Emergency Event - Assignment Example

Table of Contents I – Introduction – What is a disaster? II – What was the event? Ash Wednesday 1983 III – How did it happen? What lead to the fire? February 16, 1983 – the day of the bushfire IV – Who and what did it affect? Dandenong Ranges, Macedon area, Lofty Ranges of Adelaide, Otway Damage to infrastructure Ecological system V – The role of ambulance, police and government during the disaster VI – The long term implication of the disaster VII – The implication of being prepared VIII – Response implication IX – The implication on tourism X – Recovery implication XI – Conclusion Abstract This research is about hazards and disasters that result to an emergency event. The aim of this research is to answer questions like what is a disaster, and what and how does it affect the community and an individual. What is its whole implication to the entire country? How does a bushfire in particular affect the residents of the affected areas? What is its implication on the economy? What is the role of the federal government before, during, and after the disaster? What is the role of the different government and non-government agencies during a calamitous situation? On this research the role of the ambulance paramedics are explained as well as the roles of the police. The impact of a disaster such as bushfire on tourism and environment is discussed. The federal government together with the private sectors is working hand in hand on emergency management. Efforts that are being made by Emergency Management Australia involve public education through publications, training of staff, updating of technology, and funding. The overall goal of the research is to make it clear that preparedness is the key to lessen the impact of disaster. What is a disaster? A disaster is the effect of an occurrence that has cause tremendous damage to people and community (Dombrowsky, 1995). The aim of this paper is to show what disaster is and its effect on people and community, and to be able to combat the devastating outcome it may bring by truly understanding it, and by applying significant safety measures whenever applicable. The nature of disasters varies in forms and attacks, and generally unpredictable. It may be a result of natural phenomenon like typhoon, tornado, or earthquake but sometimes it is due to human error or irresponsibility. However, there are times when a disaster is a result of both. Its frequency can differ; it can occur more often and therefore can post a greater risk. The result of its impact differs; for example a tornado may last only fifteen minutes while a drought may stretch for years. It can come without warning, but sometimes its onset is slow, allowing longer warning time. It can invade a small area sometimes, but there are times when the encroachment it makes is so devastatingly wide, like the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines. It also has different potential levels of destruction, while a cyclone may devastate an entire city, a bridge that collapsed may only affect a small area. Its relation to human vulnerability and control may also vary. Sometimes it’s beyond human intervention and should be left to run its course, while sometimes human intervention can reduce its impact even though one could not prevent it from occurring. Thus, a disaster according to Emergency Management Australia is a severe disturbance in a community life which terrorizes the whole community, and causes fatalities and damages which is beyond the scope of a regular day-to-day emergency call, causing the legislative authority to require special recruitment and organization of resources aside from which is in regular season accessible to the system (EMA Disaster Database, 2005). What was the event? Ash Wednesday 1983 The NATIONAL GUIDELINES & BROADCAST LEVELS CHART FOR THE BROADCAST OF EMERGENCY PUBLIC WARNINGS of Australia has made it a guideline that an emergency will be declared when there is a grave threat to the life and property of an individual, or if there is a forthcoming threat to the lives of people and community (http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/.PDF). On February 16, 1983 in Victoria Australia an event happened, and it became known as one of the worst bushfires in the history of the world. It is now known as the Ash Wednesday 1983. This is one of the disasters that had a huge and devastating impact, killing many people and had caused tremendous damages. It destroyed hundreds of thousands of hectares of both public and private lands (Fire and Other Emergencies, 2009). The Table below shows the extent of the damaged made by the Ash Wednesday bushfire: Area/Town Fire Size (hectares) Deaths Buildings Lost Cudgee/Ballangeich 50,000 9 872 East Trentham/Mt Macedon 29,500 7 628 Otway Ranges 41,000 3 782 Belgrave Heights/Upper Beaconsfield 9,200 21 238 Cockatoo 1,800 6 307 Monivae 3,181 0 numerous Branxholme 200 1 10 Warburton 40,000 0 57 DSE Fire and Other Emergencies, 2009 How and why did it happen? The huge parts of Australian lands suffer in a regular basis from hazards that are meteorological in origin. These are cyclones, droughts; bushfires, heat waves, and severe storms (EMA, 2003). February 