Roy Adaptation Model Applied to Leadership - Research Paper Example

?Running Head: Roy Adaptation Model Roy Adaptation Model [Institute’s TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 NURSING THEORY 3 NURSINGTHEORY - ROY ADAPTATION MODEL 5 RAM Nursing Theory – Framework for Practice 8 APPLICATION OF RAM NURSING THEORY IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION 9 Real-life Example of RAM in the field of Education 10 APPLICATION OF RAM NURSING THEORY IN THE FIELD OF NURSING PRACTICE 11 Real-life Example of RAM in the field of Nursing Practice 12 PURPOSE OF ROY ADAPTATION MODEL 13 HOW RESEARCH SUPPORTS THE CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS OF RAM 14 CONCLUSION 14 REFERENCES 16 INTRODUCTION With the population growing at an unprecedented rate, one of the rising concerns for the entire human race of the globe of today’s epoch is health care. With the passage of time, health care in many parts of the world had experienced a transformation and it has become the primary source of concentration for them (Meleis, 2007). The health care and nursing are the two distinct aspects that develop a connection between each other. Theories have always been of prime importance in the field of nursing. They are the set of actions or activities, whose foundation is on the policies, guidelines, procedures, plan, or method that an individual follows. These specialized theories and doctrine have come under several classifications and groupings that professionals carry out and perform in various parts of the earth. There had been many theories associated to nursing and health care that has the primary focus on looking after the ill, unwell, ailing, with poor health conditions, injured and old-aged people (Meleis, 2007). NURSING THEORY Philosophical perception has molded the Nursing theory, which is the understanding of a phenomenon or an event that assists the nursing convention or process through the conglomeration of knowledge, thus, assimilating many researches and experiments when identifying the nursing convention. In addition, the logical causes and motives derived from the results of the experiments become the foundations for the nursing practices and its objectives, which experts adopt. Mainly the nursing theory answer the queries of an individual related to the cause and the ways, nursing professionals pursue their studies, actions, and functions (Alligood & Marriner-Tomey, 2006). One of the most well-known and popular personalities that the world has recognized, for the uncountable services that she had provided to numerous people, known as Florence Nightingale has emerged and originated the concept of contemporary nursing theory in the middle of 1800s. Prior to the existence of the nursing theory, the nurses acted liked puppets in the hands of doctors, as the foremost and principal job of any nurse was to follow only the doctor’s prescription and guidance for taking care of the patient. Florence Nightingale placed the cornerstone with her approach that not only gave a broad and a new form and path to the nursing occupation, but also made it noticeable and apparent in the field of medical science. She developed a sense of consciousness amongst the nurses with her incredible work that this profession does not merely mean to take care of the patients upon doctor’s prescription, as it is not at all an acceptable approach for patient care. Rather, they should comprehensively assess the patients need and make them satisfy, comfortable and healthy with their behaviors and actions through the execution of appropriate patient care (Marriner-Tomey & Alligood, 2006). The nursing theories come under development so that the nurses have a standardized set of actions as it administers a structure and a guideline for them. The theories are in continuous support to the practices of the nursing models that have emerged as several divisions of nursing have came into existence, thus, the patients’ needs became utmost important and provision of the proper care for the patients is the basis for each nursing model (Alligood & Marriner-Tomey, 2006). The types of nursing theories include “grand nursing theories, mid-range nursing theories and nursing practice theories” (Peterson & Bredow, 2008). Grand Nursing theory defines and practice widespread concepts and hypothesis of nursing as it comes under the consideration to have the comprehensive and complex matter. This theory has not intended to apply for experimental testing; rather, it comes under the usage as an example in the application in nursing. When making a comparison between Middle-range nursing theories to grand nursing theory, middle-range theory focuses on a more confined spectrum. The grand nursing theory and nursing practices comes under connection to each other through the implementation of this theory (Peterson & Bredow, 2008). Lastly, the nursing practice theory has a most constricted extent as it has come under design to cater particular nursing conditions and circumstances. One good example of a model that comes under the psychiatric nursing theory is Roy’s model of nursing or Roy Adaptation Model. Other theories include Tidal model, Casey’s model that specifies pediatric treatment, Mercer’s maternal role attainment designed for perinatal nursing, community nursing that comes under focus of the Orem’s model and many more (Peterson & Bredow, 