Occupational Safety and Health Administrations Gains - Term Paper Example

Historical Events, Accomplishments, Achievements, Challenges in Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) Abstract Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has gained an increased amount of fame in our most recent era with the introduction and promotion of health and safety in the workforce. Since its establishment, the organization had to undergo many challenges and difficulties along the way to uphold its worth in our current decade. In this paper, references have been drawn from various articles and research studies those highlighted the accomplishments, criticisms and historical performances of OSHA until date. The objective of this study is to address the various stages and milestones of OSHA’s journey in the current era from a critical perspective, making use of the information available through authentic internet sources. Introduction The article ‘Seven decades of Safety’ presents a brief explanation to the importance of historical events over a period of seven decades in relation to the advancements of safety of workers. Advancements in the field of health standards among the workers, dates back to 1940’s, when due to occurrence of the infamous ‘Silicosis’ war and the famous ‘World War II’ had led to noteworthy accidents among workers. This has further given rise to the need of effective medical care. In 1950’s, the US Government was successful in establishing industrial healthcare agenda for the industrial workers though most of the serious health concerns were left unaddressed. This was a major step taken by the government of the nation towards advancement of health standards within the industrial sector. In the year 1960’s, another positive step was taken in the field of healthcare, when surgeons initiated public campaigns to restrict segregation of asbestos in workplace. The constant rise in the healthcare issues amongst workers in US, further led to formation and establishment of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1970’s. Latter, in 1980’s, the history of occupational safety faced a major blow when the discharge of a deadly chemical from a gas plant in Bhopal, India, claimed several lives. The evidence of the damage caused by the incident can also be seen until date. The period of 1990’s witnessed the struggle of legislations in restructuring OSHA, as certain number of people forwarded their views on US ‘Workplace Safety Laws’. In the succeeding decade of 2005 emphasized has been on discussing the highest ever fine charged by OSHA on occurrence of a particular explosion that destroyed many lives. These further shows the history of medical status among workers that are revolving around concepts of sufficiency of safety assets, tension prevailing amongst the safety, production of goods by workers, inappropriate workplace condition and worker illness and controversies over safety standards in work environment among others (Penton, Seven decades of safety). The influence of historical events in advancing the safety and health of workers, both in the U.S.A. and around the globe Article ‘Fighting Two Wars’ under ‘Seven decades of Safety’, provides an outline of the reality on how several decades underwent the developments in healthcare standards among workers. In 1930’s, silicosis was given due consideration as it was a potent problem, leading to death of many workers under its influence. The dilemmas were listened by the worker congress for clarification and addressing the problem. The year 1935, saw the formation of ‘Air Hygiene Foundation’ by an organization where hundreds of workers died in connection to Silicosis. The foundation provided a base for performing study on Silicosis and enhancement of workplace safety standards. The decade of 1940 saw uprising of the ‘National Committee for the Conservation of Manpower in Defense Industries’, which aimed at avoidance of accidents and work illness among the workers affianced in construction of defense equipments. In 1941, a stern decision was taken regarding the maintenance of adequate workplace standards as focus were put upon training the workers prior to operating machineries ion practical scenario. Correspondingly, a high level of stress was levied upon the importance of upholding safety guidelines for workers, which would consequently result in efficient production of defense equipments during World War. In the year 1942, advancement was made with regard to the protection of women in the workplace, as the year saw an increasing number of women joining the defense forces especially in the production department. In the year 1945, advancements in workplace were backed by the production of weapons during war. This resulted in utilization of products that were left unused during war, finally adding to improvement of workplace situations (Minter & Sutcliffe, Seven decades of safety: fighting two wars). The chapter ‘Good Times Take Their Toll’ of the article ‘Seven Decades of Safety’ focuses upon the healthcare norms prevailing in the year 1950. In the 1950’s, President Truman had made up his mind of creation of ‘H-Bomb’. At that time, as the economy encountered rise in growth, the ‘National Safety Council’ (NSC) came up with the data that succeeded in reducing the number of workers affected by injury in workplace. An article published by Occupational Hazards in the year 1955 stressed upon the concept of industrial hygiene and sanitation practices. Increased cases of industrial fires along with death from