16, 1983 was said to be the result of a four year drought that started in 1979 (Natural Disasters in Australia, 2008). Bushfires are common and always the cause of panic in Victoria prior to Ash Wednesday 1983, but a huge one like the Ash Wednesday can happen six to ten times in a century. Due to its natural surroundings, very high temperature and inadequate summer rainfalls, Victoria eucalypt forests are quite prone to the danger of fire all the time. According to report of DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) sparks coming from electricity power lines that were rubbing against the other, and tree branches that were somehow touching the electricity power lines were the reasons behind the Ash Wednesday fires. There were still some unknown factors that contributed to the whole disaster (Fire and Other Emergencies, 2009). What lead to the fire? Before February 16 of 1983, Victoria was already experiencing drought that lasted about more than ten months. During that year there were only few rainfalls, even during winter and spring. The summer rainfall was 75% less compared to the previous years. This incident resulted to very dry soil and consequent drying of water system (rivers and dams); there was almost no moisture in the air. These are the things bushfires need in order to start. Fuel such as dry leaves, dry branches and other dry vegetation matter are factors in bushfires. Over one hundred fires started the well-known bushfire of the century (Fire and Other Emergencies, 2009). February 16, 1983 - the day of the bushfire: The sky was clear according to record and the temperature was rising. The temperature in many places in Australia increased to 40 degrees Celsius and humidity was 15% low. The regular and average humidity in Melbourne is 43% during summer season. By early to middle afternoon there were already reports of bushfires. The particular hours of the sad day were confirmed to be the hottest and driest. The winds from the north were strong and the front made its way inward in the late afternoon. The fires were now being pushed towards south creating thin long fires (Fire and Other Emergencies, 2009). Furthermore according to the report, as the wind changed its direction towards south-west Victoria, the disaster also changed its scope and impact. Before the wind change, the fires were narrow and long with thin head or front. As the wind changed its course, the long thin side of the fire had become its front making much larger fire. One resident described the scenario to be unbelievably quick “I could not believe the speed at which the flames moved... ......there’s no way you could have beaten it running" (Fire and Other Emergencies, 2009). Who and What did it affect? Dandenong Ranges, Macedon area, Lofty Ranges of Adelaide, Otway. Residents and jobs were greatly affected and homes were burned. Based on the record Dandenong Ranges, Macedon area, and the Mt. Lofty Ranges east of Adelaide were the areas that suffered the most. These were residential areas. Victoria’s eastern Otway ranges which were thick in forests and southern South Australia forests were blazed (http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/fire5.htm#top). The event affected the whole Australian economy with total cost of $A7 billion. Due to agricultural losses1, there were many people who lost their jobs in rural areas. Two thousand five hundred houses were destroyed which means thousands of people became homeless (http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/fire5.htm#top). The following 24 hours of that day cost so much from the Australian financial system. Over 1000 people were hospitalized and needed treatment. Over $320 million insurance losses were incurred and the total probable costs were $950 million in 1997 values (EMA, 6th Edition 2007). During a disaster, it is not only the impact of the financial losses that is in consideration, which in by itself already incurs heavy burdens upon the treasury of the nation. There is at the same time the collective impact of a disaster over the community and on the individual, with regards to personal possessions, and loss of loved ones. (Middlemann & Groups, 2007) Natural hazards such as bushfire can produce primary and secondary effects. The primary impacts can vary from loss of family members and friends, injuries, loss of homes, and loss of income. These have direct social impact as stated in the book. The economic effect can vary also from structural and non structural damages. There is also the threat of hazardous chemical emission during this time (Middlemann & Groups 2007). Example: Many people died, including the lives of those firefighters who were defending the community from further damages. Many houses were reduced into ashes. Due to agricultural losses, burnt farms and live stocks, many people were left jobless and consequently without income. Damage to infrastructure: Disaster such as the 1983 Ash Wednesday can severe infrastructure and can inflict huge amount of financial losses from government funds. Example: The particular event caused power failures that contributed even more to the difficulty in handling the situation. As it was reported, residents have to fend