2008). NURSING THEORY - ROY ADAPTATION MODEL Adaptation refers to how an individual makes oneself adaptable to their own personality, with biotic factors such as other living things or humans and abiotic factors like his surroundings, and happenings around him (Roy & Andrews, 2008). To make oneself adjust or adaptation involves the impact that one have through the changes in himself and the atmosphere around him and how does a person respond to it, thus it is an on-going happening procedure. The three levels dominate the adaptation of an individual to the occurring change. First is the self-adaptation that is responding to the internal changes in one self, other is the social that refers to the adjustment with others and the last is the physical that governs the biochemical reactions of an individual in response to the change (Roy & Andrews, 2008). Dr. Calista Roy, a well-known nurse theorist, who is also an author and lecturer, is into research and teaching as well. She has contributed remarkably to the nursing field. Dr. Roy is the pioneer of Adaptation Model, came under recognition for the emergence, development and enhancement on recurring basis of the Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) theory (Roy & Andrews, 2008). The hypothesis, practice, and experimentation come under performance by using the Adaptation model as its foundation and outline. According to Dr. Calista Roy, “The model provides a way of thinking about people and their environment that is useful in any setting. It helps one prioritize care and challenges the nurse to move the patient from survival to transformation” (Roy & Andrews, 2008). The focal point of the Roy Adaptation Model is to view how an individual or a group of people react or respond to its surroundings or the environment that alters from time to time, hence, how the person adapts himself positively to the environment is the focus of this model. This model engages nursing procedure, which lays on the on basis of six levels, and human, environment, health, and nursing are its four principal disciplines. According to this model, the individual or the group of people comes under the consideration as bio-psychosocial being that interlinks and is in communication with the metamorphose environment on a continuous basis. In order to cope up with the event(s) that cause strain and pressures, the individual pursue his inner strength, which comes under the definition of a response system that deals with making a person respond to the change. All the situations, incidents, events and circumstances that encircles a person and leaves its impact on the growth, performance and actions of the person makes up the environment to which a person reacts, hence addressed in Roy’s theory. The stressor is an initiator of the response mechanism, which also comes under the reference as stimulus. The event that triggers the stress or a response action and leaves an ambiguous effect on an individual comes under the heading of residual stimuli (Butts & Rich, 2010). The Roy Adaptation Model draws on a six-step procedure of nursing as mentioned above that comprises of individual’s behavior evaluation, analysis of stimuli, recognizing and interpreting a nursing problem, determination of objectives and targets, intervention and conclusion based on the assessments (Butts & Rich, 2010). The first step involves the surveillance of the human behavior and their actions they performs in the four modes, which are physiologic mode, the self-concept mode, the role function mode, and the interdependence mode. The examination of the behavior leads to the comparison with the rules or the model, thus resulting in either flexible or unproductive behavior. The causes and reasons that leave an impact on the person’s behavior are of prime importance in the second step. Focal, contextual and the residual are the categories on which a stimulus comes under definition (Butts & Rich, 2010). The third step involves the nursing diagnosis. It provides with a report or a testimonial that comes under the dependence on the above two steps and declares the unproductive behavior as well as the possible causes that lead to such a behavior. Determining and designing the objectives is significant and the focal point that comes under performance in the step four. While setting the aims, it should come under consideration that the target must be practical and rational and should be likely to accomplish. The influence or the control of stimuli on an individual gives rise to the happening of intervention. This is the fifth step of the Adaptation Model that also comes under reference as phase that requires performance. The last step helps in finding out to what extent the behavioral change has occurred. The re-examination would take place for the behaviors that were unproductive and accordingly the modifications in the interventions would come under occurrence (Butts & Rich, 2010). According to Sister Calista Roy, no person should undervalue him or herself, as they may not show their powers but always has some distinct potential that make them strong and vigorous enough to deal with their difficulties and drive to acclimatize. Hardships and misfortune always touches a person’s life in order to test his or her capabilities and courage to deal with the situation ascertains their inner strengths. While experiencing the hard situations, an