Controlled Vocabularies and Their Use - Assignment Example

REPORT ON CONTROLLED VOCABULARIES AND THEIR USE by of your of the of the the and Due date of the paper Executive summary The three websites that are selected provides the brief description of the methodology that is followed in the controlled vocabulary. The features help to make the process of searching easy and effective. The advantages and disadvantages provide the user with the clear idea of its usage. The controlled vocabulary methods applied in this provide insight on the various techniques that can be followed to make the search process effective. The demonstrative way of finding the answer for the question and the difficulties that are faced, gives an overview of the various methods to retrieve content from the website. This has a large impact on the usage of web technology. It provides the data that is relevant and allows the user to make the best use of the internet expertise. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Method 3 First: A large commercial website 3 Controlled vocabulary method used: 4 Characteristics of faceted classification: 4 Advantage and disadvantage: 5 Effectiveness of the site in finding information: 6 A question that user might expect the site to be able to answer: 6 Second: Government website 6 Characteristics of taxonomy: 7 Advantage and disadvantage: 7 Effectiveness of the site in finding information: 8 A question that a user might expect the site to be able to answer 9 Third: National Agricultural Library Thesaurus 9 Controlled vocabulary method used: 9 Characteristics of Thesaurus: 10 Advantage and disadvantage: 10 Effectiveness of the site in finding information: 11 A question that a user might expect the site to be able to answer 11 Overall findings: 12 Based on your experience with the site, do you agree with these advantages and disadvantages? Why? 12 Conclusion 13 Bibliography 15 Introduction There are times when user would like to perform multiple database searching. This emerges the use of controlled vocabulary. (Chu 2007, p.55)A controlled vocabulary is an information tool that contains standardized words and phrases used to refer to ideas, physical characteristics, people, places, events, subject matter and many other concepts. (Harpring 2010, p.1) The strengths for controlled vocabulary are the synonyms, homographs and syntax that are considered as weak points for natural language. Advances in natural language also led to the usage of controlled vocabulary. (Chu 2007, p.55) Thus in the printed world the usage of controlled vocabulary is given prominence. Method Three website have been chosen to investigate: large commercial website https://www.optus.com.au/ government website http://www.greaterdandenong.com/index.asp And a National Agricultural Library Thesaurus which is http://agclass.nal.usda.gov/agt.shtml First: A large commercial website The site www.optus.com.au, has major database of mobile applications and are categorized according to the usage (personal, business, wholesale and so forth) and subdivided further as follows, Figure1: an example of using (screen shoot from www.optus.com.au) Controlled vocabulary method used: The menu bar consists of ‘mobile phone’ section that helps to access various ones that come in this section. To begin with the controlled vocabulary, to check the menu tab it shows different categories that forms a group and each one has its own sub divisions. This comes under faceted classification. It is defined as the technique in which the facet only takes valid values (terms) during the classification and retrieval process. The set of terms for a facet is called its term space and we have mobile phone as one of the term spaces. (Asplund 1998, p.190) This is clearly seen in the above example as it gives list of different terms such as Mobile Plans, Prepaid, Offers Extras, and Brands and so on and for each term there is group of terms and by clicking the link would get more descriptive information. Characteristics of faceted classification: Separate and independent hierarchies for every facet and every sub facet(Olson and Boll 2001, p.170):It is seen from the picture above that the facet mobile plans has a systematic approach and they are linked with the content that is relevant to this. Strict adherence to the use of a single characteristic of division in each facet or subfacet(Olson and Boll 2001, p.170): It is seen that the subdivisions have the different features that can be categorized and searched easily as per the convenience of the customer. Labels that clearly distinguish each facet (Olson and Boll 2001, p.170): It has hot offers option that gives accurate information. System-wide rules for combining the facets into a sequence that results in the compound notation (Olson and Boll 2001, p.170): The term space combines all the terms and makes it the right kind of format. Advantage and disadvantage: Faceted browsing is adopted by many ecommerce sites and web community. It is a structured type of taxonomy and the advantages of faceted search can be listed as follows: It adopts schema design, where a faceted structure leads to minimal and flexible schemata. (Sacco and Tzitzitkas, p. 13) The user interaction is simple and natural. (Sacco and Tzitzitkas, p. 13) It is considered search effective because it has extremely fast convergence to small result sets. (Sacco and Tzitzitkas, p. 13) The content of web pages can be checked with selected terms. New content can be catered as the concepts already exist. ( Ding and Lin 2010, p.45) It establishes the content based navigation technique that enhances user’s browsing activities. ( Ding and Lin 2010, p.45) The precision of indexing and searching can be improved greatly and provides accuracy. ( Ding and Lin 2010, p.45) And the disadvantages include The notation can become long and complex and may be unsuitable for the arrangements of documents. (Hunter 2009, p. 92) The problem of citation order can cause difficulty. (Hunter 2009, p. 92) It uses horizontal space which can be used to show even more content on the search results page. (Nudelman, n.d.) The connection between the search controls in the left-hand side and the result below were not clear in the minds of the user. (Nudelman, n.d.) The user might have