for themselves because the fire had cut off the communication, the escape routes were closed by fire and the electric lines that were used to operate water pumps had been cut off (Smith, Stewart 2002). Ecological system - A bushfire may pollute water system, can cause erosion and lessen the water catchment yield – all secondary effect of a bushfire. The environment suffers greatly as millions of tons of carbon dioxide are being released on the event like this (AustConserv, N.D.). The environmental effect of bushfire disaster: Since most of the Australian land can be inflicted by fire, it is important to understand its effect on the environment. The possibility of re-growth of plants, flora and fauna, and the re-population of animals, vertebrate and invertebrate is important to understand. Plants, depending on its nature can easily grow back after the fire (Gill, unknown date). According to Richard Conan – Davis, animals are much more likely have a hard time to recover. There are animals that jump run to the direction of safety during bushfire. They are the kangaroos, emus, and goannas. They are the ones usually not affected. Koalas depending on how fast the fire is spreading have a slim chance of surviving, even though it can also move along the ground. Wombats are the ones with higher survival rate due to their burrows underground, while goannas can hide on rocks if the fire is not so intense (Conan-Davis, 2005). The bushfire may have some short term positive impacts on the environment as it encourages new growths on vegetations, and animals can feed on them; however the there are more negative impacts compared to its positive effects (AustConserv, N.D). The role of ambulance, police and government during the disaster: Ambulance paramedics – ambulance paramedics play a major role in times of event like bushfires. They are the ones that respond to the immediate medical need of people during crisis. The following are the tasks that ambulance paramedics do: 1. Respond to medical emergency like accidents and hazards or disaster. They may administer life support in case of emergency. 2. Manage the patients (assess and treat) on the way to the nearest hospital. 3. They may perform invasive methods like intravenous canulation, giving pain relief drugs, and resuscitation. 4. Lift patients on stretchers and transfer them to hospital. 5. Drive ambulances to the site of the emergency and bring the patients to the nearest medical facilities. 6. Prepare the patient care record and reports of the patient’s condition, and treatment that has been provided during the transportation. 7. Transport the patient to the most appropriate medical facility according to the type of injury (Ambulance Victoria, N.D.). Police – the role of police before, during and after the emergency event. The police bureau works hand in hand with the different government agencies during crisis. They make sure that every agency that responds to emergency is aware and involved. They make sure also of the proper distribution of the emergency funds, and they are involved in recovery program (Government of Australia 2009). The following are the major tasks of police in connection with the emergency event: 1. They are the lookout for fire, cyclone, and any possible emergency call. 2. They make sure that no deliberate bushfire is happening or going to happen. 3. They are responsible for advice and warning call; they decide when to use the Triple Zero call. 4. They make sure that the public are well aware of the development of the emergency. 5. They are the ones involved in recovery programs (Government of Australia, 2009). Government – the role of the government is to make sure that everything is in proper order before, during, and after a disaster. It allocates fund for emergencies even before it occurs, and when it occurs it makes sure that the fund is carefully and properly disbursed. During pre-emergency event, it looks after the updating of emergency management, making sure that all areas are well equipped, and all the staff are well trained to respond to an emergency. After a disastrous event, the government makes it sure that recovery is on its way, thus, creating commissioners that would implement fast recovery (Bushfire Recovery 2009). The long term implication of the disaster: Benson and Clay say that natural disaster has the potential of severely damaging the capital assets and other resources of a country. And even though there are some capitals and assets that have not been damaged, still a disaster can diminish the productivity of the said capital and assets by related interference of infrastructure and markets. They further assert that disaster caused by droughts can result to long term investment disturbance on both physical and human capital. The reason behind this is because the use of government funds will be diverted away from the original planned investments; it will be used instead to finance relief and rehabilitation. Domestic or internal borrowing may finance the reconstruction with the same result of increased future payments. Insurance policies can cover some of the damages, but even this is focused on the costs of premium payments (Benson & Clay, 2004). To lessen the impact