individual gets to know his qualities and gets an opportunity to polish those (Butts & Rich, 2010). RAM Nursing Theory – Framework for Practice According to some schools of thought, there are four modes, which make the adaptation for an individual possible. The adaptation Model designed by Calita Roy is a theory whose foundation lies on four adaptive modes: “physiological mode, psychological or the self-concept mode, role function or sociological mode, and the interdependence mode” (Catalano, 1996). The physiological or physical mode mainly has the focus on the determination and upholding the physical reliability or the fundamental necessities or the endurance needs of a person that includes food nourishment, air, water, and climatic conditions. The ability of how a person observes and create awareness about himself and his surroundings are also an integral part of identification in this mode. The way a family provides its members with the necessities also comes under evaluation for a family in this mode (Catalano, 1996). The key feature of the mode of self-concept lies in the fact that it pays attention on the aspects of emotional, mental, and religious honesty and truthfulness and the objective and implication that lies behind the happenings in the world so that an individual can survive with harmony, care, and thoughtfulness. The evaluation about a family would consist of how well the family members recognize each other, the level of bonding they share and the harmony of the family would come under measurement as every family has their own perceptions of family unity. In addition, the family ethics and principles would also come under the assessment (Catalano, 1996). The role function mode determines and highlights the needs that come under the requirement for social integrity. This third mode of role function mode depends on the position, function and the tasks that an individual possess and carry out or performs in the surroundings and his civilization in order to accomplish the necessities for the uprightness of oneself in the society. This mode focuses on identifying the relation of a person to other people of its surroundings. The changes that an individual undergo during his existence and his familiarization to the surroundings after the changes comes under the focus in this mode. The identification of the responsibility that a family plays in an individual’s life can come under the recognition through the examination of the way of interaction between the members of the family (Catalano, 1996). The determination of how dear and devoted a person is with others in his relationships is the prime focus of the fourth mode, the interdependence mode. It also concludes the intentions, formations, and the growth of the individual and the level of understanding and involvement in the society and with other people. This mode assesses how one person keeps the equilibrium while depending on others in the relationship in comparison to his own liberty. As a person relies on others, they may hunt for love, liking, warmth, care, assistance, and even their concentration. However, the independent behavior of a person may lead a person to commence a new idea or a thing and might result in driving his inner strength to oppose the problem and difficulty. The family evaluation comprises of the consideration that how effectively a family has portrayed and proved itself in their surroundings and society (Catalano, 1996). APPLICATION OF RAM NURSING THEORY IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION The patient gets benefits from the Roy Adaptation Theory as this theory when applied; the influence of environmental stimuli that comes under creation by the nurses allows and facilitates the person or the patient to adjust and deal with optimistic reactions and responses. This constructive adjustment to the environment and life conditions and circumstances enables the patient in curing from his illness and poor health conditions. With reference to this theory, the kind and form of the stimuli a person obtains and accept is directly proportionate to the person’s acclimatization to that situation (Basavanthappa, 2007). The Adaptation Model of Calista Roy on Nursing Theory (Basavanthappa, 2007) provides constructive, valuable, and practical implication in the field of education. While applying and implementing this theory in education, it is most suitable as a program of study for the advanced education that includes diploma, graduate degree, post-graduate degree, and undergraduate degree in the field of nursing education (Basavanthappa, 2007). The mechanism and workings that has foundation on concepts and theories are the highlighting features of the course outline or the prospectus. The hypothesis and implementation based on it comes under the limelight in the outline of the program. The focal point of the theory part emphasize on the subject of how an individual be inclined to adjust in response to the environmental stimuli, the wellbeing, strength, or the infirmity and poor health conditions, and anxiety, nervous tension and disturbance or collapse. The nursing administration and environmental stimulus is the focus of the implementation of the hypothesis. Lastly, strand that is not on the frontline but is of equal importance accentuate on the nursing practice and procedures and the students familiarization and command (Basavanthappa, 2007). The advantage and the benefit of Roy’s Adaptation Model (Basavanthappa, 2007) for students is that it provides them with a diverse, apparent, and noticeable principle of nursing. In addition, this model assists the students to understand the adaptation of a person to the situations, circumstances and the surroundings and the responses accordingly in the light of the four adaptive modes that have described earlier (Basavanthappa, 2007). Real-life Example of RAM in the field of Education In the early stages when this theory came into implementation as a course program for the university students with majors in nursing field in the decade of 1980s, it came under the consideration as one of the foremost and chief modification in the program of study. This alteration in the course program comprises of integration of a nursing model, Roy Adaptation Model, became the basis and foundation stone to the modern course outline program. This nursing theory model came under incorporation as one of the other few in the course outline of the initial year of the nursing bachelor program. Moreover, this model made the teachers, trainers and lecturers confront advance problems with the implementation of this model and underwent mainly with four challenges. The first major challenge that the lecturer and teachers catered to was the remodeling of the course in comparison to the Roy’s Model, so that it follows the similar pattern and be harmonious, rather than providing the teaching with disconnection or irrelevancy. The establishment and designing of the outline of education and training techniques, methods, practices, and procedure for the understanding and knowledge of students was of prime concern for the professors and lecturers. The designing of the proper chain of flow as a part of teaching course outline for the education of the learners was another challenge that the university professors encountered. The final challenge that professors and teachers came across with was presenting professionals to the learners whom they can look up to, follow, or take guidance. APPLICATION OF RAM NURSING THEORY IN THE FIELD OF NURSING PRACTICE The application of the Roy Adaptation Model Nursing Theory in nursing practice in a patient care or community setting is equally important as compared to other fields as the nurses influence the adaptation of an individual by maneuvering the environmental stimulus towards one’s self and the surroundings in a hopeful manner. The experiences shape, develop, and enlarge the capabilities of an individual to adjust to the environment and their change that occurs on a continual basis comes under the domain of nursing that is the marvel of science. The capability and the capacity of a person to adapt to the changes and to identify the features and aspects that influence the responses of the person comes under determination via Roy model theory that assists in the evaluation process. It also improves a person’s skill to socialize, connects, and be in contact with the happenings in the surrounding (Basavanthappa, 2007). The application in nursing care involves the process in order to resolve the patients’ issues or crisis, where the nurses collect the information, recognize and classify the abilities of the person for the adaption to changing environment, practice the course of action of nursing care and assess patient’s health that was result of the care provided (Basavanthappa, 2007). Through the six-level process of Roy Adaptation model that the nurses employ, they influence the stimuli to which the person reacts and responds. This influential aspect helps the person to improve and increase the intermingling and communication within the environment, thus leading the person to have raise in health conditions. This model comes under the application of nursing profession in vast areas such as cardiac care unit, patient care in a community setting, and so on (Basavanthappa, 2007). Real-life Example of RAM in the field of Nursing Practice The nursing theory applied in nursing practice in a patient care or community setting involves a person who experienced the diabetic illness for a very long time. This person suffered from diabetic foot ulcer and the elimination of the ulcer wound through operations, thus resulted in severe stress and fretfulness in the behavior due to his illness. This person went under the treatment affiliated by Roy’s Adaptation Model, after which, the health conditions of this person saw a positive change up to an unprecedented level. Hygienic conditions came under usage during the treatment and nurse carried off appropriate measures to speed up the cure process. The person soon recovered from his injury and hospital released him after that. With the treatment of nursing theory, the behavior of the person that was his stress, tension, and pressure came under control and he adopted the changing environment as he came under provision with extensive clarification, hope, and comfort. He also acquired a lot of information related to his disease for further reference. PURPOSE OF ROY ADAPTATION MODEL With reference to the above discussion on nursing theory, it states that nursing theories comes under the development with a purpose that explains some phenomena consisting of ideas, relative explanations and supposition or hypothesis. Nursing theories explain, portray, and depict