Human Information Processing (HIP) Issues - Assignment Example

? Answer the questions of my exam Human information processing (HIP) A. What is Human information processing (HIP) meaning ?support your answer by using the diagram of it Mainly, HIP is the transformation of information into various steps such that human brain can effectively read and understand it with ease. Alteration of information in this case is similar to the functioning of a basic computer except that it utilizes human faculties in undertaking the respective processes. Therefore, the process enables humanity to store, regain and use the preserved information one has with simplicity and in a sequential manner without causing confusions. The initial step in this process is attaining of required information, which is the work of the brain acting as hardware to input data. To input data, brain ought to recognize it, which is the “perception” stage, aimed at ascertaining the type of information. Then the brain interprets data based on its intended purpose or goal before producing encoding signal meant to store information short or long-term memory. In the “Goal” compartment, information is already stored depending on its purpose whereby before proceeding to the “Intention Formation” stage to receive clear definition of purpose. Mainly, this stage is the initial step of information refining process supposed to ensure the required information goes to the effecting of the set task, which is at “Action specification” stage. “Execution” stage is merely humanity’s body that assumes all actions, which the brain has processed and formatted as required with the intention of fulfilling a certain purpose. B. How does the concept of "attention" limit our performance when interacting with systems? Attention based on one’s settings varies considerably either by limiting or contributing in augmenting our performances. However, in most cases especially when interacting with systems, attention proves to be a detrimental aspect that degrades the expected performance. This is because of numerous distractions an individual experiences characterizing varied settings one inhabits. Most distractions evidenced that interrupt one’s performance encompass radio’s on going conversation that prompts an individual to have a divided attention and fail in what he or she is doing. Since, while tackling a task and interacting with the system, an individual tends to focus on what the radio programme is trying to communicate to its listeners. Consequently, this reduces one’s attention making them fail to be actively involved in their present task. C. Explain why we need to understand how Human information processing (HIP) works and how psychological models help us to do this? First, is to understand how human mental processes function with the intention of utilizing them effectively in attaining our intended goals. Since, one will be in a position to augment his or her performance by focusing on one aspect at a time compared to when he or she has numerous tasks and is multitasking. It also aids in shunning errors that may lead to poor performances caused by human behaviours, which when one has not studied them is extremely difficult to understand, for instance, skill-based behaviours (over habitual slips). D. Why is this theory different from earlier models/ theories that assume linear processing (e.g MHP)? What does current research say? The current method compares mental processes with that of computer, whereby in each section there are other extremely complex activities. Mainly, these activities or processes condition information in such a way to achieve the final intended goal. E. What cognitive strategies do we use that may enhance our performance when interaction with system? The include; Skill-based Rules-based Knowledge-based F. Illustrate the components of HIP systems and explain how they work using the Simplex One model? Information/Words- This represents materials or data which brain attains from the world. Perception- It is an initial step, whereby brain recognizes and formulates data into usable form. Memory – Mainly comprises of two types; 1. STM Part of memory charged with responsibility of storing formulated material intended to execute temporary tasks (mode of storage is temporary). 2. LTM It preserves information supposed to undertake major tasks whereby its mode of storage is permanent. Decision – Its core responsibility encompasses making decisions and issuing of commands aimed at undertaking certain tasks. Action – This is the task, which a certain command prompts the physical body to perform through its varied parts, for instance, using hands and legs. G. Describe a situation/event where you could be prone to error as a humman interacting with a system. How does our humman information processing system limit our performance? Give a detial example of one cognitve process and how performance can be affected This is evident when operating a machine in a production department while listening to a radio programme. Hence, yielding to divided attention because it is extremely hard to multitask and be effective as necessiated or maintain high performance in the area I am working. For instance, skill-based where the involved parties despite their expertise end up performing inadequately. 3. Useful, useable, accessible of design of website A. What is meant of universal usability give two exampe about that ? This is an aspect whose core purpose entails bridging gap between designers and users with the intention of ensuring the latter’s well being or safety. This is via fabrication of accessible interfaces aimed at serving people as necessiated like Ebay and Amazon.com. B. Explain the differnces of useful, useable, accessible , give exmples to demonstrate the differences? Very very important quesstion Useful The word implies the designed object or item is there for the users to utilize in diverse ways depending on their capabilities and needs. Therefore, people with varied incapacities can adequately utilize the object in undertaking their activities to satifying their wishes. This is evident with ATMs designed to cater both for the fit and people who are unable to use their sight like an ordinary person. Hence, the designer while fabricating the machine ensures he or she considers incorporating various features meant to aid the visually impared. Useable This implies the fabricated machine or interface is functional and ready for its users to utilize. For instance, ATM meant for its users to deposit their cash. In this case, the designed product is working as necessiated and can offer varied services which the fabricator had in mind for the users. Accessible The word implies the fabricated object or product is within reach of its varied users regardless of their respective regions. This is evident with websites like Amazon.com whereby the users can effectively and adequately order or purchase what they desire. Mostly, this encompasses utilizing the correct procedure without encounterring challenges that will render the website or any other fabricated product inaccessible. C. Discuss how these functions help to fulfi the user's needs expectations and goals. Include some real life examples to illustrate your answer? i. Useful - Its functionality encompasses fulfilling intentions of diverse people especially in the banking industry without discrimination based on one’s physical capability. Hence, satisfying their needs as necessitated. ii. Useable – It avails services and products, which its users want on daily basis by being ready to execute varied tasks commanded by users. iii. Accessible – enables users to navigate with ease aiming at attaining certain services for every client without encountering difficulties. 