electrocution were other cases resulting to importance of safety among workers within the workplace. Furthermore, the era of 1950’s focused on managing safety standards and elevated degree of safety management within the workforce. Finally, the era saw a decline in the number of worker deaths in the workplace owing to various incidents (LaBar, Seven decades of safety: good times take their toll). The chapter ‘Asbestos Becomes a Menace’ under ‘Seven decades of Safety’, mentioned the historical events resulting in the 1960’s, in relation to structuring of the present day health standards for workers. The decade of 1960’s saw a rising focus on the ill effects of Asbestos, a potent substance that led to death of hundreds of workers during the time. In 1964, Dr. Irving J. Selikoff focused on depicting the rising concern of asbestos in factories. He laid strong emphasis upon the issue of occupational safety of the workers. The 1960’s was also concerned with Asbestos because during that time it was used in manufacturing of every single product owing to its unique characteristics. Furthermore, researchers who carried on studies afterwards, revealed that asbestos was leading to severe deaths owing to rise in the number of people affected from cancer formation in their body organs. Furthermore, explosions in coalmines resulted in death of many people in 1968, leading to the rising concerns of elimination of asbestos from the workplace. However, the ill effects of asbestos were not regulated until the later decades saw a fall in their usage (Finnegan, Seven decades of safety: asbestos becomes a menace). The chapter ‘Birth of OSHA’ in Article ‘Seven decades of Safety’ was entirely based in the 1970’s and emphasized developing the workplace standards through establishment of OSHA and other initiatives. In 1968, the President of U.S., Johnson, said that the congress must introduce legislations related to workplace safety that would benefit around 75 million workers in the US. This resulted in establishment of Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1968. Furthermore, amendments in the safety legislations took place in the upcoming years, which focused on softening the needs of a healthy workplace and satisfaction of the needs of workers. Nixon administration, which was an advisory board, introduced a safety bill that laid emphasis on improvement of safety standards by the Occupational Safety and Health Board. OSHA bills were passed in the congress houses, finally leading to introduction of the OSHA Act in 1971. Hence, in the year 1971, officials of OSHA initiated implementation of the law and standards, which were later, joined by several hygienists in the later years (Minter, Seven decades of safety: the birth of OSHA). Article ‘Bhopal's Legacy: New Vigilance in the Chemical Industry’ spotlights one of the most traumatic incidents in the history of worker healthcare in the 1980’s. In 1984, a chemical leakage in one of the highly populated regions of the Indian town of Bhopal resulted in death of as many as 3000 people and emergence of physical disabilities as an aftermath. In the succeeding investigations, it was found that the incidence had mainly occurred owing to the lack of adequate protective measures that would have curbed the disaster. Researchers further claimed that deficiency of appropriate maintenance standards along with an incompetent procedure had resulted in uprising of such situation. Studies claim that until date, as many as 50,000 people are being suffered with physical disabilities owing to the tragic incidence. The ‘Bhopal Gas Tragedy’ set a new benchmark for establishment of workplace standards. Hence, keeping in mind, the necessity to recognize such threats, the US Government, in 1986, launched Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). The act provides education to the American worker communities, who remained in direct contact with the chemical substances. Finally, the government of U.S. stressed upon the reality that organizations producing such hazardous chemicals, must not store such chemicals in and around where people reside. Furthermore, the companies need to develop safe alternatives for prohibiting occurrence of such problems in the future (Sutcliffe, Seven decades of safety: Bhopal's legacy: new vigilance in the chemical industry). ‘Reform and Reinvention’ chapter of the ‘Seven Decades of Safety’ article, stressed on the influence of historical events in 1990’s that finally led to shaping the modern day safety environment for workers. In 1994, the elections resulted in opening up fortunes for the OSHA Act. In the year 1991, the democrats initiated a reform bill of OSHA that was crafted by AFL-CIO. The reform bill strengthened the penalty for criminal offences and amplification of the right of workers. However, due to increase in business slowdown and opposition amid the business parties, the bill came to a halt in 1992. The year 1993, saw the reinvention of OSHA though development of more efficient policies. However, OSHA’s safety standards were continuously faced with challenges of ‘ergonomics’ and modern day technologies, which highlighted OSHA as loosening its objectives. In the year 1995, negotiations on rulemaking took place, which introduced the ‘cooperative regulatory approach’. The approach aimed at addressing the problems faced by various stakeholders owing to standards set by the reform bill. In 1996, OSHA further introduced its second reform, which focused on redesigning the act. Safety and Health Improvement and Regulatory