UK Counter-Terrorism Strategy Protection - Essay Example

?UK Counter Terrorism Strategy, Protect: To Strengthen Our Protection against Terrorist Attack Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Definitions and Key Concepts Relating To Counter Terrorism 3 Review and Insight into the Effectiveness of Counter Terrorism Strategies 5 Protect Strand of CONTEST Strategy in Counter Terrorism and Its Applications 7 Analysis of Data Related to Counter Terrorism Strategy 10 Areas of Problem and Overcoming Strategies 14 References 21 Bibliography 27 Definitions and Key Concepts Relating To Counter Terrorism Terrorism is an inevitable fact of recent era which has engulfed the entire world within its cruel jaws. Although the pace of terrorism has enhanced very rapidly, still development of counter-terrorism has also amplified the level of intricacy to establish peace and steadiness in the world. Counter-terrorism is referred as the procedures, techniques and strategies utilised by the governments, police departments, militaries and varied investigating organisations to circumvent terrorist threats. Counter-terrorism is described as the offensive policies intended to prevent, discourage, preempt and react towards the terrorists’ attacks (Independent Police Complaints Commission, 2005). In addition, counter-terrorism is also portrayed as the set of tactics employed for refusing an opponent from utilisation of terrorist-based techniques such as counter-air in diminishing terrorist attacks. It is one of the most commonly utilised methods or techniques of recent times in the United Kingdom to prevent and to impede the aggressive activities of individuals to accomplish political or personal objectives. It is mainly utilised by any government or military group in order to protect the citizens of an economy from terrorist attacks by employing techniques such as viewing the travellers of air flights with the help of video cameras, metal detectors and random patrolling among others (Mesquita, n.d.). Counter-terrorism is a part of ‘counter-insurgency’ doctrines. It includes varied types of political or military activities or approaches intended to oppose insurgency or violent actions in the communities of the UK (Boucek, 2008). It is mainly done to safeguard the citizens from diverse types of revolts through divide and rule tactic or armed suppression. Moreover, the counter-terrorism groups also utilise varied types of tactics and strategies in order to maintain security within the society of the UK such as oil spot, cordon and search, air-operations, Disengagement, De-radicalization and Rehabilitation (DDR) strategy and Prevention, Rehabilitation and Aftercare (PRAC) strategy among others (Benjamin, 2008). Oil Spot is a type of approach or tactic implemented by the counter-insurgent forces to move towards a secure area in order to protect their lives from terrorist attacks. Similarly, cordon and search is also another well-known military tactic, in which a specific area is thoroughly searched for weapons or insurgents (Singh, 2010). It is mainly done by military forces to rescue the citizens of that particular region. Disengagement, De-radicalization and Rehabilitation (DDR) strategy (Defenceviewpoints.Co.UK, 2012) is also referred as an armoury weapon which is utilised to renounce the terrorists from activities of radicalism and violence. It also includes implementation of varied types of rehabilitation programmes to assimilate previous terrorists to de-radicalize the causes of terrors from the society (Andrew, 2010). Consequently, PRAC strategy is also another most significant approach taken by the insurgency groups such as Counter Terrorism Command (CTC), Special Operation Branch (SO15), National Counter Terrorism Security Office (NaCTSO) to protect crowded places and borders. It is utilised to impede the spread of extremist ideologies within the periphery of the UK, in order to enhance safety and security, by reducing terrorism and violence (Whitehouse.Gov, 2011). Moreover, the government of the UK also implemented the policy of ‘Protect’ strand in the year 2009, which mainly provides more attention on safeguarding the crowded places, transport systems, national borders and in the national infrastructures as these are highly prone to terrorists attacks (Mottram, 2007). Thus, it can be avowed that the policy of counter-terrorism is mainly implemented in order to maintain uniformity and consistency within the economy of a country. Review and Insight into the Effectiveness of Counter Terrorism Strategies In this era of globalisation and industrialisation, terrorism attacks have enhanced as a real and urgent risk for the citizens of the UK. In order to reduce the after effects of counter-terrorism, it is extremely essential to develop and to implement varied types of strategies and approaches within the UK (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, n.d.). Counter-terrorism is termed as an activity taken directly against terrorist actions to influence and render international and local surroundings inhospitable towards terrorist attack. The prime terrorist risk is from domestic Islamic groups and diverse local groups as well. For this reason, the UK government attempts to implement