within classrooms, friendship nominations tended to be reciprocated and dyadic friendships tended to be embedded within cohesive subgroups (e.g., cliques). Students tended to nominate friends who were the same sex, from a similar ethnic background, and who they previously knew from primary school. Selection processes turned out to play a more significant role than social influence processes in predicting similarity between early adolescent friends’ alcohol use (Knecht et al, 2010). Although friendship dynamics and individual drinking trajectories substantially differed between classrooms, the effects of homophilic selection and social influence did not. 1. General topic / research questions and 2. Theory The first article, Friendship and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence: A Multilevel Social, studies the behavioral influence that social groupings have on adolescence that use alcohol. The article bases its research on the theory that friendships among adolescents force them to act in a certain manner in order to belong to a certain clique. Peer pressure is the main factor that makes adolescents start taking alcohol at an early age. Friendships form between adolescents of the same age group and characteristics (Knecht et al, 2010). This theory is looked into to assess whether it is true by selecting random students and collecting data. 3. Hypotheses (and concepts) There are several hypotheses highlighted in this article. The researchers expected to correlate small groups of friendship to a larger network of peers. Friend nominations were to be filled with adolescents of the same sex, ethnicity, and previous friendship. Alcohol behavior differs between genders and ethnicity. Boys will tend to drink more alcohol behavior than girls do. The research expected children who drink together to form certain bonds that would be influenced by alcohol use and friendships would predict changes in alcoholic characteristics (Knecht et al, 2010). The relationships and behavior of adolescents in different classrooms were likely to be similar. 4. Research design and 5. Research method The research carried out is evaluative and it is done within a six-month period. The data collected is longitudinal across 3017 students. The research was a survey conducted by the use of questionnaires that lasted about 45 minutes. Friend nominations were done after every month. The data collected would be used to figure out whether the students interviewed considered some of their classmates as valuable friends. The questionnaires asked the number of times students’ drank alcohol and how many times they did so with their friends (Knecht et al, 2010). The data was collected by using students from the first classrooms of 14 Dutch secondary schools. 6. Operationalization and 7. Population and sampling The dependent variable in this article is the alcohol use while student are the independent variable. The characteristics of student friendships of each class are examined and their relation to alcohol use noted. Alcohol is used to check its influence on the friendship ties of students from a homogenous and heterogeneous sample. The survey included 3017 students, 1531 were male while 1486 were female. The classrooms selected were 120 (Knecht et al, 2010). The students’ ages varied between 10 and 15 years, making the mean age to be 12.11 and the standard deviation to be 0.49. Most of the students participating in this survey are of the same ethnic background, Dutch. 8. Findings / Results From the results, it is evident that friendship bonds among adolescents keeps changing with time, at times, it increases, and at other times, it decreases. Ethnicity was divided into two; Dutch majority versus Dutch minority. From the differences in ethnicity and gender, it was discovered that alcohol use increased as the school year progressed. The results showed Dutch students had a higher alcohol intake compared to the Dutch minority and gender and other factors did not make any difference. Alcohol had a negative impact on friendship ties though this had little to do with the overall results. Adolescents tend to choose very few friends but the friends chosen have similar behaviors and friendship groups of two belonged to a larger peer group. Students who consumed alcohol nominated friends who also drunk alcohol (Knecht et al, 2010). Alcohol consumption was influenced by peer pressure, if certain friends drunk more alcohol, all friends drunk the same way. Stoolmiller, M., Wills, T. A., McClure, A. C., Tanski, S. E., Worth, K. A., Gerrard, M., & Sargent, J. D. (2012). Comparing Media and Family Predictors of Alcohol Use: A Cohort Study of US Adolescents. Abstract Objective: To compare media/marketing exposures and family factors in predicting adolescent alcohol use. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Confidential telephone survey of adolescents in their homes. Participants: Representative sample of 6522 US adolescents, aged 10e14 years at baseline and surveyed four times over 2 years. Primary outcome measure: Time to alcohol onset and progression to binge drinking were assessed with two survival models. Predictors were movie alcohol exposure (MAE), ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise and characteristics of the family (parental alcohol use, home availability of alcohol and parenting). Covariates included sociodemographics, peer drinking and personality factors. Results: Over the study period, the prevalence of adolescent ever use and binge drinking increased from 11% to 25% and from 4% to 13%, respectively. At baseline, the median estimated MAE from a population of 