Health Promotion Intervention - Essay Example

HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTION By Location Table of Contents 3 INTRODUCTION 3 RATIONALE 4 AIMS 5 OBJECTIVES 6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY 9 RELEVANT ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 10 EVALUATION TABLE 1 11 POST INTERVENTION TABLE 11 RESULTS 12 EVALUATION 13 RECOMMENDATIONS 13 CONCLUSION 14 Bibliography 15 Appendices 17 PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET 17 PROJECT TITLE 17 Health Promotion Intervention TITLE Health Promotion Intervention to Raise Awareness of Health Risks Associated with Binge Drinking Among London Metropolitan University Students INTRODUCTION Binge drinking denotes an excessive alcohol use habit, which compels an individual to exhibit a pattern of drinking that registers a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams percent. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism highlight that binge drinking for men involves the consumption of either eight or more alcohol units for a period of 2 hours. In the case of women, the consumption of more than six units of alcohol in the same period constitutes binge drinking. Current statistics reveal that binge drinking is more prevalent among men. Binge drinking is also a common aspect among adolescents and university students. This intervention seeks to create awareness of the potential health risks posed by binge drinking, as well as the potential benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking. The health promotion intervention took place at the London Metropolitan University through a PowerPoint presentation. Prior to the intervention, a selection of ten participants willing to participate in the health promotion intervention took place. A pre-assessment of the perceptions of the participants in binge drinking occurred before the intervention. After the intervention, each participant filled in a post-assessment questionnaire. Analysis and comparison of these assessments determined the outcome of the intervention. RATIONALE In the recent past, studies have revealed that there is an increased rate of binge drinking among undergraduate students. A close analysis of students’ perception on alcohol use highlights that they consider it a pleasurable activity. Binge drinking among university students has been soaring at alarming rates. A remarkable percentage of students specifically 92.4% fall into the category of binge drinkers. These statistics reveal that university students have adopted the British drinking culture. Despite previous efforts by the government to reduce binge drinking, it seems to be increasing in universities. Notably, as the number of university students increased, binge drinkers among the students increase. In 2002, over 60% of undergraduates indulged in binge drinking. In one of the Scottish Universities, a study conducted to establish the percentage of binge drinkers that involved 180 female students revealed that most of them indulged in binge drinking. However, such students did not categorize themselves as binge drinkers (Marks, & Maguire 2010, p. 654). The increasing rates of binge drinking among university students are the cause for concern considering the negative health effects associated with binge drinking. It is evident that young people have adopted the wet culture promoted in the United Kingdom society. Since alcohol drinking is both legal and associated with pleasure in the British culture, undergraduate students have adopted similar attitudes. In addition, the university environment introduces pressure on the students to indulge in binge drinking so that they can belong to a certain social group. Many students face the compulsion to indulge in binge drinking, irrespective of the fact that binge drinking has numerous adverse medical consequences. Although many of the students in universities are of the legal required for drinking, there is evidence that their alcohol consumption rates are extremely high. For many university students belonging to a social group is of critical importance (Marks, & Maguire 2010, p. 656). For this reason, if binge drinking will qualify them to experience such belongingness, they give in easily. In addition, many undergraduate students are unaware of the specific guidelines for sensible drinking. Many students do not understand the defined limits of binge drinking. Some studies have revealed that students are likely to overestimate the number of alcohol units that qualify an individual as a binge drinker. For this reason, it introduces the need for creating awareness on the guidelines for sensible drinking. The fact that many students are not cognizant of the alcohol limits became evident in a study carried out among 180 female Scottish students. The study revealed that over 50% of the students were not aware of the recommended limits. Binge drinking poses numerous health risks. Researchers have associated the habit with health effects such as heart disease, liver failure, and physical ailments. In addition, binge drinking increases an individual’s susceptibility to other risky behaviours such as irresponsible sex behaviour and violent behaviours. Individuals who indulge in binge drinking are also prone to crimes such as the destruction of property and careless driving. The government has been spending a remarkable percentage of income in an effort to