Reform Act of 1995 considered revising the act along with transferring support from enforcement to training roles in providing employers the opportunity to improvise upon mistakes rather them penalizing them at the first instance. However, labor leaders argued that the nation had failed to improve the workplace conditions in the decade, as OSHA was concerned with operations, rather than addressing the safety issues (Finnegan, Seven decades of safety: reform and reinvention). The final chapter followed the historical events of the 2000 era and the various healthcare and safety standards resulting in development of workplace situations. In 2000, the OSHA concerns were of ergo standards. In 2001, US President George W. Bush revoked the ergonomic standards. The 2000 era focused on ‘BP Texas City explosion’ that took place in 2005, which killed around15 workers. This was a result of safety deficiencies in the nation and inadequate training, apart from poorly maintained computerized systems. Hence, US focused on reducing such concerns in the later years (D'Angelo, Ergonomics: The
Politics
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Arm‐Twisting). An Evaluation of the Accomplishments and Achievements of the Safety and Health Movement in Preventing Injuries and Illnesses, Most Particularly in the USA One of the major accomplishments of OSHA was when the US Department of Labor was able to implement enforcement laws in 2008. Throughout the U.S, OSHA was able to track down more than 87,687 cases of violation, apart from carrying out more than 39,000 assessments of workplace. It was able to exceed the estimated objectives and number of safety checks. Another achievement of OSHA was its involvement in lessening the rates of illness and injury among the workers in the year 2007. As per the retrieved data from Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor, it was found that OSHA was continuously striving towards achievement of its objectives, since it was able to implement a balanced approach for dealing with diverse workplace situations. Furthermore, the approach enabled OSHA to minimize the hazards associated with workplace safety through provision of education, training, inspections and implementation of enforcement laws among others. Additionally, OSHA’s cooperative efforts including several voluntary protection schemes enabled the organization to ensure a strong reduction in workplace related injury. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the compensation costs associated with workers. The total number of workplace related problems and ergonomic rate of injury lowered from 11.9% to 9% between the years 2003 to 2007 (OSHA, OSHA programs contribute to reduced injury and illness rates for 2007). From 2001, the enforcement programs of OSHA have forwarded billions of dollars in relation to penalties and criminal referrals. The annual data reports revealing 3.7 deaths per 100,000 workers, released by Bureau of Labor Statistics, shows that OSHA was a successful approach towards maintenance of health and safety standards among workers. OSHA achieved another feat with the help of its website, which enabled the organizational workers and employers to gain entrance to the regulations, bulletins and facts in relation to OSHA. It was further able to encourage safety and health standards in the workplace through introducing its Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP), apart from several alliance programs. One of the achievements in the field of safety and health movements was the ‘Safety and Health Achievement Recognition Program’ (SHARP) introduced by OSHA. The program allowed supply of incentives to several employers to advance the workplace situations infiltrated through hazardous substances. In between 2001 to 2006, the participating members of the SHARP were able to save compensation payments worth $1 million. To strengthen the relationships among the employers and workers, OSHA introduced ‘Strategic Partnership Program’, which aimed at addressing the safety concerns through cooperation amongst its members. Owing to loss of several lives in the US. In September 2001, owing to disaster and numerous hurricanes amid 2001 to 2006, OSHA introduced several aspects such as need for ‘emergency preparedness’, under its program named ‘National Response Framework (NRF) for Emergency Preparedness’. The ‘Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management’ (DTSEM) initiated by OSHA, enabled member employers on administering several catastrophic coercions in relation to health and safety of their workers within the workplace. Latest situations of national emergencies led to creation of more effort based programs by OSHA, which made sure that workforce in the US does not face future problems regarding such issues to an avoidable limit (Foulke, OSHA's Evolving Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health). Among the historical events, OSHA has gained a large number of achievements, beginning from its establishment. One of them was the initiation of OSHA’S training institute in 1972, which provided training sessions to the safety members and officers at OSHA. In the year 1972, OSHA further enacted standards for maintenance of adequate safety in such locations and workplaces where asbestos was being used as a major source of production. In the same year, state level plans were approved for implementation of OSHA standards among the workers working at the state and local levels. In 1974, OSHA, in response to increased health related