Prohibiting Smoking in Public Places - Literature review Example

1.0 Brief Review of Literature Smoking in public places is becoming one of the critical issues in the modern society. For instance, there are various regulations limiting smoking in the public places in the context of Australia. These regulations exist in spite of lack of substantial evidence on the impact of smoking on the public’s health. In this research review, the focus will be on the elements known in relation to diverse settings where smoking is prohibited with reference to various air particles within the environment. Moreover, the evaluation will consider areas permitting smoking in the context of Australia. On the other hand, the study will consider the effects of other pollutants in relation to the public’s health. In addition, the study will also focus on the various effects caused by smokers to their close friends and relatives. Various studies focus on the topic of prohibiting smoking in the public places. One of the critical literatures is the study by Potera (2013). In this study, the focus was on determination of whether science had any support for the bans on outdoor smoking areas. Smoking bans most associate with the concept of second-hand smoking or the essence of passive smoking. Various nations such as Australia ban indoor smoking in relation to many public places as well as worksites. According to Potera (2013), outdoor second-hand smoke is becoming an emerging topic in the tobacco control community. The reviews illustrates that individuals have the opportunity to get high-levels of second-hand smoke outdoors with reference to the microenvironment. This method also imposes a greater effect on the second party as the smoke affects them that these smokers release. Another research in this context of tobacco ban is Dwyer, Bradshaw, Mummery, Searl, Rossi, & Broadbent (2008). The main objective of this research article was to explain smoking actions as well as relations involving the smoking deeds and conformity with the existing laws prohibiting the act of smoking. In order to address this research objective, the researchers sought to use 1208 participants above the age of 18 years residing in remote areas. According to Dwyer, Bradshaw, Mummery, Searl, Rossi, & Broadbent (2008), implementation of gradual anti-smoking legislation is playing a critical role in transforming the social beliefs with reference to acceptable smoking practices. These changes will have the perfect opportunity to reduce the number of people smoking within the context of Australia. This will also reduce the number of people affected by the smokers in Australia. It will also reduce the level of pollution caused by the smokers in the atmosphere. In addition, the bans will reduce the encounter of non-smoking persons to ecological tobacco smoke (Buddelmeyer & Wilkins, 2011). Lawrence, Lawn, Kisely, Bates, Mitrou, & Zubrick, 2011) also contributed to the discussion of the bans in relation to implications of smoking bans. This is through examination of the potential influences or impacts facilities free from smoke on the smoking cessation of individuals suffering from mental illness. The study also focused on the number of people who are engaged in the act of smoking. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the degree of non-smoking entities and their influences. This is through facilitating the termination of smoking acts in smokers with mental illness through estimation of amount of smokers with psychological disorder receiving inpatient management in diverse health. According to the findings, most smokers with psychological illness lack the capacity to experience treatment in inpatient facilities. These made it evident that mental illness affects most smokers even if they do not go for treatment. Dennis (2013) also focused on exploitation of the issues in relation to smoking. The study sought to evaluate consequences of legislatively supported public wellbeing interventions into smoking. Interventionist approaches to smoking focus on the protection of the community wellbeing through explicit physical condition warning labels on the cigarette correspondence, TV, and print promotion. This method greatly helps since members of the public do not feel that this forces them to leave smoking. The article focuses on the good anthropological reasons for the settlement of the public health grip. There is need to protect the public space with reference to community wellbeing nourishment in an epoch of global venture agreements. Thow & McGrady (2014) focused on illustration of the allegations by Philip Morris alongside Australia (2011) and Uruguay (2010) under global venture agreements. According to Philip Morris, he is permitted to reimbursement subsequent to integration of inventive tobacco wrapping set of laws with the aim of reducing smoking as well as prevention of non-communicable diseases. In most cases, tobacco control measures focus on improvement of public health nutrition (Thow & McGrady, 2014). The impacts of venture regulation for the community-wellbeing nourishment measures relate to diverse features such as the methods, stipulations of relevant agreements, circumstances surrounding overseas investment, and guiding principles governing undeveloped support. This gives a greater hand in controlling the level of tobacco consumption because of the impacts it has on health. This helps to protect the public against the advanced effects of tobacco to human health. Donna, Anne, Chris, James, Trish, Sally, & Adrian (2012) research article focuses on evaluation of the exposure to tobacco advertising as well as promotion towards increasing the probability of smoking in the midst of youthful people. In order to address this research objective, the researcher used a phone review of 1000 teenagers plus other individuals between twelve and twenty-four years of age. According to the findings, teenagers plus other youths, in New South Wales (NSW), were out in the open to advertisement of tobacco and marketing at the PoS, internet, and leisure techniques. These elements promote increase in the smoking habits among the youths across the globe. This finding shows how the number of smokers increases over time. It is therefore imposing a greater challenge for the media on how to advertise their products. Bell & Dennis (2013) focused on the evaluation and examination of the consequences of tobacco control. According to the introduction of the study, the WHO warned that nations would need to be aggressive in their efforts to eliminate smoking thus implementing approach approaches towards countering the marketing techniques in the tobacco industry. In the last few years, most nations have focused on adoption and implementation of techniques towards limiting smoking in public places with the aim of promoting public health while reducing the implications of the second-hand smoke. This has therefore helped in reducing the level of smoking in the public hence reducing the second-hand smoke. In addition, these nations have implemented legislations to help in enforcing these acts. Preston, & Kisely, Xiao weighed into the matter through discussion of the two jurisdictions with reference to the cases of Australia and Canada in controlling cannabis. The objective of the research is to compare the public health as well as lawful principles to lessen the injury in association with cannabis usage in Canada and Australia. The research also focused on the effects of such legislations to the citizens of these nations. This relates to the existing similarities between both countries (Bell & Dennis, 2013). In order to achieve this, the researcher focused on reviewing of the epidemiological and health policy literature. According to the research, active principles are not practical. In addition, they contribute to unpleasant results such as criminalization of the obedient populace and distraction of capital from the most effectual policing or health examination initiatives. The governments of these nations should impose serious laws that help in controlling smoking actions or habits. DiFranza (2012) also focused on examination of the elements towards prevention of family smoking as well as utilization of tobacco control act to monitor the smoking habits among the youth. Tobin (2006) focused on developing of Australian newspaper reporting of the second-hand smoke damage assert with reference to illustration of lessons for media advocacy. The article focuses on examination of the tabloid reporting for the Marlene Sharp legal case in the context of Australia. According to the research findings, lawful cases offer particular opportunities for community wellbeing media advocates towards bringing human face with the need to steps forward passage of smoke-free principles. Magnus, Cadilhac, Sheppard, Cumming, Pearce, & Carter (2011) research article focuses on estimation of the cost-effective impact of minimization of the commonness of smoking habits in relation to health, invention, and freedom. It is essential to lower smoking pervasiveness rates to enhance considerable fiscal and monetary savings and health reimbursement. From this analysis, it is vital to note that research on the influence of other pollutants on the public health should be executed. In the execution of this research, the focus will be on the examination and addressing the research questions in the next section. 2.0 Research questions: i. What are the effects of air pollutants from smoking in relation to the public’s health? ii. How can Australia control tobacco use while providing smoking areas for smokers? iii. What are the negative and positive impacts of smoking control limiting smoking in the public cases? iv. Does restricting where people can smoke reduce exposure to second hand smoking? v. Are these tobacco control effective in reducing the smoking habits and health impact of second-hand smoking? 3.1 Research Objectives i. To determine the effects of air pollutants with reference to public’s health ii. To assess how the Australian government can control tobacco use while offering smoking areas for smokers iii. To determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the tobacco control mechanisms in reducing the smoking habits and health impact of second-hand smoking iv. To evaluate whether restricting where individuals smoke has the potential of reducing the exposure to second hand smoking effects v. To examine positive and negative effects of implementing tobacco control mechanisms with reference to reducing of smoking in public places 3.0 Research Hypotheses: i. If tobacco control acts are implemented, then there will be a reduction in the impacts of second-hand or passive smoking. ii. If the government integrates tobacco bans in Australia, there will be a massive reduction in the rate of smoking incidences among youths and young adults. iii. Tobacco bans in Australia will have minimum effects since they have similar effects on the environments like other pollutants. iv. If the government limits smoking in public places, there will be a reduction in the extent of pollution of the atmosphere. 