diverse types of strategies such as DDR and ‘prevent strategy’ along with CONTEST approach to prevent its growth within the communities in the UK (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, n.d.). Disengagement, De-radicalization and Rehabilitation (DDR) policy of counter-terrorism is introduced in order to discourage the violent activities and to maintain uniformity and peace. It also includes, rehabilitation or disengagement programmes to encourage individuals to eradicate terrors. Moreover, it also comprises after-care programmes to avert recidivism from the UK, to augment the social well-being. In addition, DDR policy has also helped in implementation of demobilisation and disarmament tactics to preserve stability and peace, thereby augmenting the financial condition of the society (Independent Police Complaints Commission, 2005). The prime motive of DDR strategy is to maintain a secure and uniform situation for sustainable reintegration and resolution among the citizens at the community level of any country (Hayman & Gilman, 2009). Furthermore, DDR approach is also utilised in order to coordinate and communicate with the members of the group to attain varied types of information and ideas, prior to providing any verdict towards any specific terrorism issue (Mottram, 2007). Thus, it can be affirmed from the above mentioned facts that DDR policy has proved itself as one of the significant strategies introduced in the UK, which proved quite beneficial in reducing terrorism attacks. Similarly, another considerable policy implemented by the government authority of the UK is ‘prevent strategy’ to reduce ideological risks of terrorism, in order to ensure homogeneity and evenness within the society. It also helps in opposing individuals from indulging himself/herself within the activities of terrorism by offering appropriate advices and suggestions (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, n.d.). Moreover, prevent strategy might also be implemented in order to diminish the threat of radicalisation from the economy, leading to the establishment of a better society. Apart from these strategies, the UK government’s CONTEST policy also proved quite valuable in reducing the terror of Al Qa’ida group. It mainly works on the basis of four pillars namely pursue, prevent, protect and prepare, which has entirely transformed the scenario within the society of the UK (Council on Foreign Relations, 2011). Hence, it can be revealed that all the above discussed policies have facilitated the UK to reduce the threats of terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda. Protect Strand of CONTEST Strategy in Counter Terrorism and Its Applications In the United Kingdom, in the counter-terrorism strategy of CONTEST had been prepared in order to minimise the risk of terror threat towards the UK. The developed economy of the UK has been in the past decade one of the major target areas by the terrorists. Therefore, it had become imperative for the government of the UK to prepare a robust and well-crafted strategy to tackle constant lingering terror threats upon the nation and its people. The CONTEST strategy is prepared primarily to enable people of the nation to live their lives with confidence and in a free manner. The UK has identified the sustained threat of Al Qa’ida as one of the major threats along with the rising threat of terror from Northern Ireland that need to be tackled through the use of four key workstreams of the CONTEST strategy that include pursue, prevent, protect and prepare (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, n.d.). ‘Protect’ workstream related to CONTEST strategy aims towards fortifying the protection available in the nation against terrorist attacks. The aspect endeavours to reduce vulnerability of terror threat. The objectives of ‘protect’ strand encompass strengthening border area security in the entire UK region, reducing the susceptibility of the transport related network, augmenting the buoyancy of the infrastructure in the UK and progressing shielding security especially for the places that are crowded. The aspect of developing security for the crowded areas has been a major cause of concern in the protect strand. A successful implementation of this factor would enable the lower terrorist attack related threats by a considerable extent. It will also enable the reduce fatalities as well as damages to the properties in case an incident of terror does take place. Moreover, the strategy of protect enables the businesses that suffer due to terror threats to recuperate more swiftly (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, n.d.). . Protect strand of CONTEST strategy had gained augmented importance since the London transport network attack by the terrorists (7/7) that occurred in July 2005. The protect strand presents a significant amount of implications for the functional related practices of the architects, planners and certain other professionals. In this context, the importance of the ‘protect’ strand can be gauged from the instance that the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) has ascertained that the ‘protect’ strand in imperative to augment security of the people in the UK and its overall