problems, released standards to be maintained in organization that dealt with cancer causing substances. Furthermore, in the year 1975, OSHA launched programs relating to ‘On-site Consultation’, aimed at providing assistance to businesses operating at the small-scale level. Another significant accomplishment of OSHA was its issuance of the standards of ‘Oven Emission’ in Coke factory. The standards were able to reduce the emission of toxic gases released from Coke factory ovens to a significant extent. In 1978, OSHA introduced certain grants and services for the improvement of health and safety through education as well as training courses for several workers who were working under hazardous circumstances. The same year saw OSHA introducing several standards for protection of the workers in the textile industry. The ‘Cotton Dust Standard’, was able to save more than 6, 00, 000 workers from the ill effects of ‘byssinosis’, a widespread disease in Textile industry at that point of time. Apart from improving the conditions of textile workers, OSHA designed standards in association to the lead industry. The standards were implemented to improve the condition of workers in direct contact with lead that resulted in deaths owing to multiple organ failures. In the year 1980, OSHA framed a new rule that required organizations to enable worker to gain reach to their medical records. In 1981, OSHA successfully developed standards for hearing under its ‘Hearing Conservation standards’, which required the employers to provide hearing protection to such workers, who were continuously exposed to high level of noise at their workplace (OSHA, OSHA celebrates 40 years of accomplishments in the workplace). Amongst several other standards, one of the major accomplishments was OSHA’s launch of ‘Hazard Communication standard’ (HCS). The standards facilitated the workers to gather relevant knowledge about hazardous chemicals with whom they were working and required organization to support workers by providing them education and training. In 1984, OSHA was successful in reducing the number of workers in the US affected from ‘Ethylene Oxide’, which was considered one of the most deadly substances. Rules regarding the use of chemical were issued, which introduced the use of specific equipments in a limited quantity and limit one’s exposure to the chemical of Ethylene Oxide. Owing to ‘Bhopal Gas Tragedy’ in 1984, OSHA became highly conscious about the existing situation of US plants dealing with such chemicals. Hence, it launched numerous inspections in US chemical plants. Later in 1986, OSHA introduced the ‘Egregious Violation Enforcement Policy’, which aims at charging fines upon the companies who are involved with egregious violations. In the same year, OSHA initiated standards in relation to the ‘Ground-fault Circuit Interrupter’ for the protection of workers in construction sites. Sources in 2005 revealed that the standards saved as many as 1100 lives (OSHA, OSHA celebrates 40 years of accomplishments in the workplace). OSHA also achieved several feats through establishment of standards of farm work, which required employers to offer facilities to the workers such as hand washing, toilets and washrooms amongst others. The other key areas where OSHA was able to introduce considerable changes were in the field of Benzene, grain and meatpacking amid others. Certain standards were made that further raised workplace conditions in these areas. Additionally, standards were also in relation to the field of Blood-borne Pathogens, Confined Spaces, Chemical Process Safety Management and Stronger Asbestos standards. Additionally, OSHA developed standards in Construction Scaffold Safety, Logging, Methylene Chloride, Steel Erection and use of Hexavalent Chromium, over the years in between 1994-2006. After 2006, OSHA continued to improve the life of workers in the field of oil industry and establishing standards for Cranes and Derricks industry at large (OSHA, OSHA celebrates 40 years of accomplishments in the workplace). Challenges faced by Employers and Specifically Occupational Safety and Health Professionals in Establishing Occupational Safety and Health Programs in an Environment That Possesses Changing Demographics, Changing Workplace Design, Increasing Global Competition, and Some Movement Toward Universal (Global) Occupational Safety and Health Regulation There are a large number of challenges, which are faced by the employers specifically in the field of Occupational Safety and Health. One of the major challenges faced by employers is restricting the continuing and larger effects of chronic injuries amongst the workers, their job roles and health conditions. The employers also face the challenges of developing and promoting leaders in the field of workplace development among the workers. Furthermore, the employers and professionals of OSH, face the challenge of providing adequate training as well as educational services at all the levels of workplace for management of such situations. In addition to this, the professionals concerned with workplace safety, are concerned with the challenge of providing multidisciplinary research in the field of occupational safety and prevention of injury at workplace. Again, one of the most interesting factors, which the professional take as a challenge is the lack of adequate and formal training, which makes them incompetent and incapable to cater training to workers and employees. In addition to this, the professionals and employers are also concerned regarding the