4.0 Study Design: In the execution of this research, I will focus on the utilization of quantitative research design with the ability to answer why questions. For instance, the research will focus on illustration of the smoking control acts in the context of Australia. The design will facilitate development of the reasons why smoking control acts are beneficial to the case of Australia. In addition, the approach will enable the research to explain the occurrences and relationships between the existing situations and the projected issue with reference to the diverse hypotheses. The research design is valuable because of various benefits and advantages towards the achievement of accurate research data. For instance, the research design will facilitate increased understanding. The main aim of the research is to enhance the researcher’s knowledge with reference to the existing research topic. The design will focus on the development or generation of definite conclusions under the influence of effective statistical strength with the aim of determining why and how things happen in Australia. The research will help in the understanding of the effects of smoking hence reducing the number of smokers. The research design will also provide the perfect opportunity for understanding the concept as well as its testing for effectiveness and efficiency in handling various goals and targets among the society members. The research design is also essential because of the perfect opportunity to offer assistance through projected outcome in relation to the research hypotheses. It is also vital for the researchers to integrate elements of an extensive study with the aim of verifying the possibilities of the effects of the research scope on other elements within the society. In this context, the research will utilize this design to address critical needs of the Australian government. The government has various goals and targets in relation to minimization of smoking habits within the nation. This research design will provide the perfect chance to address this issue for the benefit of future researchers and learners focusing on the similar research scope. In addition, the research will create more awareness to the advanced effects of tobacco to the future generations. 5.0 Methodology: In order to achieve the objectives and goals of this research, I will adopt and implement the concepts of quantitative research method. This will focus on the subjective and objective elements of the research towards the achievement of the goals and objectives of the research scope. Quantitative research will be essential in understanding and interpreting social interactions while quantifying the findings. In addition, quantitative research method will be ideal for the testing of the hypotheses with the aim of generating major predictions as well as development of concrete research conclusions. The research will focus on utilization of larger groups for the collection of substantial data. In addition, the quantitative research will focus on handling the whole research elements inclusive of the independent and dependent variables. Independent variables are variables that the research will have control over thus manipulation for the achievement of the research objective. On the other hand, the dependent variables are variables undergoing substantial measurement. Moreover, the research will focus on the collection of words, objects, statistics, and numbers thus the need to adopt and incorporate elements of quantitative research method or technique in the collection and analysis of research findings. Adoption of these methods will therefore help me to obtain a standardised research outcome since there is more data to focus my study. The research also focuses on the human behaviour. Implementation of quantitative research will focus on the achievement of dynamic, situational, social, and personal elements of behaviour through administration of the questionnaires for the collection of valuable data. Furthermore, quantitative research methodology will concentrate on evaluation of the regular and predictable aspects of human behaviour with respect to smoking in the context of Australia. According to various studies, quantitative research methodologies focus on the measurement of the objectiveness, quantitative, and statistical validity of the data. This makes it ideal for the research to focus on the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data through observation and quantification approaches. The approach will be vital for the achievement of the research goals and objectives. This will help in creating understanding amongst the future generations hence a better understanding of the concept. The quantitative research approach will be ideal in the evaluation of the research findings to reveal the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in accordance with the research hypotheses. The approach will ensure collection of accurate data for ideal analysis techniques with the aim of addressing the needs and objectives of the research questions. Quantitative research will concentrate on evaluation of the research data to relate the reduction of smoking rates and habits to the implementation of the smoking control acts. This is through adoption and integration of adequate data collection mechanisms towards the achievement of the goals and objectives of the research. In order to