infrastructure. The strategy has incorporated aspects such as sealing off related to governmental sites and certain other potential areas that can be targeted by the terrorists. Due to a series of terror attack related incidents in Glasgow as well as London in the year 2007, the government of the UK led by the Prime Minister provided a ‘statement on security’ which emphasised on the aspect of ensuring continuous vigilance in the crowded places to prevent terror threat. With regard to ‘protect’ strand, it can be said that the awareness of this dimension has largely increased among the other prevalent strategies of CONTEST in recent times. The aspects have been taken into consideration in the UK by the architects as well as planners in their daily practices (Coaffee, 2010). The protect strategy of CONTEST has attained success in terms of reducing vulnerabilities to a fair as well as an acceptable level. The strategy has been able to successfully integrate its priority with the international community and the private sector to act together as well as address any kind of issue that has been arising (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, 2011). Under the revised CONTEST strategy in 2009, the airport security aspect has been focused upon. The factor revisited in CONTEST’s protect strand requires around 63 airports in the UK to be covered under the National Aviation Security Programme (NASP). However, this aspect has not attained desired success as till recent times merely nine of the airports had been covered. The aspect of airport security has not completely worked till date owing to the reason of increased costs. Similarly, the other aspect or area in which the protect strand has achieved moderate success is architectural area. Where under the CONTEST policy, the government desires a significant transformation in the architectures build especially in the soft-target areas such as Trafalgar square where in recent times terror attack had caused substantial damage. The role of the architects in designing out the acts of terrorism has not completely attained desired outcome (Gregory, 2009). In relation to the successful aspect of the ‘protect’ strategy, it can be recognised that Innovative Science and Technology in Counter Terrorism (INSTINCT) programme has been arranged by the Home Office. This programme seeks out various newer technical based solutions in relation to tacking challenges of the CONTEST strategy. An e-Borders programme has been prepared which facilitates to keep a track of the people who are travelling in as well as out of the nation, UK. Furthermore, under the ‘protect’ development has been attained towards the aspect of deliverance of a widespread programme aimed at enhancements of security especially at the critical as well as vulnerable locations. These locations include the national gas as well as electricity transmission based network. In the water sector as well, in order to augment physical safety as well as avert malevolent access certain measures have been taken. In the Whitehall streetscape, which is a part of governmental sector, commendable progress has been achieved through the installation of defensive security stand-off related measures. Apart from these, Police Counter Terrorism Security Advisors (CTSAs) have played a major part in ensuring that ‘protect’ strand attains its desired success. CTSAs have provided advice and guidance to the various businesses with regard to the terrorist threats and the ways to mitigate the impending susceptibilities (HM Government, 2010). Analysis of Data Related to Counter Terrorism Strategy In this age of advancement, the matter of illegal immigration has increased to a remarkable extent, resulting in making a substantial impact upon the amplification of the issue of terrorism within the UK. Terrorism is an organized use of violence in order to intimidate a specific group of citizens or the government, resulting in hindrance of political stability of a nation. Besides, the ramifications and effects created on mental health of the general public are also quite immeasurable and tragic. Moreover, terrorism not only leads to loss of human lives but also results in a mental trauma, which hinders the growth and the development of any nation such as the UK and its citizens (Spencer, 2008). Consequently, most of the budgets of the government of the UK are diverted in opposing the activities of terrorism, in order to maintain safety and security among the citizens. As a result, a significant amount of investment is utilised in defence organisations in order to promote the welfare of the nation rather than in infrastructure development of the UK, to reduce terrorists attacks in future times. Almost 2.33 percent of Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is offered to the defence associations of the UK to maintain security. This aspect is depicted in the figure below (Global Information, Inc, 2012). Figure 1: UK Defence Expenditure Source: (Global Information, Inc, 2012) Besides, due to several attacks of terrorism, economic growth and development of the UK cannot be maintained in an efficient way. This is mainly due to increased rate of immigration within the UK in the recent decades (Cabinet Office, 