of the disaster: Due to the fact that Australia has been known to be prone to Natural Hazards, in 1974 the establishment of NDO or Natural Disasters Organizations has been approved by the Federal Cabinet. It is within the Department of Defense in Canberra acting as special bureau. The NDO has ever since acted as the Civil Defense force and the one that organizes Commonwealth physical help to the eight States and Territories. Its main function is to organize help in the event of disaster and emergency. On January of 1993 the NDO has been changed to EMA (Emergency Management Australia), since its involvement goes beyond the natural disaster (EMA 2006). The organization is involved in training people in emergency cases. It has been conducting workshops, and courses financed by the Commonwealth. It is also promoting Disaster Awareness Programs through publications. The implication of being prepared: Hazards can come without warning, and disasters are products of unpreparedness to natural occurrences. The impact of the disaster depends how well we are geared for battle. Studies have implied that anticipation of a coming hazard can be a friend that will save the society from being surprised to such attacks; since right responses will lessen the impact if the disaster is totally unavoidable. History can be the best measure for any upcoming emergency event. Looking back can give organizations an intelligent estimation of the things that should be done (Bartolomhew, N.D.). On the other hand, being prepared for the things that are not yet known is equally intelligent; this is because according to Dombrowsky, there is no assurance that the lessons of the past are appropriate and applicable to the future (Bartolomhew, N.D.). Being prepared in all the aspects of an emergency event means a lot. Infrastructure, people location, and excellent communication should be given ample amount of consideration when planning for unexpected events. Response Implication: “Responding to emergencies is referred to as ‘response’ (EMA 2009). Right response can save lives and properties. Right information is crucial for decision making in emergency event. It is therefore of utmost importance that information are correct and precise. Response is the measure to be taken during or after the event. The Australian Government has developed programs that are meant to deal immediately with an emergency event through different organizations, NGOs and government agencies. Continuous training for fire fighters, medical teams, and education for all citizens are being done, in order that it can respond correctly in times of crisis. An article written by Mahesh Sharma says that fire fighting technology is being upgraded. It has been observed how geo-location system technology has been used to assist in the latest Victorian fire that burnt thousands of hectares of land, and hundreds of houses. $15 million has been awarded by the Federal government for funding of national emergency warning system. Through this system the citizens, will be informed via text and voice messages directly to their mobile phones and landlines based on the billing address database. The national Geographic Notification and Information System is another development sponsored by a private company Early Warning Network. The system can notify in short notice the residents that are already registered in their database. The system notification can send messages via different electronic devices and PDAs and applications (Personal Digital Assistants) namely, mobile devices, landlines and emails. The information will directly come from authorized agencies like fire authorities and from the Bureau of Meteorology (Sharma 2009). These are just few of the developments aimed to improve response during emergency event2. The implication of right response is the less impact of the disaster. This has direct implication on the federal funds, infrastructure and the community or even on the whole country. Implication on tourism: Positive impact of bushfire – Bushfire also can yield positive impact even though the negative always outnumber the positive. One that can be said as positive impact is the possible re-evaluation of policies and approaches. There is also the cleaning up of the businesses that are unproductive, and this can lead also for tourism agencies to unify forces. New possible tourists spots can be developed (Sanders et al, 2008). The negative impacts of bushfire on tourism are as follows: Safety and security – there is reduced tourist visibility after fire due to the perceived danger. The damaged roads and trail surfaces, the presence of hazardous material such as ash from asbestos and CCA (Copper Chromium Arsenate) from huts and other building that were burnt. The bridges are damaged and sign structures are lost (Sanders et al, 2008). Health and aesthetic concern – air pollution from smoke can be a health risk factor. It can inflict serious respiratory problem on visitors. The presence of smoke on parks can reduce the aesthetic beauty of the landscape. It will take some time for the forest to recover from the fire to return to its natural beauty (Sanders at al, 2008). Loss of attractions and reduced recreational opportunities – fires can destroy tourist attraction and infrastructure. It has been noted that the 2006/07 fires in Victoria destroyed indigenous cultural heritage and sites, while some new sites are being excavated, some are lost already and cannot be recovered. The fire also affects the recreational value of a tourist spot. There will be possible campfire bans and activities will be limited (Sanders et al, 2008). Decline in wildlife biodiversity and reduction in social values – though studies have shown that flora and fauna can easily recover, and wild life will eventually return, the fact still remains that visitors come to observe these things. The absence of wildlife can greatly reduce photo opportunities of the tourists. Some argue also that social value of the place is lost after fire because people come to the parks in the forests because of the healthy environment being preserved in perpetuity (Sanders et al, 2008). Recovery implication: Since there is always a socio-economic cost during disasters, there should be a sensible framework for calculating disaster cost. The costs are according to the book “Natural hazards in Australia” should be based on tangible and intangible losses. Tangible losses (market values) are specified below. The following information is excerpt from the book Natural Hazards in Australia. Direct losses can be classified as: Internal, external, structural and cleanup. Internal – the contents of the major buildings External – items usually found outside buildings like vehicles, boats, sheds Structural – cleaning and repairs of building and infrastructure Cleanup – speedy removal of wreckage (Natural Hazards in Australia) Indirect losses can be classified as: Financial – production loss which means loss of revenue, reduced wages and extra expenditure Opportunity – the non provision of public services (Natural Hazards in Australia) Intangible losses (non-market values) are the following: Direct Intangible losses: Death and injury Loss of significant items – cultural icons, memorabilia, environmental (Natural Hazards in Australia) Indirect Intangible losses: Inconvenience and disruption – social life and schooling Stress – depression, ill health, mental stress (Natural Hazards in Australia) Recovery from disaster is not an easy task. It will greatly depend on the federal government and in the unification of the society. After a bushfire devastates the whole community, it can be expected that residents will be emotionally devastated and needing of support. People are mourning for their loss. Rebuilding of infrastructure and community life and personal life are all needing great amount of strength. Federal agencies and private sectors should walk side by side towards recovery. According to Major General Cantwell who has been tasked to lead recovery from the recent Victorian bushfire the first stage of recovery is earning people’s trust; then helping them back to their homes to rebuild (Rood, 2009). In response to the latest disaster that is so much bigger than the 1983 Ash Wednesday of Victoria, Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority (VBRRA) is established by Commonwealth and Victorian government to oversee rebuilding of infrastructure and community (Victoria, We will rebuild 2009). Recovery implies help from all sources. It implies expenditure, dealing with tangible and intangible losses. It means slash and redirection of government budget. Conclusion: The Australian Government maintains a comprehensive approach in dealing with disaster through EMA (Emergency Management Australia). It works hand in hand with other government agencies, non-government sectors, businesses and volunteers, with the aim of lessening the impact of a disaster. Many non-government volunteer groups are also involved during crisis, they are: Red Cross, St John Ambulance and Salvation Army (EMA 2006). EMA’s role and mission is to make appropriate measures to combat the effect of ever changing challenges of hazards and disasters. It follows a four-key approach namely: Strategic partnerships Developing community capacity and resilience Developing emergency management capability Strategic leadership (EMA 2006) Since the nature of hazards and disasters are ever changing, the best that can be done is to plan carefully the counter attack when the disaster strikes. Along with well planning, it should be helpful to have contingency plans. Part of contingency plan is to anticipate all types of disasters and the possible outcome. All agencies must always be well prepared, well trained, and well equipped to respond in all areas of possible scenario like dangerous chemical leakage. It is better to plan ahead for the worst possible picture. The face of a disaster like bushfire is an overwhelming sight. As of the latest that has happened in Marysville Australia, the report has shown that there are still areas of emergency management and recovery that are not yet well prepared. The federal government has promised that every family affected by the bushfire would have access to personal case manager, only to turn out that out of 4000 cases, there were only 300 case managers according to the Department of Human Services (Ewart, 2009). It could be expected that during