provide health care to patients suffering from liver failure and heart diseases. Notably, the health promotion intervention can serve to create the relevance awareness to university students so that they reduce their indulgence in binge drinking (Philippe 2009, p. 615). AIMS The aim of the intervention is to increase the level of awareness among both male and female London Metropolitan University students about the adverse health effects posed by binge drinking. OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of the intervention, all the participants should have the capacity to; a. Identify nine health risks associated with binge drinking b. Identify three health benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking c. Identify three sources of support to stop binge drinking LITERATURE REVIEW There is evidence from the existing literature that many university students indulge in binge drinking without the realization that they are binge drinkers. Evidently, many of the students are unaware of the recommended limits highlighted in the guidelines for sensible drinking. In one of the studies conducted, which involves 1325 undergraduates, it became evident that students overestimate the number of units that define binge drinking. As mentioned above, the United Kingdom Government highlights that the intake of more than eight units in men and more than six alcohol units in females constitutes binge drinking. In this study, about 59% of the students categorised themselves as non-binge drinkers. Interestingly, though, they overestimated the required alcohol units to qualify one as a binge drinker. In a different study involving 2386 students, only 13% of them exhibited the awareness that the definition of binge drinking depends on alcohol units. Notably, a great percentage of the participants also overestimated the number of units defining binge drinking (Cooke, French, & Sniehotta 2010, p. 768). These statistics reveal that many undergraduate students indulge in binge drinking without the recognition that such high levels of alcohol consumption have numerous adverse health effects. For this reason, there is a salient need for an intervention that will increase the awareness of the sensible drinking guidelines. Failure to recognize the recommended limits of binge drinking proves that many of the students lack the relevant awareness concerning the issue. In accordance with the United Kingdom guidelines on sensible drinking, men should not surpass a weekly intake of 21 alcohol units. On the other hand, women should not exceed the recommended weekly intake of 14 units. Notably, an alcohol unit is equivalent to 10 millilitres of concentrated ethanol in its pure form. Many students do not seem to realize that binge drinking constitutes of taking too many alcohol units on a single occasion. There is a common misinterpretation that binge drinking is the intake of half of the recommended weekly units. For this reason, many undergraduate students affected by this misinterpretation highlight that the limit for men is ten units while that of women is seven units. Notably, this misinterpretation presents an overestimation of the real limits of binge drinking (Lightowlers 2011, p. 208). In a different study comprising of 62 undergraduate students, it became evident that many of the students were not aware of the recommended limits of binge drinking. About 82.3% of the students admitted that they were binge drinkers. The study focused on a 4-week follow-up, a period in which the students admitted that they indulged in binge drinking occasionally. The study highlighted that attitude and intentions, as well as past behaviour, were some of the predictors of binge drinking among university students (Marks & Maguire 2010, p. 658). Cameron and her colleagues sought to determine the popularity of drinking game participation among undergraduate students. The study focused on 133 undergraduates who attended the National Alcohol Screening Day. The study revealed that 77% of the students indulged in a lifetime drinking game participation. In addition, 52% of the students admitted to participating in drinking games in the recent past. It emerged that males exhibited high rates of participation in drinking games compared to females. Evidently, many participants of drinking games usually exceeded the recommended limits that define binge drinking. In addition, their participation in such games serves to increase their susceptibilities to alcohol-related problems (Cameron et al 2010, p. 503). Another study sought to highlight the reasons that motivated undergraduate students to indulge in binge drinking. The study applied behavioural reasoning theory and involved 265 undergraduate students. Among the 265 participants, 172 students revealed that they were binge drinkers after a 1-week follow-up assessment. The study also highlighted that there was an 80% variance in binge drinking intentions as well as a 34% variance after a 1-week follow-up. The study identified social reasons as the main factors that contributed to binge drinking among university students (Norman, Conner, & Stride 2012, p. 689). Other researchers carried out a study that sought to explore the relationship between control and intention on behaviour among college students who indulge in binge drinking. The study focused on 149 students in a Midwestern University. It emerged that students who exhibited the