2012). According to the information of Office for National Statistics (ONS), approximately 242,000 individuals immigrated to Britain, from various other countries. Out of this total amount, 593,000 individuals entered Britain as long–term immigrates, which has proved quite detrimental for the economy. Moreover, a large number of individuals have also entered the UK forcefully, due to lack of security systems within the border areas (Spencer, 2008). It acted as one of the significant reasons of terrorism within the UK. Thus, in order to reduce the rate of immigration, various laws have been established by the government of the UK such as UK Borders Act 2008 and the Boarders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009. This is because the big shock of 9/11 in the year 2001 also resulted due to immigration related problems (Spencer, 2008). 9/11 was one of the most horrifying and devastating incidents in the history of the United States of America. It included a series of attacks by the Al-Qaeda Group. 9/11 attack was named so, as it occurred in the month of September at 9 AM in the year 2001, resulting in loss of the lives of large number of citizens along with severe injuries and grievances. It also destroyed the twin towers named World Trade Centre and certain other buildings thereby creating a major dent in the entire US economy (Cabinet Office, 2012). Thus, the detrimental affects of terror attacks on 9/11 attack also prevailed within the economy of the UK. Therefore, in order to cope up with the threats of terrorists and terrorism, the government of the UK implemented the counter-terrorism strategy of CONTEST (Homeoffice.Gov.UK, n.d.). The policy of CONTEST also attempts to reduce the threats of terrorism, by averting large number of individuals from becoming or supporting terrorist’s principles, in order to alleviate its impact (Spencer, 2008). Furthermore, in the UK, the security policies and the systems of boarders have been more tightened to restrict the entry of immigrants from other neighbouring countries. Moreover, the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System (NSEERS) of the UK also introduced the policy of registering the gender and age of foreign colonizers within Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) in order to maintain a record (Spencer, 2008). It is preserved to trace the total number of immigrants who have entered or left the UK, which might prove valuable for government officials of the UK to track the footprints or causes of terrorism. Thus, it can be portrayed that counter-terrorism strategies facilitated the economy of the UK to reduce the impact of terrorism by a considerable extent, as shown in the figure below (Council on Foreign Relations, 2011). Reduction in Terrorist Attacks Source: (Scribd, n.d) Thus, it can be affirmed that counter-terrorism policies are implemented to reduce the extent of terrorist attacks, which proved quite beneficial for the UK in recent periods (The Dailystar.Net, 2012). Areas of Problem and Overcoming Strategies Terrorism is described as the plague for a nation, which should be eradicated immediately. Otherwise, it might engulf the entire nation as well as the world in its cruel jaws, as revealed by the rapid pace of expansion of terrorism attacks all round the world (The Dailystar.Net, 2012). Although there has occurred varied attacks of terrorism, still the terrors created due to the violence of 9/11 in the year 2001 was recognised as one of the most considerable and remarkable among them. The threat of 9/11 was planned by Osama Bin Laden of Al-Qaeda group, which resulted in varied types of casualties and failures. It resulted in loss of around 3000 innocent people in the US along with collapse of World Trade Centre, creating chaos within the entire economy. As a result, the economy of the US faced a total loss of US$16.9 billion, resulting in reduction of economic condition of the citizens as well (Fiscal Policy Institute, 2001). Moreover, it also resulted in augmentation in the rate of poverty and unemployment, ensuring downfall of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country (The Dailystar.Net, 2012). In order to overcome the impact of 9/11 attacks from its economy, the government of the UK attempted to offer more concentration upon the strategies of counter-terrorism. As a result, the policy of CONTEST has been implemented within the economy of the UK in order to reduce the impact of terrorism. Apart from the strategy of CONTEST, the government of the UK also offered more emphasis upon the Strategic Defence and Security System (SDSS) to diminish the root causes of unsteadiness. Moreover, the government of the UK also endeavoured to offer high attention on three basic policies to revamp the impact of terrorism such as intelligence, rules and policies and armed forces (Fiscal Policy Institute, 2001). As a result of introduction of the policy of CONTEST, the intensity of terrorist attacks reduced to a certain extent (The Dailystar.Net, 2012). In addition to CONTEST, various other counter-terrorism models are also established in order diminish the intensity of terrorism from the communities of the UK (The Dailystar.Net, 2012). Reconciliatory model is introduced to motivate the