Understanding ubli lth and Sil r - Report Example

Undеrstаnding Рubliс Неаlth and Sосiаl Саrе Name Institution Course Tutor Date Introduction Public health refers to the aspect preventing the widespread of illnesses and promotion of human health, as well as the process of prolonging life through manageable choices and societal efforts to communities, public, and individuals. Besides, public health is linked to issues surrounding population’s health and means of improving the quality of life through the management of disease and diverse health conditions. There are many approaches and strategies towards public health, such as health, biostatistics, and epidemiology services. Public health also involves community health, employment safety and health, health economics, environmental health, public policy, behavioural health, and mental health among other health fields (Hex, Bartlett, Wright, Taylor, and Varley, 2012, 860). The public health workers include; dentists, midwives, public health nurses, veterinarians, medical assistants, community development workers, nutritionists and dietitians, medical microbiologists, psychologists and pharmacists among others. All these professionals are engaged in enhancing public health. This paper seeks to identify the strategies and approaches to measuring, control, and monitor incidences of illnesses in communities. The disease of concern in this paper is Diabetes Type 2. The paper focuses on methods and plans such as scrutiny, transmission, immunization, health education, regulation and environmental regulation. Moreover, there is the description of the duties of numerous agencies like health protection agency, public health England & Cancer Research UK in the process of governing Diabetes type 2. In the UK, diabetes type 2 is a common disease. According to statistics, around 90% of adults who are diagnosed with diabetes are found to be suffering from diabetes type 2 (Inzucchi, Bergenstal, Buse, Diamant, Ferrannini, Nauck, Peters, Tsapas, Wender, and Matthews, 2015, 142). Notably, over 2.8 million individuals have type 2 diabetes in the UK and this is very costly for the NHS in the nation. Furthermore, the number is expected to rise by more than 50% by 2030 (Bell, Finer, Lindgren, Wilson, Rakyan, Teschendorff, Akan, Stupka, Down, Prokopenko, and Morison, 2010, 40). This is an ailment that is experienced when the body changes to be resilient to the insulin or the instant the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. Moreover, the condition is associated with the failure of the body cells to respond to the present insulin. Also, the type of diabetes is characterized by conditions of insulin secretion and insulin resistance. To prevent the rise in the incidences of this disease, UK health professionals, and their supporting organisations encourage the conduct of measuring, assessing, and managing the illness accordingly. There are different methods and strategies towards assessing, managing and measuring the incidences of diabetes type 2 in the UK society (Morris, Voight, Teslovich, Ferreira, Segre, Steinthorsdottir, Strawbridge, Khan, Grallert, Mahajan, and Prokopenko, 2012, 981). These are the approaches and strategies implemented in coming up with the above statistics concerning the incidences of type 2 diabetes. Strategies and approaches to measuring, control and monitor incidence of Diabetes type 2 in UK communities Strategies are significant preventive measures that are adequate in controlling a health issue and focusing on the preservation, promotion, and restoration of health. On the other hand, approaches and means followed in reducing distress and suffering associated with type 2 diabetes (Nouwen, Winkley, Twisk, Lloyd, Peyrot, Ismail, Pouwer, and European Depression in Diabetes (EDID) Research Consortium, 2010, 12). To understand the preferences of diabetes type 2, the major process followed in community screening. Screening of diabetes type 2 is done through urine and blood tests. The urine sample is used to identify the level of glucose, which is identified only if a person has diabetes. This is because, in the real sense, urine does not have glucose contents. There is also the conduct of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) blood test, which measures the glucose level in the blood for the determination of whether a person has diabetes (Inzucchi, Bergenstal, Buse, Diamant, Ferrannini, Nauck, Peters, Tsapas, Wender, and Matthews, 2012, 1370). In addition, this test guides on how diabetes is managed. This is because the test presents the levels of glucose in the previous 2-3 months to recognize the effectiveness of the measures taken in the management of this condition.HbA1c is a very efficient measuring approach since it does not need unique preparations. The same strategies are applied in monitoring the incidences of diabetes type 2 in the UK communities (Currie, Poole, Jenkins-Jones, Gale, Johnson, and Morgan, 2012, 302). It is apparent that screening communities for the risk of type 2 diabetes assists in the early management of the illness and enables the