4. Humman Error A. What is humman error? Why is it important? What types are there! Very very important quesstion Human errors are occurrences that defy planned sequence of mental and physical activities, hence fail to achieve its intended outcome. There are different types of human errors, for instance, slips and lapses whereby in this case they are skill-based errors. In addition, in humanity, intentions are always correct but executions undertaken prove to be incorrect. However, slips occur when the action-taking place is incorrectly. The error turns to be lapse when the action does not take place at all. Another type encompasses mistake errors that which are rule-based. Mostly the occurrence of these errors is due to the application of a good rule that applies incorrectly. B. How can humman error be reduces? What model(s) are avaiable to help reducing error? Give three ways applied/ practical and detialed? Very very important quesstion There are diverse ways of reducing the occurrence of human errors. Human errors are reducible using the Human Computer Interaction system. These ways include enhancing visibility of the user to avoid errors. This also requires reducing complexity, which makes the user understand certain vital issues besides using a user-curtained design that is less complex. Another way is by making errors detectable. Systems that are able to detect errors in the devices are important in reducing instances of human errors. Besides, systems that limit human errors are significant and all devices ought to install them. C. When considering the management of humman error in systems today we need to consider the whole socio-technical system. Explain what this means and how we can manage error more effectively in future . try to give explames to support yoyr answer ? Both social and technical attributes to the human related and technical part of the Human Computer Relation. This generally implies in effective management of errors whereby we should consider both the technical and social part of the relation. For instance, use of an individual as well as system’s approach essential in the managing of human errors. This approach views errors as arising from mental issues like memory lapse, inattention and carelessness. The system approach is based on human that are fallible and errors are expected in human beings. D. When there is a major disaster in the world the last humman to interface with system gets the blame (e.g. pilot error). However, any accident or incident is very rarely the result of just "one mistake". Explain how "human error is used as excuser for many disater and explain some of the "latent pathogens" (underlying reasons) for such disasters. Provide detailed examples to justify your answer Active failures are associated with occurrence of fatal accidents occur. However, there are several latent pathogens affecting vehicles systems. For instance, accidents caused by vehicles that are not roadworthy associate the blame with careless driving. However, most of the accidents that occur result from underlying reasons mostly emanating with driver and varied systems. E. Explain how acidents are always the consequence of a combination of both active failures and latent conditions (Reason 1997; 2000) support your answer with use a diagram Active failures characterize slips, lapses and fumbles. However, latent conditions are resident pathogens that occur because of systems’ failure. Both human errors (carelessness) and technical issues (unroadworthy cars) comprise numerous accidents associated with vehicles. 5. Complex HIC A. Explain 2 parpagraphs what we mean by the complexity of HCI and illustrate your answer with using a disgram Human computer interaction is the study and analysis of the outstanding interface between computer users and computers. In most instances the relations involves the connection of computer sciences and behavioral sciences. A- In trying to reduce the gaps (gulfts) between humans and systems . Norman claimed that these could be filed by a 7 stage sequences of action . Explain what Norman meant by gulf of execution and evaluation and describe his 7-stage model. Use a diagram Gulfs between human and systems comprise the distance between representation of persons and physical components and environmental states. Stage gulf execution according to Norman means to perform or put something into action. Norman further argues that, if one is in need of something or one has a specific goal, they ought to transform the former into an intention. In addition, an internal command because of interpretation of intensions occurs, this is necessary to satisfy the intention. The evaluation gap illustrates the effort one exerts in interpreting physical system state and how much intentions get satisfaction. Norman in this context formulated a seven stage sequence of action that is used to fill the gaps. The seven stage action consists of one for goals, three for execution and three for evaluation. That is; Goal Formong intention Specifying an action Executing an action Perceiving the state of the world. Interpreting the state of the world. Evaluating the outcome. 6. Feedback A- Explain the concept of feedback and disuss why it is important both from a Human information processing persperctive and within the context of designing smart systems today? Provide examples to support your answer. Very very important question Feedback is the process of communication whereby past information affects the same occurrence in the present or future. In addition, feedback is the actual act of responding to a coded message. However, this assumes numerous varied aspects, for instance, smiling, sighing and use of verbal means like talking. To come up with a smart system, feedback plays a vital role of enabling one to be conversant with the devise. For instance, it is difficult to use a computer without a screen because the live ware will not be able to know the operations in the process. Through feedback, errors in the devises are detectable, hence enabling an individual to know the next course of action. Feedback is essential in communication because it enables the one giving the message to determine whether the recipient has understood it as required. Besides, it enables the sender to know if the recipient is keenly paying attention to the sent message by the encoder. In addition, feedback makes the circle of communication complete, which would be difficult without a recipient. Since, this would render the cycle incomplete. 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