terrorist individuals to reduce the violent activities to maintain uniformity and justice. In addition, criminal justice model is also implemented to penalise the terrorists for breaking the rules and the regulations of the society along with destroying the infrastructures as well (Defenceviewpoints.Co.UK, 2012). The terrorists groups are also punished for killing the general innocent citizens of the country at a high rate. Thus, in order to introduce this model, the government of the UK also invested high amount towards the defence and security system of the country (The Dailystar.Net, 2012). Moreover, the UK government also strengthened the border security system, to diminish the rate of immigrants within the economy, with the belief to stop the fear of terrorism. This is because varied number of individuals of Al-Qaeda group entered the economy of the UK to increase the terror of terrorist attacks (Perliger, 2009). Due to the threat of terrorism, the citizens of the UK also became frightened to go to their working places, resulting in downfall of the socio-economic condition of the nation among other neighbouring regions. In order to cope up with this challenging situation, the UK government attempted to offer higher attention upon the policy of counter-terrorism. Similarly, expanded criminal justice model is also introduced within the UK as a significant approach of counter-terrorism to limit terrorist activities (TSO, 2009). Other than these, the government of the UK also enhanced the security of the borders, thereby reducing the entrance of immigrants in an illegal way. Therefore, it can be discussed from the above mentioned discussions that the concept of counter-terrorism has acted as the catalyst to diminish the influence of terrorist’s risks resulting in augmentation of stability within the UK. It has also facilitated the economy of the UK to prosper and to expand its business and commercial activities to enhance its economic standard (Fiscal Policy Institute, 2001). Terrorism is referred as a violent activity, which results in destruction of human lives and infrastructure of a country. Terrorism activities are more common within the urban areas of the countries as its primary target is to hinder individual lives. Besides, in order to reduce the intention of terrorism, the governments of diverse nations have offered high attention on implementation of counter-terrorism strategies (Martin, 2009). According to Coaffee (2012), the strategy of recognising the modus operandi of terrorists is highly essential to cope up with alternating challenges of terrorism. The term ‘Modus Operandi’ is a Latin word which implies operations of an individual or an organisation. Coaffee (2012) offered high concentration upon this particular term, as it is essential to know the modes of functions of the terrorists to tackle their plans of action. It is necessary for the counter-terrorist groups, because, if the plans, policies and actions of the terrorists can be revealed then it might become easier to diminish the violent activities. Moreover, the varying strategies of terrorists might also be migrated to other western countries in order to mitigate the risk of terrorism. Then, the policies utilised by commando-style counter-terrorism groups can alter their ways and skills in order to ease the threat of terrorism, which is the most significant underlying fact of its success (Coaffee, 2012). Furthermore, the understanding of the ‘Modus Operandi’ of terrorists is also offered greater significance because it can be utilised to discourage the motives of the terrorists leading to reduction of violent activities. Thus, government of the UK requires implementation and making the counter-terrorism strategies stronger by understanding the ‘Modus Operandi’ (Coaffee, 2012). Moreover, to protect the urban areas of various regions from the risk of terrorism, another considerable policy is implemented by the UK government, known as ‘well-round’ strategy of counter-terrorism. In order to reduce the violent actions of Al-Qaeda and other Islamic groups, government attempted to implement a policy which might result in changes in every aspect such as skills, capabilities, intelligence, behaviours and use of weapons among others. This ‘well-round’ strategy is utilised in order to cope up with the changing requirements and attitudes of the terrorists groups. This might facilitate to alleviate the asymmetric risks of terrorism by shifting from unilateralism to structural alternations in this recent era (Gul, 2012). Therefore, the above mentioned fact is the most crucial part of well-round strategy of counter-terrorism. Thus, it can be avowed that well-round policy of counter-terrorism has proved highly advantageous in declining the impact of terrorism from the economy of the UK. Terrorism is a threat which is also observed within the societies of the United States alike to the UK. In order to combat the impact of terrorism from the United States, the government has implemented security measures and laws such as National Fugitive Operations Programmes (NFOP) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) among others. The government of the United States also introduced a National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) to