Integrated - Research Paper Example

Aristotle's categorization of animals categorized together animals with the same characteristics into genera and then differentiated the species within the genera. He categorized the animals into two forms: those without blood, and those with blood. These differentiations correlate closely to the current distinction between invertebrates and vertebrates (Taylor, 1955). The animals with blood, corresponds to the vertebrates, included five genera: mammals (viviparous quadrupeds), oviparous quadrupeds (reptiles and amphibians), birds, whales, and fishes.

The whales are included in this list because, at this time of history, they had not yet been determined to be mammals. The animals without blood were categorized as crustaceans; cephalopods (such as the octopus); insects (which included the scorpions, centipedes, and spiders, in addition to what, is currently defined as insects); "zoophytes” shelled animals (such as most echinoderms and molluscs) (Taylor, 1955). Aristotle's ideas on earth sciences are found in his treatise Meteorology. The modern world might translate meteorology to mean the study of weather, but Aristotle made use of the word in a much broader way, covering all the affections that human beings might consider to be general to water and air, and parts and kinds of the earth and the affections of the parts of the earth.

Aristotle discusses the nature of the oceans and the earth. He achieved this by working out the hydrologic cycle: "Now the sun, moving as it does, sets up processes of change and becoming and decay, and by its agency the finest and sweetest water is every day carried up and is dissolved into vapor and rises to the upper region, where it is condensed again by the cold and so returns to the earth." (Aristotle, Tara?n & Gutas, 2012). He also talks about winds, earthquakes, lightning, thunder, comets, rainbows, meteors, and the Milky Way (Anderson & Stephenson, 2004).

His idea of Earth history has some remarkably modern-sounding notions. According to Aristotle, The same parts of the earth’s surface are not always dry or moist, but they change just as rivers come into being and dry up. Therefore, the connection of land to sea changes, a particular place does not always remain sea or land throughout all time, but where there was a sea, there comes to be dry land and where there is now dry land, and there one day comes to be sea. However, these changes to follow set cycles and order.

The principle cause of these developments is that the internal of the earth grows or decays, like the bodies of animals and plants (Aristotle, Tara?n & Gutas, 2012). The whole critical process of the earth happens so gradually and in periods of time which are so long compared with the length of human lives. This explains why these changes are not observable by human beings. One of the primary concerns of Aristotle’s philosophy was his systematic notion of logic. Aristotle’s aim was to develop a universal procedure of reasoning that would enable human beings to learn about all conceivable touching on reality.

The first process entailed describing objects on the basis of their characteristics, actions and states of being. In his philosophical treatises, he also discusses how human beings can next get information about the objects through inference and deduction. To Aristotle, a deduction