facilitate the collection and analysis of data effectively and efficiently, this research will consider using 250 research participants from the university. The achievement of this number will focus on the utilization of the simple random sampling technique to facilitate effective addressing the research questions and objectives. In addition, the number of participants with enhances the reliability and validity of the data towards the achievement of the goals and objectives in accordance with the research hypotheses. These huge numbers of researchers helps to give an advanced data about the study. It is essential to note that the research will focus on utilization of the simple random sampling to eliminate elements of error or biasness during the collection and analysis of data. The sample will integrate smokers, individuals with substantial information on the smoking control act in the case of Australia, and experts in the social field. In addition, this also helps in knowing the exact number of smokers in Australia. This will facilitate generalization of the key findings of the research with the aim of determining the behaviour of the smokers under the influence of the control acts limiting smoking in public places. On the other hand, it would be ideal for the research to use the large sample number to carter for any uncertainty that might affect collection of data from interaction with the respondents. This indicates that the research will have substantial plan to mitigate these risks in the collection and analysis of data. In addition, the research will focus on execution of an extensive literature review with the aim of including recent and relevant publications while excluding other research findings not relevant to the case of Australia. This will help in having relevant results related to the problem of Australia. It is essential for the research to promote this exclusion and inclusion criteria to enhance its effectiveness and efficiency in the generation of concrete conclusions. 6.0 Data Collection Method: In order to address the research questions, this research will focus on the utilization of one critical research instruments or data collection methods: administration of questionnaires. 6.1 Questionnaires: The research will focus on the selection and administration of open and closed questions in the form of appropriate questionnaires. Administration of questionnaires is essential in the collection of data in relation to quantitative research methodology. The instrument is essential and appropriate for the collection of data in this research because it is practical. In addition, the instrument is appropriate for large amounts of data or information from the large sample or research participants within the shortest period and restricted cost of operation. Moreover, administration of questionnaires is also ideal because of the increased chance of quantifying the findings of the research under the influence of the software packages (Vanderstoep & Johnston, 2009). Researchers also have the ability to analyse the findings of the research through objective and scientific mechanisms in comparison to other research tools and instruments. Collection of quantitative data from the administration of questionnaires will enable the researcher to develop new theories while testing existing hypotheses. From this illustration, administration of the questionnaires will be essential in the enhancement of effectiveness and efficiency of data collection to aid valuable analysis of the research findings. Finally, the research instrument will enable the research to employee various research assistants with limited effects on the validity and reliability of the findings or information. This makes the instrument one of the most effective tools in the collection of quantitative data for the development of various theories and theoretical concepts. The research will focus on the administration of the questionnaires to 250 participants with diverse occupational backgrounds, as evident in the attached questionnaire. The approach will be vital in the elimination of biasness in the collection and analysis of data. The research will focus on utilizing critical literature review concerning the publications from the Australia. It is essential to focus on the recent publications to ensure that the findings are relevant to the existing relationship between the dependent and independent variables. This research focuses on the utilization of the independent and dependent variables in accordance with the developed hypotheses. The independent variable in this research will include variables that the research has control of in the course of collection and analysis of data. The research will focus on manipulation of such data for the achievement of the research goals and objectives. In addition, the research will relate the dependent variables to the existing independent variables for effectiveness and efficiency in the generalization of the findings. This will help in acquisition of relevant data related to the research hence better findings. Some of the critical variables in the data collection process include reduction in smoking habits, smoking control, and effects of second-hand smoking, poverty, mental illness, and development indicators. The administration of the research findings will ensure that the research obtains sufficient information or data to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables in relation to the above demonstrations. Reliability and validity of the research methodologies and instruments will be essential concepts in the modern society. The research will seek to adopt and implement diverse elements of reliability and validity tests to minimize elements of biasness in the collection and analysis of data. In addition, the research procedure will seek to integrate objectivity rather than subjectivity to enhance the strength of the research findings. It would be ideal for the researcher to promote these ethical issues in relation to universal research procedures to address the research questions and objectives. In addition, the research will help in obtaining better results because of its transparency. 