intention to adopt a responsible drinking pattern were more likely to control themselves and present less indulgence in binge drinking. The findings from this study proved that students who have the relevant awareness on the negative effects of binge drinking adopted responsible behavioural patterns and controlled their binge drinking habits (Rhodes & Clinkinbeard 2013, p. 30). The study necessitates the purpose of creating awareness among university students so that they can focus on adopting responsible drinking patterns. A different study also sought to analyse the perceptions and practices of student binge drinking. From this study, it emerged that students lacked the sufficient knowledge of the definition of binge drinking in accordance with the recommended limits of alcohol units. Among the 272 students recruited for the study, only about 50% indulged in binge drinking. The study also revealed that many binge drinkers were more likely to overestimate the alcohol units that define binge drinking. Many of the students were of the opinion that binge drinking denoted the consumption of high levels of alcohol without specifying the amount (Clinkinbeard & Johnson 2013, p. 315). Evidently, the existing literature places emphasis on the need to develop effective strategies for creating awareness among university students about the health risks associated with binge drinking. A study carried out in 2012 sought to determine the role of health campaigns in creating awareness about the adverse effects of binge drinking. The study focused on 84 undergraduate students who were divided into dyads. From the study, it emerged that there was a salient need for effective strategies for creating awareness of the disadvantages of binge drinking. Students who recognized the adverse effects of binge drinking were more willing to exhibit non-indulgence (Hendriks, de Bruijn, & van den Putte 2012, p. 850). CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY The intervention involved a talk that centred on binge drinking. The ten participants were identified from the London Metropolitan University before the intervention. Two sets of questionnaires were designed for the pre-intervention assessment and post-intervention assessment. The participants received a questionnaire before the talk and were required to fill it in. The questionnaire sought to establish the participant’s perception and the definition of binge drinking, as well as the recommended alcohol limits defined by the United Kingdom government. The questionnaire also required the participants to highlight the health risks posed by binge drinking, as well as the health benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking. Finally, students needed to identify sources of support that they could rely on in an effort to overcome binge drinking. After the participants filled in the questionnaires, the received an in-depth content of the health risks posed by binge drinking. Students were familiarized with adverse health effects of binge drinking such as heart disease, stomach problem, alcohol poisoning, as well as liver and kidney failure. Participants also received information regarding the benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking. The PowerPoint presentation highlighted benefits such as healthy liver and kidney, less prevalence of headaches, as well as an expected long life with minimal complications. In addition, the talk highlighted support centres, rehabilitation centres, as well as consultation with doctors as some of the sources of support in overcoming binge drinking. After the content delivery to the participants, they were issued with a second set of questionnaires in order to determine the outcomes of the delivery. The methodology used conforms to the educational approach whose purpose is to impart participants with the relevant knowledge so that they can make better choices concerning their health. In addition, the behavioural approach is also evident in the methodology in an effort to urge the participants to adopt a healthier lifestyle by avoiding binge drinking (de Lange et al 2004, p. 1566). The content delivered through a PowerPoint presentation was augmented with leaflets and pictures in an effort to emphasize the message. RELEVANT ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The most relevant ethical issues in the intervention included autonomy, justice, informed consent, and confidentiality. In an effort to promote autonomy, the intervention focused on recruiting students who were willing to participate voluntarily. However, many students were reluctant to participate in the intervention because of the negative connotation associated with binge drinking. All the participants received equal and fair treatment in an effort to ensure justice throughout the intervention. The participants signed a consent form prior to the intervention that highlighted the purpose of the intervention, as well as their rights as participants. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the intervention by promoting the anonymity and destroying all the filled in questionnaires after the intervention. EVALUATION TABLE 1 OBJECTIVES TARGET GROUPS PERCENTAGE N % Definition of binge drinking 8 80 UK Government recommended alcohol limit 5 50 Health benefits of binge drinking 6 60 Health risks of binge drinking 6 60 Sources of support for binge drinking 4 40 POST INTERVENTION TABLE OBJECTIVES TARGET GROUPS PERCENTAGE N % Definition of binge drinking 10 100 UK Government recommended alcohol limit 9 90 Health benefits of binge drinking 10 100 Health risks of binge drinking 9 90 Sources of support for binge drinking 8 80 RESULTS As mentioned above, the questionnaires had five questions. The first question required the participant to define binge drinking, as they perceived it. It emerged that only 80% of the participants were familiar with the true definition of binge drinking. Prior to the intervention, only 50% of the participants could highlight the recommended alcohol limits in accordance with the UK government. Notably, after the presentation, all the participants defined binge drinking correctly, and 90% of them highlighted the recommended alcohol limits correctly. Because only 60% of the participants understood the health benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking before the intervention, all the students exhibited proper knowledge of such benefits after the intervention. In addition, prior to the intervention, only 60% of the participants could highlight the health risks associated with binge drinking. However, after the intervention, 90% of the participants identified numerous adverse effects associated with binge drinking. Finally, 80% of the participants were aware of support sources for binge drinking after the intervention compared to 40% before the intervention. Notably, 90% of the participants described all the nine health risks associated with binge drinking after the intervention while only six could define such risks before the intervention. In the case of support sources, only four participants figured out three support sources before the intervention. After the intervention, 80% of the participants highlighted that rehabilitation centres, support centres, and consultation with doctors were the most viable support sources. EVALUATION A close analysis of the answers presented by the participants in the pre-intervention questionnaires reveals that the students only had a measure of knowledge of binge drinking. For this reason, the participants needed advanced knowledge on different aspects of binge drinking. There is a salient need for university students to understand the health risks introduced by binge drinking as well as the potential benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking. The post-intervention questionnaires revealed that the intervention had positive outcomes because the participants gained new knowledge concerning the definition as well as health risks associated with binge drinking. In addition, more students were able to define the recommended limits of binge drinking. RECOMMENDATIONS Without doubt, the increasing rates of binge drinking exhibited by university students require the development of effective strategies for creating awareness. The intervention carried out utilized leaflets as well as a PowerPoint presentation. However, there is the possibility of utilizing modern technologies as well as the mass media in creating awareness on the adverse effects of binge drinking and the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle with non-indulgence in binge drinking. For this reason, future interventions need to combine powerful tools that can impact students. CONCLUSION Evidently, the increasing indulgence in binge drinking exhibited by university students necessitates interventions. The fact that binge drinking presents numerous undesirable health effects serves as one of the reasons why students should be dissuaded from the habit. For this reason, the intervention carried out relied on the potential of talk and PowerPoint presentation in an effort to create the relevant awareness. According to the results analysed above, the intervention presented positive outcomes. However, there is a need for the use of more effective strategies in the future. Bibliography Cameron, J, Heidelberg, N, Simmons, L, Lyle, S, Mitra-Varma, K, & Correia, C 2010, Drinking Game Participation Among Undergraduate Students Attending National Alcohol Screening Day, Journal of American College Health, 58, 5, pp. 499-506, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Clinkinbeard, S, & Johnson, M 2013, Perceptions and Practices of Student Binge Drinking: An Observational Study of Residential College Students, Journal of Drug Education, 43, 4, pp. 301-319, Criminal Justice Abstracts with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Cooke, R, French, D, & Sniehotta, F 2010, Wide variation in understanding about what constitutes binge-drinking, Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 17, 6, pp. 762-775, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. de Lange, D, Hijmering, M, Lorsheyd, A, Scholman, W, Kraaijenhagen, R, Akkerman, J, & van de Wiel, A 2004, Rapid Intake of Alcohol (Binge Drinking) Inhibits Platelet Adhesion to Fibrinogen Under Flow, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 28, 10, pp. 1562-1568, Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Hendriks, H, de Bruijn, G, & van den Putte, B 2012, Talking about alcohol consumption: Health campaigns, conversational valence, and binge drinking intentions, British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 4, pp. 843-853, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Lightowlers, C 2011, Exploring the temporal association between young peoples alcohol consumption