532 movies was 4.5 h and 11% owned alcohol branded merchandise at time 2. Parental alcohol use (greater than or equal to weekly) was reported by 23% and 29% of adolescents could obtain alcohol from home. Peer drinking, MAE, alcohol-branded merchandise, age and rebelliousness were associated with both alcohol onset and progression to binge drinking. The adjusted hazard ratios for alcohol onset and binge drinking transition for high versus low MAE exposure were 2.13 (95% CI 1.76 to 2.57) and 1.63 (1.20 to 2.21), respectively, and MAE accounted for 28% and 20% of these transitions, respectively (Stoolmiller et al, 2012). Characteristics of the family were associated with alcohol onset but not with progression. Conclusion: The results suggest that family focused interventions would have a larger impact on alcohol onset while limiting media and marketing exposure could help prevent both onset and progression. 1. General topic / research questions and 2. Theory The article, The parent–child relationship and adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies, researches the influence parent –child relations have on alcohol use. Alcohol use has become rampant among adolescents begging critics to look into the parents-child relationship and find out if it is the reason alcoholism is on the rise. Negative parent-child relationship has resulted in children holding their problems within which are manifested through anxiety, depression and suicidal tendencies. Some children transform the negativity into violent and aggressive behavior (Stoolmiller et al, 2012). Recent studies have shown that negative relations between parents and children trigger alcoholism at an early age. 3. Hypotheses (and concepts) The article looks at the relevance of parent –child relations in alcoholism among adolescents and want different changes and influence it has on alcohol use. The research examined the different drinking habits and the family backgrounds of the respective adolescents. The article bases its research on articles that have written about parent-child relationship influences on alcohol (Stoolmiller et al, 2012). The researchers could not come up with conclusive evidence concerning the topic in question so they based their answers on the effects parent relationship has on the changes in behavior among adolescents who take alcohol. 4. Research design and 5. Research method The research conducted is descriptive and it is done during a period of one year. The data collected is longitudinal that quantifies the change in use of alcohol by adolescents. Other data collection techniques are used to measure the quality of parent-child relationship like the use of questionnaires. The researchers use data collected previously to construct their hypothesis, method, and results. The authors look at all necessary resources that are relevant to the study. There are certain shortcomings from the previous review but only relevant information is collected (Stoolmiller et al, 2012). The three authors did thorough searches on the study and consulted among themselves in case of any doubts before reaching a decision. 6. Operationalization and 7. Population and sampling In this article, the dependent variable is alcohol use while the parent –child relationship is the independent variable. The parent- child behavior is measured between two variables positive or negative. Positive parent-child relationships have reported decrease in the use of alcohol while negative parent- child relationship increases alcohol use among adolescents. The information collected was based on adolescents of the age 10 to 17 years. One hundred and sixty-six to four thousand seven hundred and thirty-one adolescents took part in the study. The study covered adolescents from different states, USA, Netherlands, Finland, Spain, New Zealand, Sweden, and Taiwan (Stoolmiller et al, 2012). The research concentrated on adolescents since they are still under the care of their parents or guardians. 8. Findings / Results From the twenty-eight studies that were conducted in seven different studies, parent-child relationship had two potential outcomes; risk factor or protective. Out of the twenty-eight, five studies showed that negative parent –child relationship transformed into increased rate of alcohol use in adolescents. Some of the results showed that the change in alcohol behavior differed among boys, girls, or adolescents of a similar age group (Stoolmiller et al, 2012). The rest of the studies showed no important association between parent-child relationship and the drinking habits of adolescents. Visser, L., de Winter, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2012). The Parent–Child Relationship and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Abstract Background: Alcohol use among adolescents has become a major public health problem in the past decade and has large short- and long-term consequences on their health. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of longitudinal cohort studies that have analyzed the association between the parent–child relationship (PCR) and change in alcohol use during adolescence. Methods: A search of the literature from 1985 to July 2011 was conducted in Medline, PsycINFO, and EMBASE in order to identify longitudinal, general population studies regarding the influence of the PCR on alcohol use during adolescence. The studies were screened, and the quality of the relevant studies was assessed. A best-evidence synthesis was used to summarize the results. Results: Twenty-eight relevant studies were identified. Five studies found that a negative PCR was associated with higher levels of alcohol use. Another seven papers only found this association for certain subgroups such as boys or girls, or a specific age group. The remaining sixteen studies did not find any association. Conclusions: We found weak evidence for a prospective association between the PCR and adolescent alcohol use (Visser et al, 2012). Further research to the association of the PCR with several types of alcohol use (e.g., initiation or abuse) and to the potential reversed causality of the PCR and alcohol use is required. Keywords: Alcohol use, Parent–child relationship, Longitudinal study, Child, Adolescent, Systematic review 1. General topic / research questions and 2. Theory The article, Comparing media, and family predictors of alcohol use: a cohort study of US adolescents, talks about the factors influencing adolescents into alcoholism at an early age. Most errant behavior in children is emulated from movies and commercials. Youths are abusing alcohol and becoming addicts at a very early age. Alcohol destroys their health and ruins their performance in school. Movies, films, and commercials depict certain behaviors as acknowledgeable behaviors (Visser et al, 2012). These article looks at the effect viewing of drinking alcohol in movies affects alcoholism in adolescents. Alcohol branding is investigated for features of influencing and triggering drinking at an early age. 3. Hypotheses (and concepts) The research studies the hypothesis that viewing alcohol use in movies and alcohol brands explain the beginning of alcohol use among teens and the development to splurge drinking. However, previous research reports that whatever predicts the start of alcohol behavior is not necessarily the same factor that predicts development of excessive drinking. During the transition from onset drinking to excessive drinking, the effect of media and alcohol marketing is assessed to figure out the relation (Visser et al, 2012). Family and peer pressure is studied to investigate its influence on adolescence alcoholism. 4. Research design and 5. Research method This is an evaluative research conducted in two years to collect longitudinal data. The survey is conducted by means of telephone to collect information from 6522 US adolescents. Trained interviewers were in charge of questioning teenagers by use of telephone that was aided by a computer. The computer-aided telephone was a system from the national research organization, Westat. The questions were asked in two languages, Spanish or English. The survey ensured that the children who participated in the interview did so out of free will and their parents or guardians approved (Visser et al, 2012). The survey protected the identity of the interviewees and kept the whole exercise confidential. 6. Operationalization and 7. Population and sampling Alcohol use and transition is the dependent variable and, adolescents, media or marketing are the independent variables. Alcohol use and progression is measured against the exposure to media and alcohol and marketing. The research was conducted in the US, and children aged between 10years and 14 years were involved. Previous research shows that African American youths and those looking for higher sensations are less affected by exposure to alcohol in movies. Selecting the adolescents for the sample used three steps; using a random list of residential telephone numbers, categorizing houses with children meeting the above age bracket, and register the qualified children into the study (Visser et al, 2012). In houses with more than one teenager, the interviewer randomly selected one to participate in the interview. 8. Findings / Results From the research, the authors obtained the following results. During the survey and research period, the rate of children starting drinking alcohol increased from 11% to 25% while the development to excessive drinking increased from 4% to 13%. In both cases, exposure of alcohol in movies, peer pressure, alcohol marketing and unruliness, contributed to the increase. Families were also responsible for the increase of onset drinking and progression to splurge drinking, about 29% of the adolescents interviewed could access alcohol from their houses (Visser et al, 2012). From the result, it was evident that, watching drinking in movies and commercial accelerated the rate of change from starting drinking to excessive drinking. Families contributed many cases of onset drinking but very few families predicted projection of drinking. Tamers, S. L., Okechukwu, C., Bohl3, A. A., Gue´guen, A., Goldberg, M., & Zins, M. (2014). The Impact of Stressful Life Events on Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the French Population: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study Abstract Background: Major life changes may play a causative role in health through lifestyle factors, such as alcohol. The objective was to examine the impact of stressful life events on heavy alcohol consumption among French adults. Methods: Trajectories of excessive alcohol consumption in 20,625 employees of the French national gas and electricity company for up to 5 years before and 5 years after an event, with annual measurements from 1992. We used repeated measures analysis of time series data indexed to events, employing generalized estimating equations. Results: For women, excessive alcohol use increased before important purchase (p = 0.021), children leaving home (p, 0.001), and death of loved ones (p = 0.03), and decreased before widowhood (p = 0.015); in the year straddling the event, increased consumption was observed for important purchase (p = 0.018) and retirement (p = 