the assumptions that come under the usage for the treatment and care of patients. Furthermore, it calculates and forecast the outcomes that are the positive behaviors of the patient when they adapt to the changing environment. In addition, nursing care also prescribe this theory due to the optimistic outcomes that have come under experience from many cases. With the incorporation and assimilation of the nursing theory and knowledge, nursing models forms a foundation for the treatment of the patient in a nursing care (Roy & Andrews, 2008). The primary and the fundamental objective of the Roy Adaptation Model nursing theory is to provide an edge or benefit to the patient’s wellbeing, to augment or strengthen the worth of life that he is living and provide support to him to live a healthy life. The nursing theory assists in evaluation of the person’s behavior that comes under the influence from the external stimuli and how the nursing care is applied to the person in order to make the relevant changes in his behavior. The foremost function of RAM is to eliminate the dependency of nurses on other health professionals, mainly doctors, as this theory clearly states the status and role of nurses in medical field (Roy & Andrews, 2008). The widespread perspective of the Roy Adaptation Model involves the changing of the person’s behavior to adapt to the continuously varying environment and develops a positive outcome from it, along with the identification and development of the environmental alterations (Roy & Andrews, 2008). HOW RESEARCH SUPPORTS THE CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS OF RAM The primary nursing research and the scientific or experimental nursing research provides the foundation layer for the learning of the idea, theory, and hypothesis of the Roy Adaptation Model theory. The fundamental research involves the process of comprehending how a person through his behavior makes himself adjust in the practical circumstances. However, the clinical or the experimental research undergoes the processes of analyzing the involvement of the behavior and plan policies accordingly in order to get the positive outcomes from the developed strategies (Kim, 2010). Roy Adaptation theory, initiated by Sister Calista Roy, also address to the changes in one’s body including the physical change, emotional change and social change and provide guidance on how to cope up with the problems occurred by any kind of change. The reasons for the change are of significant importance, and it is the initial step, any nurse would practice in the light of RAM. After the evaluation, the nurse develops the strategies that would assist the patient in adopting the change in an encouraging manner (Kim, 2010). CONCLUSION Health care is one of the primary matters of issue of the recent times that has transformed many of its concepts and processes of dealing with patients. The nursing theories have inclined the importance of the patient care and have boosted the concept of nursing from the previous versions. The nursing theories have come under the development and have grown rapidly in the last few decades. There are numerous theories that have emerged by many theorists that come under the definition in the nursing profession. Sister Calista Roy is one of the pioneers who gave emergence to the nursing theory known as Roy Adaptation Model. Roy Adaptation Model has given a new concept to the nursing care that comes under the basis of six levels procedure. This theory describes and explains the response behaviors of a person that comes under the derivation from the changing environment, nurses then manipulate with the environmental stimuli that the person then adapts to and predict or prescribe the positive outcome from the influential aspect. According to the theory of Roy, the person comes under the view as the biopsychosocial adaptive structure that makes use of the response action sequence i.e. the input or the stimuli and provides with a behavior that results from the environmental change. It comes under application to numerous areas of nursing such as education, nursing practice in a patient care or community setting, and leadership & management. The practical implementation proves this theory successful in the nursing profession with a goal to make a person adaptive to the continually changing environment. REFERENCES Basavanthappa, B. T. (2007). Nursing Theories. Missouri: Jaypee Brothers Publishers. Butts, J. B., Rich, K. L. (2010). Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Catalano, J. T. (1996). Contemporary Professional Nursing. Boston: F.A. Davis Co. Kim, H. S. (2010). The Nature of Theoretical Thinking in Nursing. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Meleis, A. I. (2007). Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress. California: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Marriner-Tomey, A, Alligood, M. R. (2006). Nursing Theorists and their Work. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Marriner-Tomey, A, Alligood, M. R. (2006). Nursing Theory: Utilization & Application. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Peterson, S. J., Bredow, T. S. (2008). Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Research. California: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Roy, C, Andrews, H. A. (2008). The Roy Adaptation Model. New York: Pearson. Read More