health providers to look for ways of preventing those not diagnosed with the disease from being attacked in the future. Therefore, the method aids in the control of the condition and enhanced earlier treatment. That is why regular screening is recommended for people with type 2 diabetes and it might be conducted through fasting glucose (ACCORD Study Group, 2010, 1580). In order to take efficient control of diabetes type 2 in the UK populations, the health care providers are required to apply health education, which is a community-based strategy that is related to changing of conservational and lifestyle factors towards this disease. It is widely known that taking the right diet and living an efficient lifestyle helps in preventing the disease-associated complications. Besides, the population is supposed to be careful and avoid being attacked by diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which are the common risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Learning the right food composition in every diet helps the individuals with type 2 diabetes to manage their health condition (Kodiatte, Manikyam, Rao, Jagadish, Reddy, Lingaiah, and Lakshmaiah, 2012, 5). In addition, once the entire UK population engages in frequent physical activities, the practice helps in the reduction of incidences of this disease. This control approach is also linked to the aspect of being committed to engaging in physical exercises. It is evident that the adaptation of efficient diet and involvement in physical exercises help in the elimination of incidences of diabetes type 2 among the UK communities in a significant manner. Not all people know the right diet to take in their meals. Therefore, it requires the nutritionists to educate them on how to take the recommended diet when suffering from type 2 diabetes. Moreover, more health education is necessary if offered to patients with diabetes type 2, especially in relation to the process of self-management and how to take the prescribed medicines. Besides, blood glucose monitoring and management requires to be conducted regularly, thus the need for education to the patient and the caretakers (Whincup, Nightingale, Owen, Rudnicka, Gibb, McKay, Donin, Sattar, Alberti, and Cook, 2010, 263). In addition, patients need to learn how to conduct effective foot care to prevent foot ulcers. So, patient education is essential in the control and monitoring of the rate of diabetes type 2. There is also the application of the high-risk strategy that is aimed at preventing the issues identified in a person who is at a rising threat for this health condition through immunization (Cappuccio, D'elia, Strazzullo, and Miller, 2010, 417). This entails the conduct of pharmacological interventions, which would be aimed at improving glucose tolerance in the victim's body. This is where the patients of diabetes type 2 are immunized with the insulin-2-B9-23 peptide. Besides, there is the provision of routine vaccinations to both adults and children who are diagnosed with this illness. Vaccines are vital in fighting the infection because they assist in the improvement of a person's immune system, thus preventing one from being at the risk of severe complications. Various vaccines such as zoster, HEP B, TDAP, Pneumococcal, and influenza are significant in managing disorders that are linked to diabetes type 2 (MacDonald, Eurich, Majumdar, Lewsey, Bhagra, Jhund, Petrie, McMurray, Petrie, and McAlister, 2010, 1216). It is clear that Flu vaccine has the capacity of minimizing the risk of death that is associated with type 2 diabetes victims. Therefore, immunization aids in preventing the rise of incidences of this disease in the communities’ future. Surveillance is another approach that helps in the monitoring and control of type 2 diabetes. The strategy entails effective watching of one's glucose level on a regular basis (Voight, Scott, Steinthorsdottir, Morris, Dina, Welch, Zeggini, Huth, Aulchenko, Thorleifsson, and McCulloch, 2010, 581). It is important for health professionals to train their clients how to survey their glucose level when at their homes to determine the appropriate measures to take concerning the management of their health condition. Also, when a patient is admitted in the hospital healthcare providers ensure efficient surveillance of how they tend to respond to the provided treatment interventions and medications (Inzucchi, Bergenstal, Buse, Diamant, Ferrannini, Nauck, Peters, Tsapas, Wender, and Matthews, 2012, 1583). This assists in the prevention of rising risk of symptoms presented by patients suffering from this health problem. Legislation associated with diabetes type 2 in the UK is where the government works towards halting the increment of the rate of type 2 diabetes. This is where the UK government in collaboration with health care organizations ensure proper distribution of resources applicable in fighting with diabetes type 2 (Lim, Hollingsworth, Aribisala, Chen, Mathers, and Taylor, 2011, 2511). The other approach is environmental control, whereby the UK community ensures living in a