patterns and violent behavior, Contemporary Drug Problems, 38, 2, pp. 191-212, Consumer Health Complete - EBSCOhost, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Marks Woolfson, L, & Maguire, L 2010, Binge drinking in a sample of Scottish undergraduate students, Journal of Youth Studies, 13, 6, pp. 647-659, SocINDEX with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Norman, P, Conner, M, & Stride, C 2012, Reasons for binge drinking among undergraduate students: An application of behavioural reasoning theory, British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 4, pp. 682-698, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Philippe, M 2009, Effect of binge drinking on the liver: an alarming public health issue?, Gut, 58, 5, pp. 613-617, Food Science Source, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Rhodes, T, & Clinkinbeard, S 2013, College students and binge drinking: exploring the relationship between control and intention on behavior, Applied Psychology In Criminal Justice, 9, 1, pp. 24-44, SocINDEX with Full Text, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 February 2015. Appendices PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET PROJECT TITLE Health Promotion Intervention to Raise Awareness of Health Risks Associated with Binge Drinking Among London Metropolitan University Students INVITATION You are being asked to take part in a promotion titled: Health Promotion Intervention to Raise Awareness of Health Risks Associated with Binge Drinking Among London Metropolitan University Students WHAT WILL HAPPEN In this intervention, you will be asked to fill in pre-intervention questionnaire that describes your understanding of binge drinking, its adverse health effects, benefits of non-indulgence and relevant support groups when avoiding binge drinking. Moreover, you will listen to a talk that describes all these aspects, after which you will fill in a second questionnaire. You will also receive leaflets with additional information on binge drinking. TIME COMMITMENT The intervention typically takes 2 hours. PARTICIPANTS’ RIGHTS You may decide to stop your participation in the intervention at any time without explanation. You have the right to ask that any data you have supplied to that point be withdrawn/destroyed. You have the right to omit or refuse to answer or respond to any question that is asked of you (as appropriate, “and without penalty”). if you have any questions as a result of reading this information sheet, you should ask the researcher before the study begins. BENEFITS AND RISKS There are no known benefits or risks for you in this study. (Or as appropriate) For example, if your study involves use of assessment procedures which may unveil psychological or physical problems of which your participants might be unaware and which may endanger their present or future well-being: Participation in this study involves completion of some standardised tests [specify as relevant] which are routinely used as preliminary screens for clinical conditions involving psychopathology/cognitive impairment [as relevant to the particular study] of which you may not be aware. Scores from these tests would not be sufficient basis for clinical decisions or diagnosis, contain substantial margins of error, and are not used for diagnostic purposes in this study. Though it is not possible to provide feedback of individual scores to participants, these scores might hint at health problems that some people would want to discuss with an appropriate health professional. COST, REIMBURSEMENT AND COMPENSATION Your participation in this study is voluntary. CONFIDENTIALITY/ANONYMITY The data we collect do not contain any personal information about you except… (describe as appropriate)./ No one will link the data you provided to the identifying information you supplied (e.g., name, address, email). (as appropriate) (Also say something about your intentions regarding use of the data, e.g., presentation at conferences, publication, etc. In doing so, make clear the extent to which individual participants will or will not be identifiable, as appropriate) FOR FURTHER INFORMATION I will be glad to answer your questions about this study at any time. You may contact him/her at …. (provide at least two ways to contact the supervisor/PI, e.g., email, phone, physical address) INFORMED CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN A HEALTH PROMOTION MINI-PROJECT My name is a second year student in the social science faculty at London Metropolitan University and would appreciate your participation in a health promotion mini-project designed to promote awareness about binge drinking.Thismini-project forms a part of my coursework/assessment for the undergraduate Health Promotion module. The mini-project requires you to (1) Complete an anonymous questionnaire, (2) Take part in my intervention and (3) Complete a final anonymous questionnaire all within a specified time The information you provide would be anonymised and the questionnaires destroyed after the submission of the coursework. If you want to withdraw from the study at any time you may do so without penalty and the information on you up to that point would also be destroyed. Though this project may not contribute to any immediate benefits for you, I would be glad to e-mail you a summary of the outcomes of the intervention if you tick the appropriate box below I anticipate no risks to you as a result of your participation in the mini-project but have provided the following emergency phone numbers should you require any emergency attention in the course of the mini-project (e.g 999 Police/Ambulance; 0845 4647 NHS Direct). For any further enquiries, do contact: Name: Dept:……………………………………………….. Degree Programme……………………………….. E-mail……………………………………………….. Phone………………………………………………. …………………….