surveillance programs, as they remain a distant goal to be achieved in future. The challenge was seen as a major concern as the professionals and OSH officers were unable to track whether the introduced programs were working as per the requirements or not. The challenge was further enhanced, as the present surveillance plans were unable to identify the occupational hazards, owing to limitations of problem recognition, non-availability of the recorded problems and data along with lack of reporting cases (National Academy of Sciences, Safe work in the 21st century: education and training needs for the next decade's occupational safety and health personnel). Additionally, a certain number of emerging issues came up as challenges for the employers and professionals after 2008. Employers were concerned with the differences among the older and the younger workers in the workplace. The health is drastically affected because of the age differences, as many older people are unwilling to retire and new employees join in large numbers. Another important challenges faced by OSHA professionals is the inability to reach every corner of the nation. OSHA has only 2000 workplace inspectors against 130 million workers, which limits OSHA’s reach to a wider extent. Moreover, the challenges faced by professional include lack of powerful techniques and standards in comparison to the standards of other agencies operating at state, national or international levels. Furthermore, the fines levied by OSHA are not big enough that can create a strong impact among the violators. In this regard, it can be seen that the maximum fine permissible for OSHA to be levied upon the violators is only $7000, which is comparatively low with the charges of other agencies. Another major challenge that the employers and professionals face is the weak legislations among the workplace within OSHA. Presence of unstructured standards makes it difficult to verify and ensure that workers are treated properly in workplace. OSHA professionals face continuous challenges in up gradation of the standards as most of the standards are set for a limited number of chemicals manufactured in the US. Moreover, due to the standards requiring high levels of time, cost and intensification, the process of setting standards has become relatively slower (OSHA, OSHA at forty: new challenges and new directions). An Examination of the Professional and Ethical Challenges of Individuals in the Occupational Safety and Health Professions The Occupational Safety and Health Professionals are the Industrial Hygienists, engineers, and the safety professionals. Owing to the numerous job responsibilities, the occupational health and safety professionals face a number of challenges in their profession and during the execution of their core tasks. One of the major challenges that have to be encountered while performing job responsibilities is to deal with the continuously changing workforce in the workplace. These changes are driven by variables such as age factors, the worker himself, charges levied in terms of compensation along with the work performance rate among others. While performing their job roles as professionals, they have to face immense stress in handling multiple situations. The changing workforce demands more attention, particularly to the ageing population of workers in the workplace. People are unwilling to lose their jobs at an early age, due to factors such as societal benefits, due to which worker diversity is increasing. Furthermore, a change in the demographic situation is another challenge for professionals. First, the professionals are unable to tackle the workers already present and secondly, more women as well as minority groups are adding up to the workforce. Additionally, the workforce has been multiplied by the addition in the number of low wage earners, who lack adequate and proper knowledge of the injuries and health related issues. As such, it results in a higher charge for compensatory purposes mostly for the temporary workers. In addition to the above challenges, professionals engaged in the occupational safety and health has to counter the challenge of extensive working duration. As the domain of occupational safety and health requires the professionals to provide emergency services to the workers engaged in workplace, the time duration for the profession is not fixed. The professionals may be called at any point of time to ensure facilitation of medication and verification of the workplace related issues. Hence, this enhances the level of stress among the workers and their inability to maintain relationship between their personal as well as professional lives. Amongst several challenges, ‘Job Insecurity’ is one of the severe challenges, the occupational safety and healthcare professionals had to face while performing their job roles. As the job roles of these professionals demand a high level of variation, the professionals face constant challenge of securing their job positions. Professionals fear of losing assurance in ensuring their job roles, the stability of job as well as fear of unemployment among others (Sutcliffe, Rosenstock sites challenges facing safety, health professionals). Conclusion Professionals also have to face certain challenges in relation to the use of technological devices at workplaces. Owing to lack of knowledge and skills in handling the devices, the professionals remain in dangerous situations while dealing with workers. Another important challenge faced by the professionals, is their lack of