healthy surrounding. This requires the population at risk to avoid smoking. Therefore, the UK communities should work towards living in a sustainable environment. Different agencies play major roles in controlling diabetes type 2 in the UK. Such agencies include; Diabetes UK, which operates through a partnership with Public Health England (PHE) and NHS England in preventing type 2 diabetes in the UK. The agencies frequently launch campaigns that focus on educating people about this disease and methods of prevention, as well as approaches towards its management and control (Currie, Peters, Tynan, Evans, Heine, Bracco, Zagar, and Poole, 2010, 486). Besides, Health Protection Agency and NICE operate towards educating people how to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in UN through retaining healthy weight, eating a proper diet, and reducing health inequalities among the communities. The background and historical context of health and social care in the UK Public health in the UK was characterized by the key developments, such as improved sanitation and children welfare, especially in the Nineteenth & Twentieth Century. There was the Sanitary Revolution (the Poor Law of 1834), which was a law focusing on helping the poor people and specifically those who were not able to work by providing them some money to aid their survival (Malik, Popkin, Bray, Després, Willett, and Hu, 2010, 2480). The poor people were also given some clothing and houses to live in. The First National Public Health Act (1848) was the initial step towards the journey of improving public health through the investigation of the districts' sanitary conditions. The act aimed at improving the drainage, offer sewers, clean drinking water, and remove the refuse from the roads, streets, and houses. John Snow and John Simon Sanitary Act 1866 was established to aid in the reduction of the threat of cholera and dealing with issues associated with public health and outbreak of cholera. Establishment of the NHS (1948) which focused on reducing the health costs for the patients through subsidizing the charges related to specific health care services (GoDARTS and UKPDS Diabetes Pharmacogenetics Study Group and Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2, 2011, 119). The Black Report (1980) was generated by the Department of Health and Social Security and was reporting the issues of health inequalities among the black people (Kahn, Alperin, Eddy, Borch-Johnsen, Buse, Feigelman, Gregg, Holman, Kirkman, Stern, and Tuomilehto, 2010, 1370). The Acheson Report (1998) was established to bridge the gap based on inequalities, deprivation, and poverty among the diverse groups in the UK (Jones, Arver, Behre, Buvat, Meuleman, Moncada, Morales, Volterrani, Yellowlees, Howell, and Channer, 2011, 830). Choosing Health (2004) to the present day: This is the aspect of individuals making efficient health choices and decisions related to living a healthy life. Evaluation and conclusion Public health is an aspect of preventing widespread of diseases and enhancing a quality of life. In the UK, the incidences of diabetes type 2 are very high, especially among the adults. To manage, monitor, and control this disease, there are different approaches followed. These approaches and strategies include; screening of the UK communities, surveillance practices, immunization, health education, environmental control, and legislation. These are the major practices conducted to manage this disease and to control its growth among these communities. Besides, there are agencies such as Diabetes UK that operate towards controlling the incidences of diabetes type 2. The public health in the UK in the 19th and 20th century has been changing from time to time because of the establishment of different public policies and legislations aimed at improving public health. Therefore, the UK communities successfully manage the rate of type 2 diabetes through the above methods. References ACCORD Study Group, 2010. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl j Med, 2010(362), pp.1575-1585. Bell, C.G., Finer, S., Lindgren, C.M., Wilson, G.A., Rakyan, V.K., Teschendorff, A.E., Akan, P., Stupka, E., Down, T.A., Prokopenko, I. and Morison, I.M., 2010. Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis identifies haplotype-specific methylation in the FTO type 2 diabetes and obesity susceptibility locus. PloS one, 5(11), p.e14040. Cappuccio, F.P., D'elia, L., Strazzullo, P. and Miller, M.A., 2010. 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Whincup, P.H., Nightingale, C.M., Owen, C.G., Rudnicka, A.R., Gibb, I., McKay, C.M., Donin, A.S., Sattar, N., Alberti, K.G.M. and Cook, D.G., 2010. Early emergence of ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes precursors in the UK: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE Study). PLoS Med, 7(4), p.e1000263. Websites https://www.diabetes.org.uk/Type-2-diabetes/ http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Diabetes-type2/Pages/Introduction.aspx https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/diabetes Read More