and after a devastating event people would need a lot emotional and psychological help. People often find it difficult coming to terms with their loss in one way or the other. To those people who survived, they feel happy and guilty at the same time; happy because they were untouched by the fire, guilty because their neighbors lost their loved ones or livestock (Adapted from a report by AM's Samantha Donovan). Disasters are effects of natural and manmade hazards. The scope of its effect in community and personal life depends on the how huge is the damage done. The damage that it can inflict will consequently depend on how well we are prepared to deal with the hazards. Considering all the studies and research one thing is evident; preparedness is required. Dealing with the future emergency event will be much better if volunteers and authorities are well equipped with better communication technology. When the whole country - federal bureaus, private sectors, and every citizen is well prepared in combating hazards, the disaster will be minimal. Its direct implication will be lesser cost of the event. There will be a higher economic recovery rate and the prospect of social recovery will be much brighter. References: Ambulance Victoria (N.D.) ‘What being a paramedic involves’. Retrieved from http://www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/Paramedics/Become-a-Paramedic/What-It-Involves.html. AM's Donovan Samantha. Bushfire Emergency ‘Talking helps survivors overcome tough times’. Retrived from http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/13/2490736.htm. Ash Wednesday 1983 (2009) Retrieved from http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/fire5.htm. Barthololew, Alastair (N.D.) ‘The Impact of a Disaster’ MKC-EPU Bushfires: Their Causes & Effects on the Environment Retrieved from http://austconserv.com/topics/environment/1370-bushfires-their-causes-a-effects-on-the-environment-.html Bushfire Recovery (2009) ‘Key players in Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission’. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/events/bushfire-recovery/page-key-players.htm. Conan-Davis, Mark (2005). What happens to animals during bushfires? Retrieved from http://clearlyexplained.com/nature/earth/disasters/04extrainfo.html. Charlotte Benson & Edward J. Clay (2004) ‘Understanding the Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank. Cutter Susan (2008) ‘Lessening the Impact of Disasters’ Retrieved from http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/lessening-the-impact-of-disasters. David Rood 2009 ‘Trust key to rebuilding: bushfire recovery chief’ Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/national/trust-key-to-rebuilding-bushfire-recovery-chief-20090217-89qq.html. Dale Sanders, Jennifer Laing, Megg Houghton.(N.D.) Impact of Bushfire on Tourism and Visitation in Alpine National Parks. Retrieved from http://www.crctourism.com.au/WMS/Upload/Resources/100056%20Sanders%20Bushfires%20WEB.pdf. Dombrowsky, W.R. (1995) “Again & Again: Is a disaster what we call a disaster?. 'Disaster'? Some Conceptual Notes on Conceptualizing the Object. OF Disaster Sociology”. ... Retrieved from www.mkweb.co.uk/emergencyplanning/.../WhatIsADisaster.pdf. EMA (2003) ‘6th Ed booklet for students and the community’ Retrieved from http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty/arts/sslib/aemf/HDS/chapter_1.htm. EMA (2006) ‘7th Ed booklet for students and the community’Pdf. EMA Disasters Database (2005) Retrieved from http://www.ema.gov.au/ema/emadisasters.nsf/webpages/Introduction?OpenDocument. Ewart, Heather (2009) 'Don't forget us': Marysville residents return to rebuild’. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/03/27/2527465.htm. Gill, A. Malcolm. (N.D.)‘How Fires Affect Biodiversity’. Retrieved from http://www.anbg.gov.au/fire_ecology/fire-and-biodiversity.html. Government of Australia 2009. ‘Australia prepares for the coming bushfire season’. Retrieved from http://thegovmonitor.com/world_news/asia/australia-prepares-for-the-coming-bushfire-season-6927.html. Middlemann Miriam (2007) Natural Hazards in Australia ‘Identifying Risk Analysis Requirements’ _Risk and Impact Analysis Group; Geospatial and Earth monitoring Division; Geoscience Australia. Retrieved from http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA12967.pdf. Sharma, Mahesh (2009) ‘Fire fighting tech upgraded’. Retrieved from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it/firefighting-tech-upgraded/story-e6frgamf-1225780620227 Smith, Stewart (2002) "Bushfires. Briefing Paper No. 5/02" (PDF). NSW Parliamentary Research Library Research Service. Retrieved from http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/publications.nsf/0/87cf62366063879dca256ecf00077084/$FILE/05-02.pdf. Fire and Other Emergencies (2009) Ash Wednesday 1983 http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenfoe.Nsf/LinkView/FAAF080E6756F7904A25679300155B2B7157D5E68CDC2002CA256DAB0027ECA3.Accessed date December 13, 2009 Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority (2009) Retrieved from http://www.wewillrebuild.vic.gov.au/about-us.html. http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/.PDF Read More