Reducing the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Case Study Example

Diabetes Mellitus type 2] [Name] [Course] [Lecturer] [Date] Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Literature Review 4 Theoretical framework 4 Review of literature 5 Project Proposal 8 Aims and Objectives 9 Project design and Implementation 9 Expected Outcomes and Evaluation 11 Dissemination 11 Implications 12 Conclusion 13 References 15 Introduction Type 2 Diabetes affects at least 7.4% of the Australian population on those people aged 25 years and above and it is noted that, for every person diagnosed with it, another one person goes undiagnosed. It is a disease that is characterized by insulin resistance resulting to insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia. Abnormal glucose tolerance therefore is said to be a strong predictor of the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Davis 2007). The biggest challenge is in identifying these individuals and designing the best intervention for effective curbing of the disease. However, this problem can be solved in the entire Australia. The only way out for this problem is through screening those people who are admitted to a Cardiac Care Unit who do not have a known diagnosis of diabetes by are said to have had hyperglycaemia during admission. In the same case, those having hospital visits should also be screened so that they can receive the right information on the possible means of managing or even avoiding diabetes. This strategy will be effective for it will ensure a more proactive and accurate management in the primary healthcare setting. There is vast evidence that, early intervention in patients with impaired glucose tolerance prevents the persistence and the advancement of T2DM. The most important issue is to have better management of services and resources at the primary health sector which have never been discharged and improve communication between secondary care and primary care. This in the long run will ensure that there is the promotion the need to have told for self care, this will be of great help to the entire population and will hence be an effective intervention to the disease. Literature Review The theoretical framework used in this project as an explanation of why screening those people who are admitted to a Cardiac Care Unit who do not have a known diagnosis of diabetes but are said to have had hyperglycaemia during admission, s a great intervention plan in managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, there is also a clear overview of the current literature concerning theories about screening, and associated medical conditions as well as successful interventions that have been used to manage T2DM. Theoretical framework In this case, the framework for examining health behaviour is the Health Belief Model. This is best positioned to give the best results for it addresses the perceptions a person has of the threat of a health problem, giving and appraisal of a recommended behaviour for managing and preventing the same problem. This method directly addresses the behaviour related method in prevention of a disease and most importantly it explains why people do not or do engage in various issues that are counted as preventive measures linked to a certain disease threat (DPP Research Group 2003). In this case, people’s perception of their susceptibility or threat to the disease, the degree of severity of consequences perceived and the physical, financial and other hindrances which are related to the behaviour aspect of an individual. Demographic, social physiological and structural variables are also included in the theory as they can be closely associated as modifying factors that can influence both the perceptions and the and the perceived benefits of the preventive actions. This theoretical framework is relevant to lifestyle and inactivity because much of the society do not recognize these issues as the most influential in causing this disease. It is clear that, most people may no fully understand the disadvantage of their lifestyle and inactivity making them a very important subject in the healthcare setting. It is worth noting that prevention is difficult unless a patient wholly internalizes and understands how their behaviour is contributing to the illness. This is one of the main reasons why counselling and distributing information that is crucial in the prevention of this disease is of great importance. Review of literature Literature depict that, there are primary, secondary and tertiary interventions which have proved effective in the management of T2DM. The primary ones are said to be the lifestyle management and structured education, the secondary intervention are screening for T2DM and impaired Glucose Tolerance, and finally the tertiary interventions is a combination of structured education, lifestyle interventions and intensive treatment which is aimed at maintaining commendable glycaemia control, cholesterol and PB (Fung et al 2002). Good management of T2DM is effective in reducing the risk of diabetic effects and spreading. Otherwise, diabetes can result to stroke, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage and amputations. In the same case, there are financial implication that accompany T2DM and can cause financial turmoil in the lives of those suffering from this disease and their families. Trials of certain strategies in the prevention of T2DM have proved that, this disease can be controls and prevented. Since 2000, prevention of T2DM in patients with impaired glucose tolerance has been demonstrated in several controlled trials and have indicated that, prevention and management can be achieved (Guerrero-Romero 2006). In the same case, it has been indicated that, the diabetes in indigenous Australian is earlier. A study found out that, Aboriginal patients averaged 14 years younger than Anglo Celt patients in the diagnosis of T2DM in a study conducted by Davis and Colleagues (2007). Poor diet is also