0.002); at the time of the event, consumption decreased for marriage (p = 0.002), divorce, widowhood, and death of loved one (all p, 0.001), and increased for retirement (p = 0.035). For men, heavy alcohol consumption increased in the years up to and surrounding the death of loved ones, retirement, and important purchase (all p,0.001), and decreased after (all p,0.001, except death of loved one: p = 0.006); at the time of the event, consumption decreased for all events except for children leaving home and retirement, where we observed an increase (all p,0.001). For women and men, heavy alcohol consumption decreased prior to marriage and divorce and increased after (all p,0.001, except for women and marriage: p = 0.01). Conclusion: Stressful life events promote healthy and unhealthy alcohol consumption (Tamers et al, 2014). Certain events impact alcohol intake temporarily while others have longer-term implications. Research should disentangle women’s and men’s distinct perceptions of events over time. 1. General topic / research questions and 2. Theory The article, The Impact of Stressful Life Events on Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the French Population: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study, studies the various life events that could lead into alcoholism in adults. Most adults undergo through a lot of stress as they go about their daily routines. Some adults can handle the stress while others cannot. Some of these adults turn into alcohol to help them cope. Stress has caused many hazards to the body over the years. Not all stressful life events lead to the use of alcoholism, some lead to adults making healthy choices (Tamers et al, 2014). Stressful situation are experienced with middle-aged people and old people but this study will concentrate on younger people. 3. Hypotheses (and concepts) The article is researching on adults in France because they have long life expectancy but they have a high consumption of alcohol. The article uses the hypothesis that binge drinking has become a major issue in France. France being an industrialized country, there is a high possibility that the citizens of France drink excessively to cope with stressful situations (Tamers et al, 2014). Interpersonal and financial life events are scrutinized to prove the relation between alcohol and stress. 4. Research design and 5. Research method The research is of an exploratory nature that uses questionnaires that have been used since 1989. The longitudinal data is collected over a period of ten years, five years before and five years after a stressful situation occurs. The interpersonal stressful events that were studied were, marriage, children leaving home, divorce, death of loved ones, while financial stressful events were promotions, retirement, and important purchases. The questionnaire in the GAZEL cohort, required the participants drunk wine, cider, beer or spirits in a certain period and the number of glasses (Tamers et al, 2014). The research uses secondary data to analyze the information and record results. Repeated analysis measures of the data are used to generalize certain equations. 6. Operationalization and 7. Population and sampling There are two variables in the research, excessive alcohol consumption and stressful life events, the dependent variable and the independent variable respectively. Life events are studied to figure out what effect they have on the consumption of alcohol in adulthood. The research is conducted on adults aged 35 to 50 years. The participants are employees of the same company, French national gas, and Electricity Company, 20,625 employees are involved. The questionnaires asked about the socio demographics, life experiences, health characteristics, and occupational characteristics (Tamers et al, 2014). The type of alcohol, amount of alcohol, and frequency of the alcohol taken is recorded then analyzed later to find out if there is any relation between life happenings and alcohol intake. 8. Findings / Results After analysis, the results reported that women increased their alcohol consumption before certain life events, children leaving, important purchases, death of loved ones. Excessive alcohol consumption reduced before becoming a widow, increased during the period of retirement, and important purchases, and then decreased at the time of the following events, marriage, divorce, death of loved ones, and widowhood. This shows that excessive alcohol intake in women fluctuated with time. Among men, excessive alcohol consumption increased as the years to certain events increased. Events like death of loved ones, important purchase, and retirement (Tamers et al, 2014). The habit decreased after all events except when a loved one dies. As the event occurs, consumption decreases for all situations other than that of children going away from home. There are fluctuations between the two genders. Young-Wolff, K. C., Kendler, K. C., &. Prescott, C. A. (2012). Interactive Effects of Childhood Maltreatment and Recent Stressful Life Events on Alcohol Consumption in Adulthood. Abstract Objective: Childhood maltreatment is associated with early alcohol use initiation, alcohol-related problem behaviors, and alcohol use disorders in adulthood. Heavy drinking risk among individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment could be partly attributable to stress sensitization, whereby early adversity leads to psychobiological changes that heighten sensitivity to subsequent stressors and increase risk for stress-related drinking. We addressed this issue by examining whether the association between past-year stressful life