……… please detach along this line ………………………………………. This form is completed in duplicates. Your completion and submission of this slip represents your consent to participate in this mini-project. I confirm I have read and understood the information and I agree to take part in this mini- project. I confirm I want to be sent a summary of the outcomes by e-mail at the completion of the project QUESTIONAIRE Part 1 1. Name 2. Age 3. Sex 4. Course taken in the University 5. Personal contacts Part 2 1. How do you describe binge drinking? 2. What are the UK government recommended alcohol limits for males and females? 3. Identify 9 health risks associated with binge drinking 4. Highlight potential benefits of non-indulgence in binge drinking 5. Name three support sources that can offer the relevant help in avoiding binge drinking. LITERATURE REVIEW CHART TITLE/AIMS METHODOLOGY FINDINGS SUMMARY Marks & Maguire (2010) Binge drinking in a sample of Scottish undergraduate students. The aim of this study was to investigate the theory of planned behaviour and also past behaviour of bingeing to predict Scottish undergraduate students’ binge drinking intentions and behaviour over a time period of 4 weeks Qualitative The research revealed that the TPB model is effective in determining an individual’s intention to indulge in binge drinking. Attitude is one of the critical factors determining whether an individual will indulge in binge drinking. Cameron et al (2010) Drinking Game Participation Among Undergraduate Students Attending National Alcohol Screening Day. The aim of this study was to explore patterns of alcohol consumption and types of drinking games played among students. Qualitative The findings of this research revealed that the participation in drinking games encourages regular alcohol consumption, which eventually leads to binge drinking. The habit of participating in drinking games may motivate students to indulge in binge drinking. Cooke et al (2010) Wide variation in understanding about what constitutes binge drinking The aim of this study was to explore undergraduate student’s opinion on what is considered binge drinking and their knowledge about sensible drinking Qualitative The participants overestimated the recommended units that define binge drinking. These is n evident lack of knowledge concerning sensible drinking. Lightowlers (2011) Exploring the temporal association between young people’s alcohol consumption patterns and violent behaviour. The aim of this study was to find out the extent in which binge drinking influence violent behaviour Cross sectional model The researchers did not establish any significant correlation between binge drinking and violent behaviour. Binge drinking does not have a direct correlation with violent behaviour, but is one of the factors that trigger violence. Clinkinbeard & Johnson (2013) Perceptions and Practices of Student Binge Drinking: An Observational Study of Residential College Students. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions and practices of student’s binge drinking. Mixed Methods Many of the participants viewed binge drinking as an increased consumption of alcohol at a given time. Therefore, students lacked awareness of the true definition of binge drinking. A great percentage of the students had not understanding that binge drinking is defined in accordance with the recommended limits for alcohol units. Hendriks, de Bruijn, & van den Putte (2012) Talking about alcohol consumption: Health campaigns, conversational valence, and binge drinking intentions. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of conversational valence in health campaigns against binge drinking, Mixed methods This study revealed that there is a salient need to develop better strategies of creating awareness on the side effects of binge drinking. Conversational valence is one of the critical strategies used in health campaigns. Norman, Conner, & Stride (2012) Reasons for binge drinking among undergraduate students: An application of behavioural reasoning theory. The aim of this study was to predict student’s binge drinking intentions and behaviour using the behavioural reasoning theory. Quantitative This study revealed that behavioural reasoning theory is effective in the prediction of the intentions of students to indulge in binge drinking. The behavioural reasoning theory emerges as an effective framework in the determination of student behaviour and intentions to binge drink. Rhodes & Clinkinbeard (2013) College students and binge drinking: exploring the relationship between control and intention on behaviour. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between student’s perceptions of their ability to control their behaviour and reported levels of binge drinking. Quantitative The research revealed that participants with the intention of drinking responsibly were more able to control their drinking behaviour. The study supports the TPB model and its efficiency in binge drinking. Read More