consistency in maintenance of health and wellbeing of the workers. The professionals face challenges to ensure whether the implemented standards are rightly practiced in the practical scenario. Additionally, the challenges in professional lives include the need for medical surveillance for the employers to make sure that they are working as per the stated norms. Moreover, reporting to higher levels, communication gaps and Earnings received, remains a regular issue among the workers (Meswani, 2008: 3-9). Additionally, considerable ethical challenges relating to workplace are providing dignity to the workers and treating all of them equally, without space for biasness. Furthermore, professionals also have to suffer complaints from both the sides of the workers as well as employers, which further influence them to attain beneficence. The professionals have to respond accordingly to the various societies they visit, keeping in mind justice for all and ensuring that biased situations are not created among the concerned parties in terms of societal conflicts (CDC, Worker health chartbook). The aforementioned study provides an overview of the historical events, accomplishments, achievements and challenges faced by OSHA from the beginning of the 1940’s to the present decade. The article ‘fighting two wars’, gave a justification to the effect of historical events in advancement of the health and safety of the workers, from occurrence of the infamous ‘Silicosis’ in 1940’s till 2005, when OSHA was involved in charging the highest amount of fines till date on occurrence of a severe explosion in the U.S. The topic was important since, it helped in gaining an insightful knowledge of the contributions made by OSHA in prevention of injuries and illness, especially in the U.S. Since its inception, OSHA had undergone a number of challenges such as lack of adequate and formal training and the existence of weak legislations among the workplace within OSHA. Although such challenges created hindrance in the path of development of OSHA, however, OSHA achieved higher benchmarks with the implementation of enforcement laws in 2008, as one of the greatest achievements of OSHA. Furthermore, OSHA gained accomplishment in establishment and application of a balanced approach within its working framework, which enabled it to mitigate the problems associated with workplace safety. The study can be of great help for the future researchers in proper conduct of their researches, since it would allow them to take benefit of the data provided in the study and outline the key facts concerning OSHA. Future research can be conducting on devising steps on how OSHA professionals can tackle the problems as they arise and OSHA strive to accomplish similar achievements in the near future. Furthermore, research studies can be conducted on a similar topic, to uncover the findings that have yet not been disclosed and have the potential to make substantial contributions towards the development of OSHA, not only in the U.S.A, but also around the globe. References CDC. (2004). Worker health chartbook. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2004-146/pdfs/2004-146.pdf D'Angelo, W. (2010). Ergonomics: The
Politics
of
Arm‐Twisting. Retrieved from http://www.auburnengineers.com/drupal_files/Politics%20of%20Arm-Twisting.pdf Finnegan, L. (2008). Seven decades of safety: asbestos becomes a menace. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/safety/management/asbestos_becomes_menace Finnegan, L. (2008). Seven decades of safety: reform and reinvention. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/standards/osha/reform_reinvention Foulke, E. G. (2008). OSHA's Evolving Role in Promoting Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/standards/osha/oshas_evolving_role LaBar, G. (2008). Seven decades of safety: good times take their toll. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/safety/management/good_times_toll Meswani, H. R. (2008). Safety and occupational health: challenges and opportunities in emerging economies. Indian J Occup Environ Med., 12(1), 3–9. Minter, S. (2008). Seven decades of safety: the birth of OSHA. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/standards/osha/birth_osha Minter, S. G. & Sutcliffe, V. (2008). Seven decades of safety: fighting two wars. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/safety/management/fighting_two_wars National Academy of Sciences. (2000). Safe work in the 21st century: education and training needs for the next decade's occupational safety and health personnel. Retrieved from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs OSHA. (2008). OSHA programs contribute to reduced injury and illness rates for 2007. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=16973 OSHA. (2010). OSHA at forty: new challenges and new directions. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/as/opa/Michaels_vision.html OSHA. (n.d.). OSHA celebrates 40 years of accomplishments in the workplace. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/osha40/OSHATimeline.pdf Penton. (2008). Seven decades of safety. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/safety/management/seven_decades_safety Sutcliffe, V. (2000). Rosenstock sites challenges facing safety, health professionals. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/news/ehs_imp_33462 Sutcliffe, V. (2008). Seven decades of safety: Bhopal's legacy: new vigilance in the chemical industry. Retrieved from http://ehstoday.com/safety/management/bhopals_legacy_new Read More