7.0 Data Analysis Technique This research will focus on the integration of quantitative research analysis techniques for effective generalization of the findings as well as development of the theoretical concepts. In the analysis of the findings of this research, one of the essential techniques will be the aspect of regression analysis. This will be vital in the determination of the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables with reference to the research hypotheses. In addition, the research will focus on utilization of the significance levels as quantitative analysis technique to evaluate the relationship between the existing variables during the collection of the data for this research. Hermeneutical analysis will be critical in the assessment of the research findings with reference to the social and cultural contexts of the study prior to quantification of the findings. I will also use content analysis in the literature review with the aim of identifying the major themes arising from the research questions and data collection methods. Alternatively, the research will consider exploitation of t-test, and p-value concepts in relation to analyzing quantitative data from the administration of the questionnaires. The questionnaires will also give a wide range of questions to help in obtaining more data about the study. In addition, this will help in obtaining accurate data concerning the study. 8.0 Ethical Considerations Execution of this research will focus on adhering and complying with ethical issues in relation to the universal data collection and analysis techniques. This will ensure that the research adheres to objective approaches in the collection of data and analysis of the key findings in accordance with the research questions and objectives. In addition, the research will promote elements of honesty, use of non-sexist language, and minimization of biasness with reference to manipulation of the research findings to achieve the goals and objectives of the research. Moreover, the data collection will involve the use of consent forms by the participants with the aim of ensuring confidentiality and privacy of the personal details of the research sample. The research will also take into consideration the gender language to enable enhance equity amongst both gender. This is vital in promoting anonymity during the research process. 9.0 References Bell, K. & Dennis, S. (2013). Towards a critical anthropology of smoking: Exploring the consequences of tobacco control. Contemporary Drug Problems, 40(1), 3-19. Buddelmeyer, H. & Wilkins, R. (2011). The Effects of Smoking Ban Regulations on Individual Smoking Rates. Rochester: Social Science Research Network. Dennis, S. (2013). Researching smoking in the new smokefree: Good anthropological reasons for unsettling the public health grip. Health Sociology Review, 22(3), 282-290. DiFranza, J. R. (2012). Research Opportunities Concerning Youth and the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(1), 54-61. Donna, A. P., Anne, C. G., Chris, R., James, K., Trish, C., Sally, D., & Adrian, B. (2012). Tobacco promotion 'below-the-line': Exposure among adolescents and young adults in NSW, Australia. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 429-437. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-429 Dwyer, T., Bradshaw, J., Mummery, W. K., Searl, K. R., Rossi, D., & Broadbent, M. (2008). Public support for anti-smoking legislation varies with smoking status. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 16(4), 231-236. Lawrence, D., Lawn, S., Kisely, S., Bates, A., Mitrou, F., & Zubrick, S. R. (2011). The potential impact of smoke-free facilities on smoking cessation in people with mental illness. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(12), 1053-1060. Magnus, A., Cadilhac, D., Sheppard, L., Cumming, T., Pearce, D., & Carter, R. (2011). Economic Benefits of Achieving Realistic Smoking Cessation Targets in Australia. American Journal of Public Health, 101(2), 321-327. Potera, C. (2013). Outdoor Smoking Areas. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(7), A229. doi:10.1289/ehp.121-a229 Preston NJ, Kisely S, Xiao J. 2002, “Assessing the outcome of compulsory psychiatry treatment in the community: epidemiological study in Western Australia”. BMJ.;324: 1244  Thow, A. & McGrady, B. (2014). Protecting policy space for public health nutrition in an era of international investment agreements. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(2), 139-145. Tobin, H. (2006). What really happens when you ban smoking. Review - Institute of Public Affairs, 58(3), 41 Vanderstoep, S. W., & Johnston, D. D. 2009. Research methods for everyday life blending qualitative and quantitative approaches. San Francisco, CA, Jossey- Bass. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10275652. Read More