events and past-year drinking density, a weighted quantity–frequency measure of alcohol consumption, was stronger among adults exposed to childhood maltreatment. Method: Drinking density, stressful life events, and childhood maltreatment were assessed using structured clinical interviews in a sample of 4,038 male and female participants ages 20–58 years from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Stress sensitization was examined using hierarchical multiple regression analyses to test whether stressful events moderated the association between maltreatment and drinking density. Analyses were stratified by sex and whether the impact was different for independent stressful events or dependent stressful events as related to a participant’s actions. Results: Independent stressful events were associated with heavier drinking density among women exposed to maltreatment. In contrast, drinking density was roughly the same across independent stressful life events exposure among women not exposed to maltreatment. There was little evidence for Maltreatment × Independent Stressor interactions in men or Maltreatment × Dependent Stressor interactions in either gender (Young-Wolff et al, 2012). Conclusions: Early maltreatment may have direct effects on vulnerability to stress-related drinking among women, particularly in association with stressors that are out of one’s control. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 73, 559–569, 2012) 1. General topic / research questions and 2. Theory The Interactive Effects of Childhood Maltreatment and Recent Stressful Life Events on Alcohol Consumption in Adulthood article researches on the possibility that alcoholism in adulthood would be caused by ill treatment during childhood, stressful situations, and alcoholic problems. The use of alcohol to nurse the hurt from maltreatment is viewed as sensitization method to handling stressful events. Childhood ill treatment involves neglect, sexual, and physical abuse. As children, they turn to alcohol or other substances to nurse injuries and alcohol consumption turns into a habit (Young-Wolff et al, 2012). They grow up using alcohol as way of evading reality and facing fears. 3. Hypotheses (and concepts) Hypotheses have been used to explain the effect of childhood mistreatment on alcoholism. Messy home conditions lead to ill treatment during childhood and eventually into alcoholism. Genetic tendency toward drinking in the event of a difficulty is generated by maltreatment. Maltreatment, at times leads directly to alcoholism in adulthood. Stress sensitization is another alternative hypothesis where a person psychology changes and increases tendencies of stress drinking (Young-Wolff et al, 2012). The drinking problem becomes an issue after a long-term practice of stress drinking because the brain becomes affected and sensors adapt to the new habit. 4. Research design and 5. Research method The research conducted was evaluative and took the period of one year. The data assessed the relation between stressful life events and alcohol intake. The characteristics were compared with history of childhood mistreatment. The researchers investigated the effect of stressful events and maltreatment after an individual is suffering from depression. The third aspect looked at is the effect of gender on maltreatment and stressful environment (Young-Wolff et al, 2012). The data collected was longitudinal in nature and it comprised of adult twins. The twins were interviewed by the use of two methods, telephone interview, and face-to-face interview. 6. Operationalization and 7. Population and sampling The use of alcohol is the dependent variable and adults, maltreatment, and stressful life operations are the independent variables. The variables are operationalized by using the maltreatment adult experience as children and stressful life conditions to determine the consumption of alcohol. The study used a big sample of adult twins from Virginia. The researchers used information from Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders (VATSPSUD). They used data of twins born in 1934 to 1974. The twins were either male-male, or male-female. Every participant was asked different questions regarding different forms of ill treatment (Young-Wolff et al, 2012). The participants were asked the number of times they were abused and what form of abuse did they endure. 8. Findings / Results Both males and females had independent stressful events and dependent stressful events that were tied to maltreatment during childhood. Women had a higher rate to ill treatment, dependent and independent stressful life occasions, and past year drinking density as compared to men. Both genders did not show any important changes to maltreatment or independent stressful events. Women, who experienced ill treatment during childhood, consumed more alcohol especially if they encountered an increased number of independent stressful events (Young-Wolff et al, 2012). In men, there was small evidence that connected maltreatment to independent stressful events and past year drinking density. Makhija, N., & Sher, L. (2007). Childhood Abuse, Adult Alcohol Use Disorders, and Suicidal Behavior. Oxford University Press Abstract Childhood abuse is linked to a variety of maladaptive outcomes that can extend far into adulthood. Two of the most significant are alcohol use disorders and suicidal ideation/behavior. This article explores the pathway from childhood abuse to suicidal behavior through the development of alcohol use disorders, and examines the significance of a familial history of alcohol misuse in exacerbating suicidal