another risk factor that is linked to the social status and poverty (Eckel 2005). In early days, people used to feed on healthy foods and physical activities were a part and parcel in their lives. However, nowadays, diets of inferior nutrients quality that is high in fats, salt, sugar and low in fibre are a common case. This therefore means that, there is a substantial correlation of poor diets, obesity and poverty. In the same scenario, research depicts that, fresh fruits and vegetables are limited while the availability of calorie rich foods is easily accessible (O’Dea 2005). In the same case, there has been a very poor understanding of nutrition and health in most people especially the indigenous people. In most cases this is most common among the indigenous people who have low social economic status. Literature suggests that, for the management and prevention of T2DM to be effective, then screening, is the most commonly used method (Gracey 2009). This is due to the fact that various observational studies and Meta analysis indicated that there is a clear link between chronic hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disease in patients without known diabetes (Stratton 2000). This therefore suggests that, if only this disease can be managed and controlled, then the health of many individuals can be manageable. Literature depict that, for screening to be an effective way in decreasing the complications of T2DM, then there must be clear and well calculated preclinical period, valid and reliable screening tests to detect the disease in a certain period and effective treatment of the disease. It is a point worthy noting that, treatment is different for patients with or without T2DM. The detection of T2DM would therefore trigger a change in the clinical management of a patient and this in the long run will be effective in managing the whole epidemic. Studies suggest that, the management of T2DM can only be managed by a team and not an individual (Marmot et al 2008). This therefore depict that, this is not only an activity that can be accomplished by healthcare professionals only but also the patients have to be actively involved. This is also attributed to the fact that, team approach brings about flexibility in the delivery of care and also allows accurate and effective communication amongst the stakeholders. Information should be shared on the way out to having self monitoring of glucose levels. Literature clearly insinuates that, self monitoring of blood glucose should be advocated in all individuals. However, urine testing proves it hard (Cunningham 2008). For those who are treated with insulin, and then self monitoring should be the most suitable method of managing the situation. There are various published recommendation from experts which show that there is a very big importance of screening in high risk individuals and even children (Stratton 2000). This is due to the fact that most of the cases or most of the people with T2DM are still unknown, given that the incidences of diabetes is rising and Australian figures shoes that, for every one diagnosed person, there to who are undiagnosed. Furthermore, early intervention is of great importance and can substantially reduce the growing health burden. Additionally, this will accurately health the healthcare providers in giving the right medication and medical attention because diabetes clarification is made much easier. In the same case, classification of the type of diabetes will help in giving the right education and self management for different types of diabetes requires different kinds of intervention (Fung et al 2002). This therefore states that, screening is the best intervention strategy that can allow early recognition of diabetes mellitus type two and at the same case result to effective control and management of the disease. Project Proposal It is well recognized that, abnormal glucose tolerance is correlated to the future of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus type 2 (Kondalsamy-Chennakesavan 2008.). The biggest challenge lies in indentifying people with this problem and how to employ and intervention that is going to be successful in meeting the desires goals. However, screening people who are diagnosed with acute cardiac issues, who have never been diagnosed with diabetes is an effective goal. When these risks are identified in the primary healthcare setting, then there are high chances that there will be effective strategic management decision and which will enable the management and the control of T2DM. The most important case in this part is ensuring that the data in primary setting is well communicated for this is the only way it can be effective and also can result to the innovation and implementation of ways for self care. Self care will ensure that the desired goals are reached with ease. Type 2 diabetes mainly affects adults who are overweight, above 30 years. However, do to the current change in lifestyle. Many children and adolescents in Australia are becoming overweight or obese and with minimal activities. This has changes the whole scenario and currently young people aged 10 or older are now being diagnosed with T2DM and in most cases they are insulin resistance. Eating habits, lack of exercise are some of the common causes of diabetes (Trewin 2006). Due to the accessibility of junk and fast foods, the eating habits of individuals have changed and this is closely associated with the raising cases of T2DM. T2DM is a life threatening disease for it can even cause death. In the same time this disease can cause kidney damage, loss of eye sight, amputation, nerve damage, coronary complications just to mention but a few. Aims and Objectives This project is aimed at reducing the development of T2DM for those visiting and admitted in hospitals with cardiac problems with hyperglycaemia, by the use of the primary healthcare resources in a more accurate and optimum plan. This will reduce the effects of T2DM on patients ( Read More