reduce the affects of terrorism from the society, in order to maintain uniformity. It has also attempted to enhance the utilisation of drones, which means aerial vehicles to carry weapons to attack terrorists in diverse regions (Gul, 2012). Furthermore, the government of the United States also introduced the policy of renditions or secret abductions in order to diminish the risk of terrorists’ attacks or Taliban fighters. Invasions are also made on various terrorist regions in order to destroy their training camps to lessen the fear of terrorism mainly after 9/11 attacks (Department of Homeland Security, 2012). Therefore, the strategy utilised by the United States is quite different from that of the UK as it has offered high emphasis upon the concept of CONTEST. On the other hand, the United States utilised rendition and operation of drones to fight against the threat of terrorism. Thus, it can be revealed that the above discussed policies have proved quite valuable for the United States to counteract the affects of terrorism after the 9/11 attack as compared to the UK (Department of Homeland Security, 2012). To protect the infrastructure of the country, National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and other eighteen following plans are designed. These strategies are introduced to preserve the Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) of the United States. In order to safeguard the infrastructures, the government of the United States has introduced varied effective CIKR programmes and plans for its long term sustainability. Moreover, various types of education and skill enhancement training programmes are also introduced to augment the capabilities of the individuals to carry out the responsibilities of NIPP in an effective way in future (Department of Homeland Security, 2009). Apart from these, the government has also implemented varied types of security systems such as cyber security and personnel surety, leveraging and self-healing technologies among others to safeguard the infrastructures of the country. On the other hand, the government of the UK has offered more focus on reduction of terrorist attacks that are affecting general citizens rather than infrastructures, so it introduced the policy of CONTEST (Department of Homeland Security, 2012). As a result, the implementation of various infrastructures related policies has proved highly valuable for the government of the United States. This is because these strategies facilitated the government of the United States to cope up with varied terrorist challenges, resulting in reduction of infrastructural loss (Department of Homeland Security, 2012). On the other hand, the government of the UK might also introduce diverse rules to safeguard the infrastructures of the economy as well just as the United States. Thus, the above mentioned strategies might facilitate both the developed nations to reduce human casualties, property destruction along with economic downturn (BBC, 2010). In this era of globalisation and industrialisation, the government of the UK has also introduced another significant strategy to reduce the impact of terrorism. The policy of utilisation of ‘National Identity Scheme (NIS)’ is implemented in order to track the identity of varied terrorists, travelling in air-flights from one region to the other. It is introduced to protect and to safeguard the identity of the various individuals from misutilisation (BBC, 2010). Thus, with the help of this strategy, the identification evidences of an individual are strictly restricted within a specific chip to reduce false utilisation by other terrorist. Therefore, it can facilitate the government to reduce the risk of utilisation of false identifications thereby declining the impact and the occurrence of terrorism. This is because it acts as a valuable technique to maintain the identification of an individual and therefore it supports counter-terrorism strategies (BBC, 2010). Moreover, the utilisation of identity cards might also help in reducing the rate of illegal- immigration across the borders of the UK, leading to reduction of terrorism, which is extremely essential in this period of modernisation. For this reason, another clause is also introduced within the law of identity cards, i.e. abolition after 100 days of utilisation, in order to enhance the system of security of the country (BBC, 2010). Thus, it can be avowed that the rule of introduction of identity card can be enhanced as it may prove valuable for the government of the UK to reduce the impact of terrorism. Hence, it can be utilised as a strategy of counter-terrorism to mitigate terrorism from the countries all across the globe. References Andrew, C., 2010. After 9/11. The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History Of MI5, London: Penguin, pp. 813-839. Benjamin, D., 2008. Foreign Policy at Brookings. Strategic Counterterrorism. [Online] Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2008/10/terrorism%20benjamin/10_terrorism_benjamin.pdf [Accessed May 26, 2012]. Boucek, C., 2008. Carnegie Papers. Counterterrorism Strategy: Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare. 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