behavior in adults who were abused as children. It discusses the implications of this pathway, and describes areas of focus for those who work with child abuse victims and/or patients experiencing alcohol use disorders. Practitioners working with children or adolescents who have experienced or are experiencing abuse should take a preventative approach, identifying and treating those at risk for alcohol misuse and/or suicide. Practitioners working with adults who are already abusing alcohol and/or are suicidal should work with the adult to identify and examine life events such as abuse that may be responsible (Makhija et al, 2007). By identifying factors that have led to the misuse of alcohol and/or suicidal ideation, adults can obtain appropriate psychotherapy and deal in a more productive and beneficial manner with the pain that underlies their self-destructive impulses. 1. General topic / research questions and 2. Theory Childhood abuse, adult alcohol use disorders and suicidal behavior discusses the results of childhood abuse. There are various outcomes of child abuse; the two main ones that remain until adulthood are alcohol addiction and suicidal tendencies. Research is conducted on practitioners who are dealing with abused children and practitioners who are dealing with adults who are alcoholics because of childhood abuse. There are big numbers of children who are victims of abuse, and the perpetrators are parents or guardians. Apart from alcoholism and suicidal tendencies, there are other consequences, depression, anxiety, aggression, substance use, and inappropriate sexual behavior (Makhija et al, 2007). Adult women with history of abuse are likely to suffer depression and suicidal tendencies while adult women undergoing rehabilitation for alcoholism are likely to have history of abuse. 3. Hypotheses (and concepts) There are several concepts that explain alcoholic behavior and suicidal behavior. Victims of child abuse begin to use alcohol and certain substances as a coping method in order to forget the pain and fear they experienced. The affected people will drink alcohol to numb the pain, and as a way to be in control of life. Those who cannot stand the feelings of pain, fear, depression, and hatred, succumb to suicide tendencies. They consider ending the misery by killing themselves a better option (Makhija et al, 2007). Sometimes suicidal tendencies may occur independently but other times they are fuelled by alcohol intake. 4. Research design and 5. Research method The research design used is explanatory, where information on alcoholism and suicidal mannerism is explained. The data collected is longitudinal and is archival in nature. Data that has been collected previously by other researchers is used to explain the number of children approximate to be victims in the US and the UK. Alcoholic disorders and suicidal behavior are studied among adults who have been victims of abuse and those who have not (Makhija et al, 2007). Suicidal tendencies in drunken people occur in two forms, one that has been pre planned and though for a while and suicidal tendencies that occur at the spur of the moment. 6. Operationalization and 7. Population and sampling In this research, alcoholism is the dependent variable while maltreatment and suicidal behavior are the independent variables. Victims of abuse take up alcoholism as a form of escape and suicidal tendencies too. History of abuse could relate to alcohol use while it could also lead to suicidal characteristics. The research studied the behavioral changes among men and women with different childhood backgrounds. Researchers of these articles selected a sample of patients provided by practitioners (Makhija et al, 2007). They studied the data of children who have been abused and adults undergoing treatment to relieve them of alcoholism. 8. Findings / Results Results show that, 45% of suicidal cases were of people who had drunk alcohol before they committed suicide while about 19% of suicide cases had been drunk. This shows that alcohol facilitates suicide thoughts and increases the number of unplanned suicides. The probability of depressed patients to die by suicide after two years of treatment is about one out of twenty people. Genetic and environmental features predict alcoholism and suicidal tendencies (Makhija et al, 2007). Adults with families who have an alcohol problem have a higher rate of misusing alcohol and developing suicidal thoughts References Knecht, A. B., Burk, W. J., Weesie, J., &Steglich, C. (2010).Friendship and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence: A Multilevel Social Network Approach. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(2), Makhija, N., & Sher, L. (2007). Childhood Abuse, Adult Alcohol Use Disorders, and Suicidal Behavior. Oxford University Press Stoolmiller, M., Wills, T. A., McClure, A. C., Tanski, S. E., Worth, K. A., Gerrard, M., & Sargent, J. D. (2012). Comparing Media and Family Predictors of Alcohol Use: A Cohort Study of US Adolescents. Tamers, S. L., Okechukwu, C., Bohl3, A. A., Gue´guen, A., Goldberg, M., & Zins, M. (2014). The Impact of Stressful Life Events on Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the French Population: Findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study. Visser, L., de Winter, A. F., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2012). The Parent–Child Relationship and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Young-Wolff, K. C., Kendler, K. C., &. Prescott, C. A. (2012). Interactive Effects of Childhood Maltreatment and Recent Stressful Life Events on Alcohol Consumption in Adulthood. Read More