to scroll so far to see the search controls meant that they often missed important options they wanted. (Nudelman, n.d.) Effectiveness of the site in finding information: There are set of mobile phones and the applications which make the person to be in a dilemma as which one to consider. This can be clarified by providing the controlled vocabulary technique of faceted classification. It provides the user with the Resource that can be the name of the phone, its series number and so forth which distinguishes one feature from another. The description Framework can be used to describe the features of the phone such as the android model, Google play, camera, memory and so forth. It can provide the overview of the phones that are in the market, price and the features that comprise of data about data which can be suitable for the commercial websites. In this way the controlled vocabulary helps the users to search the one that they want to buy. A question that user might expect the site to be able to answer: The question: Is android useful? It gives the result of around 820 results and with the ‘By Plan’ and ‘Related Items’ (Search Results 2011)Under each section there are result numbers and by selecting the Android Mobile Phones - Compare Price and Plans - Optus Business which provides the information about the business phones and its usage. This way it distinguishes the various models and can be selected as per the requirement. Second: Government website The website, www.greaterdandenong.com provides the local community with information about the services that is offered by the community. The menu consists of a number of terms such as, council, residents, communities which are entirely different from each section and can be considered as taxonomy as when we check the subdivision that has the same concepts explained as in the parent-child format. This comes under taxonomy. Taxonomy is a science of classification that provides guidelines about how to categorize, organize, label and arrange information in hierarchical fashion. (Sugumaran, p.25)The library consists of about the library, catalogue, Eresources and so forth which provide the in-depth knowledge on what we are looking for. The library consists of about the library, catalogue, Eresources and so forth which provide the in-depth knowledge on what we are looking for. Broad Term library services Community Eresources Catalogue Narrow Term Library Characteristics of taxonomy: It includes presentation of vocabularies, application profiles and development of metadata schemes.(Sugumaran,p.25) It is used to have a navigation structures when navigating without a precise research goal in mind. .(Sugumaran,p.25) A thesaurus can be used as taxonomy.(Sugumaran,p.25) Advantage and disadvantage: It can be a reference for designers. It describes a detailed process that designers can systematically decide which features to include in their search designs.(Wilson,p.7) It can be used by academics to identify the areas that require further study and contextualize future advances in the field.(Wilson,p.7) Taxonomy uses items in Lookup lists and the end user pick up the terms from the predefined set. It improves search results. (Klindt,p.98) When there are number of departmental content management system exists within an organization, a common taxonomy can enable the same content in different systems to be labeled and retrieved consistently.( Al-Hawamdeh, p.331) Taxonomy guided manual indexing is more consistent.( Al-Hawamdeh, p.331) The disadvantages can be mentioned as follows: It can be a labor intensive task and one of the reasons that folksonomy came into existence.( Wilson,p.7) Manual selection of appropriate topics from thousands of topics is extremely tedious. ( Al-Hawamdeh, p.331) More complicated and fine grained topics could be found by combining the multiple evidence can be found based on the contextual meaning of the topics. ( Al-Hawamdeh, p.333) There is every possibility of out of date vocabulary as there is inevitable time lag before new terms are added to the thesaurus. (Olson and Boll 2001, p.40) Taxonomy implies definition and control of the meaning of words .But it is wrong to generalize science in particular to written language in general.(Olson and Boll 2001, p.40) Effectiveness of the site in finding information: Usage of taxonomy for e-government In number of countries e-government projects have started to employ taxonomy based approaches. The quick search is divided into categories such as council, residents, business community, library, animals and so forth which gives the main topics that we can consider. This way the topic is regarded as the parent. Then to retrieve make the use of the subtopics. The topic Residents which has many sub topics is considered and as children in the families and children topic is found then the option of maternal and child health can be selected. And there are certain programs that are predefined by the controlled vocabulary that provides the sub groups which can be like the Day of Immunization, Environmental Health Service, Families and Children, Maternal and Child Health and so forth. This kind of relationship among concepts allows the person to identify the topic that they would like to find. Once the information and the search process provide the functions and processes, it can be followed and easily direct towards the Maternal and Child Health topic. Thus the application of taxonomy can be considered useful for the e-government services. A question that a user might expect the site to be able to answer Question: Is child immunization important? By tying the phrase child immunization, the subtopics are listed as Day of Immunization, Immunization, Immunization Certificates and Schools, Immunization Times and Venues. By selecting immunization topic which is relevant to the question we get the following options. It is an insight of the Immunization and the definition as ‘a free service provided by the council to protect the health and well being of your children.’ And ‘Immunization not only protects your child from serious diseases, but also other children in the community.’ This is again subdivided into types of vaccinations, times, dates and venues which give the in-depth knowledge on the various options. This answers the question that child immunization is important. Third: National Agricultural Library Thesaurus Access the URL http://agclass.nal.usda.gov/agt.shtml to obtain the result. This website has a free web service and allows searching for Thesaurus. Controlled vocabulary method used: The controlled vocabulary typed is used on this website is Thesaurus. Thesaurus consists of a systematic part, in which the descriptors, or indexing terms are arranged in systematic groups and an alphabetic part that serve as an index to thesaurus. (Dueck,Guzman and Verstappen, p. 26) Characteristics of Thesaurus: It is a semantic network of unique concepts, including relationship between synonyms, broader and narrower (parent/child) contexts. (Harpring 2010, p. 24) It is recommended to be used for databases relating to art and cultural heritage. (Harpring 2010, p. 24) It defines three specializations of the broader-narrower relationship. They are generic, instance and whole-part relationships. (Dueck, Guzman and Verstappen, p. 26) Advantage and disadvantage: The retrieval of data is based on concepts and not on words. (Harpring 2010, p. 24) It provides classified hierarchies that allow the broadening and narrowing of the current query request according to the needs of the user. (Lacasta, et al.,p.9) It provides standard vocabulary for indexing. (Lacasta, et al.,p.9) It is used for browsing in post coordinated information storage and retrieval systems. (Harpring 2010, p. 24) It is far more consistent in indexing. (Dueck, Guzman and Verstappen, p. 26) The disadvantages could be formulated as below, It is not useful in the general domains as a well known body of knowledge which can be associated with the documents in the collection may not exist. (Dueck, Guzman and Verstappen, p. 26) To construct a thesaurus is time consuming. (Dueck, Guzman and Verstappen, p. 26) It requires considerable technical as well as subject skills.(Dueck, Guzman and Verstappen, p. 26) Thesaurus design remains expensive and this fact has limited the domains to which the controlled vocabulary retrieval has been applied. (Diaz and Gabriela, p.16) There is difficulty in exploiting the expressive power of a traditional query interface in exact match retrieval system. (Diaz and Gabriela, p.17) Effectiveness of the site in finding information: From the menu at the left hand side take the databases as search by thesaurus and find the Use words and phrases. Then the terms are displayed in alphabetical order. Select display contents Term + relationships would consist of Spanish translation, Broader Terms/Narrower Terms Use terms (cross references), Related Term, Definitions/Scope Notes. Select the Term + 2-way hierarchy, this option provides an alphabetical list of terms that fit the search criteria along with their: Broader Terms (indicated by ":”), Narrower Terms (indicated by ".”) And then select a search method Terms which START with or Terms which CONTAIN. This provides the information. (Search Tips for Thesaurus 2009) A question that a user might expect the site to be able to answer (Legend, n.d.) By checking for the term that is italicized shows that it has the thesaurus. From A-Z select the start of the letter that is the starting letter of the term that is used for searching. Take ‘Z- DNA’ as the concept and search in Z alphabetical order and result as RDF/XML Format, Persistent URI, Definition, Definition Source, and Used For, Broader Term, Related Term, Subject Category and version in Spanish. (DNA, n.d.) This checks the hierarchy as above in Narrower Terms and so forth. Overall findings: The searching tool of controlled vocabulary provides the ability to search content in the predefined format to give out information that is accurate and make the retrieval process effective. It is time saving. The features distinguish one methodology from another and help the user to select the best one when considering searching from various website. It makes the concept clear and helps the user to implement this in the real life situations and browse efficiently. Based on your experience with the site, do you agree with these advantages and disadvantages? Why? It is agreeable with the advantages of the controlled vocabulary that it improves the speed, accuracy and specificity of searching and uses the right technique to ignore the irrelevant topics. (Windsor, n.d.) First site: This was clearly seen that it can be a reference for designers and the main disadvantage is that it is a labor intensive task. While finding the answer without the controlled vocabulary it would have led to the topics that are irrelevant and can make the topic vast. This increases the search time and cannot get to the right answer. There is information that can be pulled out from other sources and this site may not be recommended. With controlled vocabulary the content that is retrieved is accurate. Second site: In the android usefulness it gave much result that has been minimized and shows that it would be a good option to use the controlled vocabulary technique. The main drawback is the irrelevant topic. But this is one way helpful, as it provides the information that can be considered useful for the subject that is not known. These results provide the insight on the various ones that can be considered better when compared to the data from the lager database. Third site: Many hierarchical levels don’t allow the person to type in any other topic while using the DNA topic as it had pre-defined sub topics. It gave the option to type in the topic and narrow terms and the broader terms helped to add and delete some which can be considered the best way to search for the relevant ones. The disadvantage is that it may not be useful for general domain. Conclusion The controlled vocabulary helps in providing the list of terms to express something more complex into simpler format. This can be a milestone towards progress in this modern era. The application skills can be considered as a good learning experience and can be implemented as and when required. 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Designing a Controlled Vocabulary for use with Digital Asset Libraries. Daydream. Available at: http://www.daydream.co.uk/controlled_vocabulary.asp [Accessed 18 August 2012]. Read More