Bases for Violence, Types of Behavior in Hostage-Takers - Research Paper Example

? Sociology Bases for Violence Violence has a basis of biological influence, which has been identified through studies of human behaviors. Biological influence depends on other factors that are extensively reviewed in a way that provides a summary of the details. Moreover, there are substantial biological variables that entail genetic predisposition, hormones, physiological under arousal, functions of the brain and neurotransmitters (Raine, Brennan, Farrington & Mednick, 1997). Nevertheless, these biological variables are interdependent through their complexities while the association between social and biological factors appears is a substantial basis for understanding violence. In addition, there biological emphasis on violence that are considered to be different causes of various forms of violence behaviors. There are major theories entail an explanation of the models that focuses on the biological basis of violence. One of the biological explanations of human violence is based sociobiology regarding to Darwin’s theory of evolution (Raine, 2002). In fact, this explanation revolves around the insightful insinuation of desires aimed at maximizing the reproductive status by attaining or safeguarding resources and access to companions. Human beings have undergone evolution through mechanisms aimed at ensuring that their genes are transmitted to succeeding cohorts via production. Therefore, sociobiology basis offers a substantial explanation for the implications of the consequences related to other substantial issues of human violence that entail sexual jealousy, inter-male conflicts and infanticide. Major areas in the brain have made a substantial contribution to understanding the basis of violence, which entail limbic system that is vital in violence behaviors (Raine & Buchsbaum, 1996). There are implications concerning the amygadala and hypothalamus, which are implicated in behaviors of defense attack, though there is a difference in regions and forms of aggression. Concepts of Institutional Culpability, Staff Culpability and Legal Liability Institutional culpability is accessible to clientele, and it involves an easy prey for those seeking for acquire money or drugs. Moreover, there are minimal systems of maintaining security in these institutions and some institutions, there is isolation of Counseling Centers and Offices. In addition, there are other institutions attributed to denial, whereby they elude publicity concerning awareness of crime and security of the campus. Therefore, the behaviors of people in the institution are attributed to institutional culpability. On the other hand, the staff culpability involves a conviction of immunity from treats due to support and care, whereby a client can be aggressive because of the feeling of loss of control concerning their treatment. In this situation, there is a need for the set of limits in affirmative, reasonable and empathic behaviors of the staff. There increased chances for the burned out staff members to be assaulted compared to the assaults associated with trainees. Moreover, there has been a reduction of cases of assault as staff members gain experience in their field of expertise. Legal liability involves situations like when the health care provides assaults a victim, whereby becoming legally liable for their actions, and the liability is extended to the institution and other stakeholders (Crocker, 1997). Therefore, improper diagnosis, treatment, third parties protection and violence control from behaviors that are assaultive can result to legal liability. In addition, there are good indicators of risks to become violent and the communal judgment. . Two Types of Behavior in Hostage-Takers The first type of behavior in hostage-takers is emotional or mental instability, whereby their reason for engaging in this act is illogical since other situations are suicidal. Moreover, in this form of the hostage circumstances, the victim is associated with the hostage taker (HT), and condition is not planned. There is a need for qualified medical personnel to determine the psychiatric condition of the HT, and identify if it is abnormal (Globalsecurity.org, 2005). Moreover, there is a need for an intelligence estimation of the HT rationality in the special situation since the instability of the HT emotions and discernment is extremely impulsive. In fact, mental instability of the HT becomes suicidal since they create a situation that causes death, where there is no courage to control the situation. The other type of hostage-takers involves a carefully planned attack by terrorists or a major political group, whereby they intend to trade the lives of the hostages with certain objective that they seek to attain. Moreover, there are disparities in terms of the situations based on political policies in a country such release of political prisoners. In other situations, these hostage takers are willing to do all it takes to achieve their objective regardless of the results, such as destabilization of their target and attraction of attentions. Under this category lie the acts of kidnapping as a type of hostage situation, though there is no remembrance with the distinctive hostage situation since the HT are confined in areas that are known. In the contrary, kidnappers hide their hostages in a clandestine location, and they develop a one way communication that involve conveyance of instructions that lead to achievement of set objective by the kidnappers. Intervention Strategies in Hostage Situations One of the intervention strategies in a hostage situation involve securing the perimeter, which is taken as a first priority aimed at isolating the HT for securing the boundary. The perimeter is secured to ensure that HT is not roaming in a way that they will gain access to vehicles and civilians that can assist them to flee (Greenstone & Leviton, 2001). Nevertheless, the perimeter should offer substantial freedom of movement to the negotiation and tactical team, though it should also be in a way that it could be controlled and observed. The other strategy involves emotional labeling that assist in clarification of the HT feelings, in order to facilitate a clam state through reduction of internal confusion. Nevertheless, there are situations when offering a name in an intense feeling that depicts understanding of the emotions, which are subjected to loss of control. Moreover, focusing on emotions of HT offers a chance to break the discussion regarding demands and issues, and it creates an impression of interest towards the feelings of the HT, instead of complaints about each other. The other strategy involves offering scene control that involves working around surrounding of the community affected by the crisis and coordinating members of that community in order to satisfy the immediate needs (Greenstone, 2005). It may also entail involvement of medical services, traffic control, providing the members of the surrounding community with relevant information, and dealing with the media. Other communication needs are established with the HT as a function of the negotiation team, whereby they engage in a dialogue with the HT, through considering the alternative of taking a drastic action. References Crocker, P. (1997). Concepts of Culpability and Deathworthiness: Differentiating Between Guilt and Punishment in Death Penalty Cases, 66 Fordham L. Rev 21. Retrieved on December 1 2012 from Greenstone, J.L. & Leviton, S.C. (2001). Elements of Crisis Intervention: Crises and How to Respond to Them. New York: Wadsworth. Greenstone, J.L. (2005). The Elements of Police Hostage and Crisis Negotiations: Critical Incidents and How to Respond to Them. New York: Haworth Press. Globalsecurity.org. (2005). Lesson 5: Initial Response to a Hostage Situation. Retrieved on December 1 2012 from   Raine, A. & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1996). Violence and brain imaging. In D. M. Stoff & R., B. Cairns (Eds.), Neurobiological approaches to clinical aggression research (pp. 195–218). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Raine, A., Brennan, P., Farrington, D. & Mednick, S. (1997). Biosocial bases of violence. New York: Plenum Press. Raine, A. (2002). Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 311–326. Read More